Gust-front factor: New framework for wind load effects on structures

Journal of Structural Engineering

Volumn 135, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 717-732

  Kwon, Dae Kun ^a   Kareem, Ahsan ^a  

^a University of Notre Dame   (United States)

Author keywords

Building design; Load factors; Nonstationary process; Standards and codes; Structural response; Wind gusts; Wind loads

Indexed keywords

BUILDING DESIGN; LOAD FACTORS; NONSTATIONARY PROCESS; STANDARDS AND CODES; STRUCTURAL RESPONSE; WIND GUSTS; WIND LOADS;

AERODYNAMIC LOADS; AERODYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; BOUNDARY LAYERS; BUILDING CODES; KINEMATICS; LOADS (FORCES); STANDARDS; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; TROPOSPHERE; WIND; WIND STRESS;

STRUCTURAL DESIGN;

EID: 69249145292     PISSN: 07339445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:6(717)     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Alahyari, A., and Longmire, E. K. (1995). " Dynamics of experimentally simulated microburst." AIAA J., 33 (11), 2128-2136.
2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (1998). " Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures." ASCE 7-98, ASCE, Reston, Va,.
3. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2005). " Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures." ASCE 7-05, ASCE, Reston, Va,.
4. Barnoski, R. L., and Maurer, J. R. (1969). " Mean-square response of simple mechanical systems to nonstationary random excitation." J. Appl. Mech., 36 (2), 221-227.
5. Bucciarelli, L. L., Jr., and Kuo, C. (1970). " Mean-square response of a second-order system to nonstationary random excitation." J. Appl. Mech., 37 (3), 612-616.
6. Butler, K., and Kareem, A. (2007). " Physical and numerical modeling of downburst generated gust fronts." Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 791-798.
7. Cao, S., Nishi, A., and Kikugawa, H. (2002). " Reproduction of wind velocity history in a multiple fan wind tunnel." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90 (12-15), 1719-1729.
8. Caughey, T. K., and Stumpf, H. J. (1961). " Transient response of a dynamic system under random excitation." J. Appl. Mech., 28 (4), 563-566.
9. Chay, M., and Albermani, F. (2005). " Dynamic response of a SDOF system subjected to simulated downburst winds." Proc., Asia-Pacific Conf. on Wind Engineering (APCWE-VI), 1562-1584.
10. Chay, M., Albermani, F., and Wilson, R. (2006). " Numerical and analytical simulation of downburst wind loads." Eng. Struct., 28 (2), 240-254.
11. Chay, M. T., and Letchford, C. W. (2002). " Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst. Part A: Stationary downburst observations." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90 (7), 711-732.
12. Chen, L., and Letchford, C. W. (2004a). " A deterministic-stochastic hybrid model of downbursts and its impact on a cantilevered structure." Eng. Struct., 26 (5), 619-629.
13. Chen, L., and Letchford, C. W. (2004b). " Parametric study on the along-wind response of the CAARC building to downbursts in the time domain." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92 (9), 703-724.
14. Chen, L., and Letchford, C. W. (2005a). " A nonparametric deterministic-stochastic hybrid model for nonstationary wind speeds." Proc, 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), AAWE Fort Collins, Colo. Paper No. 063.
15. Chen, L., and Letchford, C. W. (2005b). " Simulation of extreme winds from thunderstorm downbursts." Proc., 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), AAWE, Fort Collins, Colo. Paper No. 064.
16. Chen, L., and Letchford, C. W. (2006). " Multi-scale correlation analyses of two lateral profiles of full-scale downburst wind speeds." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 94 (9), 675-696.
17. Chen, X., and Kareem, A. (2004). " Equivalent static wind loads on buildings: A new model." J. Struct. Eng., 130 (10), 1425-1435.
18. Choi, E. C. C. (2004). " Field measurement and experimental study of wind speed profile during thunderstorms." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92 (3-4), 275-290.
19. Choi, E. C. C., and Hidayat, F. A. (2002). " Dynamic response of structures to thunderstorm winds." Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 4 (4), 408-416.
20. Corotis, R. B., and Marshall, T. A. (1977). " Oscillator response to modulated random excitation." J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 103 (4), 501-513.
21. Corotis, R. B., Vanmarcke, E. H., and Cornell, C. A. (1972). " First passage of nonstationary random processes." J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 98 (2), 401-414.
22. Davenport, A. G. (1964). " Note on the distribution of the largest value of a random function with application to gust loading." Proc.-Inst. Civ. Eng., 28, 187-196.
23. Davenport, A. G. (1967). " Gust loading factors." ASCE J. Struct. Div., 93 (3), 11-34.
24. Fujita, T. T. (1985). " The downburst. " SMRP Research Paper No. 210.
25. Fujita, T. T. (1990). " Downbursts: Meteorological features and wind field characteristics." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 36 (1), 75-86.
