Additional therapy for high-risk prostate cancer treated with surgery: What is the evidence?

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 939-951

  Morgan, Scott C ^a   Dearnaley, David P ^a  

^a ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adjuvant therapy; Chemotherapy; Hormonal therapy; Prostate cancer; Radical prostatectomy; Radiotherapy; Salvage therapy

Indexed keywords

DOCETAXEL;

CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; HUMAN; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; REVIEW; SURVIVAL TIME;

EID: 69249198930     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/era.09.60     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a Phase III randomised trial. Lancet 360(9327), 103-106 (2002).
2. Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma - long-term results of Phase III RTOG 85-31. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 61(5), 1285-1290 (2005).
3. Roach M 3rd, Bae K, Speight J et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(4), 585-591 (2008).
4. Widmark A, Klepp O, Solberg A et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/ SFUO-3): an open randomised Phase III trial. Lancet 373 (9660), 301-308 (2009).
5. Ward JF, Slezak JM, Blute ML et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically advanced (cT3) prostate cancer since the advent of prostate-specific antigen testing: 15-year outcome. BJU Int. 95(6), 751-756 (2005).
6. Berglund RK, Jones JS, Ulchaker JC et al. Radical prostatectomy as primary treatment modality for locally advanced prostate cancer: a prospective analysis. Urology 67(6), 1253-1256 (2006).
7. Carver BS, Bianco FJ Jr, Scardino PT et al. Long-term outcome following radical prostatectomy in men with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. J. Urol. 176(2), 564-568 (2006).
8. Freedland SJ, Partin AW, Humphreys EB et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3a disease. Cancer 109(7), 1273-1278 (2007).
9. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 280(11), 969-974 (1998).
10. Roach M, Lu J, Pilepich MV et al. Four prognostic groups predict long-term survival from prostate cancer following radiotherapy alone on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group clinical trials. Int. J. Radial Oncol. Biol. Phys. 47(3), 609-615 (2000).
11. Scardino P. Update: NCCN prostate cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines. J. Natl Compr. Cane. New. 3(Suppl. 1), S29-S33 (2005).
12. Yossepowitch O, Eggener SE, Serio AM et al. Secondary therapy, metastatic progression, and cancer-specific mortality in men with clinically high-risk prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Eur. Urol. 53(5), 950-959 (2008).
13. Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Interexaminer variability of digital rectal examination in detecting prostate cancer. Urology 45(1), 70-74 (1995).
14. Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Barrows GH et al. Prostate cancer and the Will Rogers phenomenon. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97(17), 1248-1253 (2005).
15. Epstein JI, Pound CR, Partin AW et al. Disease progression following radical prostatectomy in men with Gleason score 7 tumor. J. Urol. 160(1), 97-100 (1998).
16. Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Stapleton AM et al. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90(10), 766-771 (1998).
17. Cooperberg MR, Pasta DJ, Elkin EP et al. The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score: a straightforward and reliable preoperative predictor of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 173(6), 1938-1942 (2005).
18. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Eastham JA et al. Postoperative nomogram predicting the 10-year probability of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(28), 7005-7012 (2005).
19. Donovan MJ, Hamann S, Clayton M et al. Systems pathology approach for the prediction of prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(24), 3923-3929 (2008).
20. Vergis R, Corbishley CM, Norman AR et al. Intrinsic markers of tumour hypoxia and angiogenesis in localised prostate cancer and outcome of radical treatment: a retrospective analysis of two randomised radiotherapy trials and one surgical cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 9342-9351 (2008).
21. Morris SL, Parker C, Huddart R et al. Current opinion on adjuvant and salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 16(4), 277-282 (2004).
22. Morgan SC, Parker CC. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: adjuvant or salvage? Curr. Canc. Treat. Rev. (2009) (In Press).
23. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Collette L et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 366(9485), 572-578 (2005).
24. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 296(19), 2329-2335 (2006).
25. Wiegel T, Bottke D, Willich N et al. Phase III results of adjuvant radiotherapy versus "wait and see" in patients with pT3 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy (ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/ 95). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 69(3), S172-S173 (2007).
26. Morgan SC, Waldron TS, Eapen L et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy for pathologic T3 or margin-positive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother. Oncol. 88(1), 1-9 (2008).
27. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J. Urol. 181(3), 956-962 (2009).
28. Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 337(14), 949-955 (1997).
29. Overgaard M, Jensen MB, Overgaard J et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk postmenopausal breast-cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen: Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group DBCG 82c randomised trial. Lancet 353(9165), 1641-1648 (1999).
30. Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 337(14), 956-962 (1997).
31. Swanson GP, Hussey MA, Tangen CM et al. Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(16), 2225-2229 (2007).
32. Moinpour CM, Hayden KA, Unger JM et al. Health-related quality of life results in pathologic stage C prostate cancer from a Southwest Oncology Group trial comparing radical prostatectomy alone with radical prostatectomy plus radiation therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(1), 112-120 (2008).
33. Van der Kwast TH, Bolla M, van PH et al. Identification of patients with prostate cancer who benefit from immediate postoperative radiotherapy: EORTC 22911. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(27), 4178-4186 (2007).
34. Collette L, van Poppel H, Bolla M et al. Patients at high risk of progression after radical prostatectomy: do they all benefit from immediate post-operative irradiation? (EORTC trial 22911). Eur. J. Cancer. 41(17), 2662-2672, (2005).
35. Dearnaley DP. Additional treatment for pT3 prostate cancer: now, later or never. BJU Int. 100(5), 977-979 (2007).
36. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filen F et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100(16), 1144-1154 (2008).
37. Stephenson AJ, Shariat SF, Zelefsky MJ et al. Salvage radiotherapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. JAMA 291(11), 1325-1332 (2004).
38. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Kattan MW et al. Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(15), 2035-2041 (2007).
39. Parker C, Clarke N, Logue J et al. RADICALS (Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation in Combination after Local Surgery). Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) 19(3), 167-171 (2007).
40. Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1, 293-297 (1941).
41. Huggins C, Stevens RE, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer: II. The effects of castration on advanced carcinoma of the prostate gland. Arch. Surg. 43(2), 209-223 (1941).
42. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA et al. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 299(3), 289-295 (2008).
43. Shelley MD, Kumar S, Wilt T et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of neo-adjuvant hormone therapy for localised and locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 35(1), 9-17 (2009).
44. Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Nagle R et al. Randomized study of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy before radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Urol. 155(4), 1357-1360 (1996).
45. Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez JL et al. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy: the Canadian experience. Urology 49(Suppl. 3A), 56-64 (1997).
46. Schulman CC, Debruyne FM, Forster G et al. 4-year follow-up results of a European prospective randomized study on neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to radical prostatectomy in T2-3N0M0 prostate cancer. European Study Group on Neoadjuvant Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Eur. Urol. 38(6), 706-713 (2000).
47. Aus G, Abrahamsson PA, Ahlgren G et al. Three-month neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy: a 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. BJU Int. 90(6), 561-566 (2002).
48. Soloway MS, Pareek K, Sharifi R et al. Neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy in cT2bNxMo prostate cancer: 5-year results. J. Urol. 167(1), 112-116 (2002).
49. Klotz LH, Goldenberg SL, Jewett MA et al. Long-term followup of a randomized trial of 0 versus 3 months of neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 170(3), 791-794 (2003).
50. Prezioso D, Lotti T, Polito M et al. Neoadjuvant hormone treatment with leuprolide acetate depot 3.75 mg and cyproterone acetate, before radical prostatectomy: a randomized study. Urol. Int. 72(3), 189-195 (2004).
51. Selli C, Montironi R, Bono A et al. Effects of complete androgen blockade for 12 and 24 weeks on the pathological stage and resection margin status of prostate cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 55(7), 508-513 (2002).
52. Van der Kwast TH, Tetu B, Candas B et al. Prolonged neoadjuvant combined androgen blockade leads to a further reduction of prostatic tumor volume: three versus six months of endocrine therapy. Urology 53(3), 523-529 (1999).
53. Gleave ME, Goldenberg SL, Chin JL et al. Randomized comparative study of 3 versus 8-month neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy: biochemical and pathological effects. J. Urol. 166(2), 500-506 (2001).
54. Bazinet M, Zheng W, Begin LR et al. Morphologic changes induced by neoadjuvant androgen ablation may result in underdetection of positive surgical margins and capsular involvement by prostatic adenocarcinoma. Urology 49(5), 721-725 (1997).
55. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M et al. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N. Engl J. Med. 341(24), 1781-1788 (1999).
56. Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol. 7(6), 472-479 (2006).
57. See WA, Wirth MP, McLeod DG et al. Bicalutamide as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard care of patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: first analysis of the early prostate cancer program. J. Urol. 168(2), 429-435 (2002).
58. Wirth MP, See WA, McLeod DG et al. Bicalutamide 150 mg in addition to standard care in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the second analysis of the early prostate cancer program at median followup of 5.4 years. J. Urol. 172(5 Pt 1), 1865-1870 (2004).
59. McLeod DG, Iversen P, See WA et al. Bicalutamide 150 mg plus standard care vs standard care alone for early prostate cancer. BJU Int. 97(2), 247-254 (2006).
60. Wirth MP, Weissbach L, Marx FJ et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing flutamide as adjuvant treatment versus observation after radical prostatectomy for locally advanced, lymph node-negative prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 45(3), 267-270 (2004).
61. Corn BW, Winter K, Pilepich MV. Does androgen suppression enhance the efficacy of postoperative irradiation? A secondary analysis of RTOG 85-31. Urology 54(3), 495-502 (1999).
62. Sternberg CN. Hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Ann. Oncol. 3(5), 331-335 (1992).
63. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(15), 1513-1520 (2004).
64. Tannock IF, de WR, Berry WR et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(15), 1502-1512 (2004).
65. Hussain M, Smith DC, El-Rayes BF et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel and estramustine chemotherapy in high-risk/locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 61(4), 774-780 (2003).
66. Dreicer R, Magi-Galluzzi C, Zhou M et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 63(6), 1138-1142 (2004).
67. Febbo PG, Richie JP, George DJ et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 11(14), 5233-5240 (2005).
68. Garzotto M, Myrthue A, Higano CS et al. Neoadjuvant mitoxantrone and docetaxel for high-risk localized prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol. 24(3), 254-259 (2006).
69. Chi KN, Chin JL, Winquist E et al. Multicenter Phase II study of combined neoadjuvant docetaxel and hormone therapy before radical prostatectomy for patients with high risk localized prostate cancer. J. Urol. 180(2), 565-570 (2008).
70. Friedman J, Dunn RL, Wood D et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel and capecitabine in patients with high risk prostate cancer. J. Urol. 179(3), 911-915 (2008).
71. Eastham JA, Kelly WK, Grossfeld GD et al. Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 90203: a randomized Phase III study of radical prostatectomy alone versus estramustine and docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for patients with high-risk localized disease. Urology 62(Suppl. 6B), 155-162 (2003).
72. Schmidt JD, Gibbons RP, Murphy GP et al. Adjuvant therapy for clinical localized prostate cancer treated with surgery or irradiation. Eur. Urol. 29(4), 425-433 (1996).
73. Wang J, Halford S, Rigg A et al. Adjuvant mitozantrone chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 86(6), 675-680 (2000).
74. Flaig TW, Tangen CM, Hussain MH et al. Randomization reveals unexpected acute leukemias in Southwest Oncology Group prostate cancer trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(9), 1532-1536 (2008).
75. Freedland SJ, Aronson WJ, Kane CJ et al. Impact of obesity on biochemical control after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a report by the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(3), 446-453 (2004).
76. Moul JW, Douglas TH, McCarthy WF et al. Black race is an adverse prognostic factor for prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy in an equal access health care setting. J. Urol. 155(5), 1667-1673 (1996).
77. Patel AA, Chen MH, Renshaw AA et al. PSA failure following definitive treatment of prostate cancer having biopsy Gleason score 7 with tertiary grade 5. JAMA 298(13), 1533-1538 (2007).
78. Kattan MW, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(5), 1499-1507 (1999).
79. Eastham JA, Kuroiwa K, Ohori M et al. Prognostic significance of location of positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology 70(5), 965-969 (2007).
80. Sofer M, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Civantos F et al. Positive surgical margins after radical retropubic prostatectomy: the influence of site and number on progression. J. Urol. 167(6), 2453-2456 (2002).
81. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB et al. Clinical utility of the percentage of positive prostate biopsies in defining biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(6), 1164-1172 (2000).
82. Freedland SJ, Isaacs WB, Platz EA et al. Prostate size and risk of high-grade, advanced prostate cancer and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy: a search database study. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(30), 7546-7554 (2005).
83. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Roehl KA et al. Preoperative PSA velocity and the risk of death from prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(2), 125-135 (2004).
84. Southwick PC, Catalona WJ, Partin AW et al. Prediction of post-radical prostatectomy pathological outcome for stage T1c prostate cancer with percent free prostate specific antigen: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J. Urol. 162(4), 1346-1351 (1999).
85. Freedland SJ, Kane CJ, Presti JC Jr et al. Comparison of preoperative prostate specific antigen density and prostate specific antigen for predicting recurrence after radical prostatectomy: results from the search data base. J. Urol. 169(3), 969-973 (2003).