26. Gast, K. D., and Schroeder, J. L. (2003). " Supercell rear-flank downdraft as sampled in the 2002 thunderstorm outflow experiment." Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), Paper No. C08-2.
27. Haan, F. L. (2008). " Simulation of non-stationary extreme wind events." Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Wind Effects on Buildings and Urban Environment (CD-ROM).
28. Hangan, H., Hashemi-Tari, P., and Kim, J. (2008). " Modeling of High Intensity Winds." Proc., 2008 ASCE Structures Congress (CD-ROM), ASCE, Reston, Va., Paper No. 378.
29. Hangan, H., Roberts, D., Xu, Z., and Kim, J-D. (2003). " Downburst simulations. Experimental and numerical challenges." Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), Paper No. C08-3.
30. Hangan, H., and Xu, Z. (2005). " Scale and roughness effects in impinging jets with application to downburst simulations." Proc., 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), AAWE, Fort Collins, Colo,. Paper No. 068.
31. Hasselman, T. (1972). " Linear response to nonstationary random excitation." J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 98 (3), 519-530.
32. Hjelmfelt, M. R. (1988). " Structure and life cycle of microburst outflows observed in Colorado." J. Appl. Meteorol., 27 (8), 900-927.
33. Holman, R. E., and Hart, G. C. (1974). " Nonstationary response of structural systems." J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 100 (2), 415-431.
34. Holmes, J. D., and Oliver, S. E. (2000). " An empirical model of a downburst." Eng. Struct., 22 (9), 1167-1172.
35. Howell, L. J., and Lin, Y. K. (1971). " Response of flight vehicles to nonstationary atmospheric turbulence." AIAA J., 9 (11), 2201-2207.
36. Jangid, R. S. (2004). " Response of SDOF system to non-stationary earthquake excitation." Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 33 (15), 1417-1428.
37. Kareem, A., Butler, K., and Kwon, D. (2006). " Modeling and simulation of transient wind load effects." Proc., 4th UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects Workshop on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM).
38. Kareem, A., and Zhou, Y. (2003). " Gust loading factor-Past, present and future." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 91 (12-15), 1301-1328.
39. Kikitsu, H., Kanda, J., and Iwasaki, R. (1999). " Flow simulation by wind tunnel with computer-controlled multiple fans." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 83,(1-3), 421-429.
40. Kim, J., and Hangan, H. (2007). " Numerical simulations of impinging jets with application to downbursts." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 95 (4), 279-298.
41. Kitagawa, M., Shiraishi, N., and Matsumoto, M. (1982). " Fundamental study on transient properties of lift force in an unsteady flow." Proc., 37th Annual Conf. of the Japan Society of Civil Engineering (in Japanese).
42. Kwon, D., Kijewski-Correa, T., and Kareem, A. (2008). " e-analysis of high-rise buildings subjected to wind loads." J. Struct. Eng., 134 (7), 1139-1153.
43. Kwon, D. K., and Kareem, A. (2006a). " Gust-front factor: A new framework for design loads in gust-fronts-Part A: Definition, formulation and implementation of gust-front factor." NatHaz Modeling Laboratory Rep., Univ. of Notre Dame.
44. Kwon, D. K., and Kareem, A. (2006b). " Gust-front factor: A new framework for design loads in gust-fronts-Part B: RMS response and nonstationary turbulence effects." NatHaz Modeling Laboratory Rep., Univ. of Notre Dame.
45. Kwon, D. K., and Kareem, A. (2006c). " Gust-front factor: A new framework for design loads in gust-fronts-Part C: Velocity pressure coefficient on design loads and web-based on-line framework." NatHaz Modeling Laboratory Rep., Univ. of Notre Dame.
46. Kwon, D. K., and Kareem, A. (2007). " Gust-front factor: A new framework for the analysis of wind load effects in gust-fronts." Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 767-774.
47. Letchford, C. W., and Chay, M. T. (2002). " Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst. Part B: Moving downburst observations." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90 (7), 733-753.
48. Lin, W. E., and Savory, E. (2006). " Large-scale quasi-steady modeling of a downburst outflow using a slot jet." Wind Struct., 9 (6), 419-440.
49. Mason, M. S., Wood, G. S., and Fletcher, D. F. (2007). " A simple atmospheric downburst model for wind engineering application." Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 1447-1454.
50. Matsumoto, M., (2007). " Drag forces on 2-D cylinders due to sudden increase of wind velocity." Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 1727-1734.
51. McConville, A., Sterling, M., and Baker, C. (2007). " An introduction of the scaling issues associated with the physical simulation of thunderstorm downbursts." Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 1431-1438.
52. Michaelov, G., Lutes, L. D., and Sarkani, S. (2001). " Extreme value of response to nonstationary excitation." J. Eng. Mech., 127 (4), 352-363.
53. Michaelov, G., Sarkani, S., and Lutes, L. D. (1999a). " Spectral characteristics of nonstationary random processes-A critical review." Struct. Safety, 21 (3), 223-244. (Pubitemid 30504835)
54. Michaelov, G., Sarkani, S., and Lutes, L. D. (1999b). " Spectral characteristics of nonstationary random processes-Response of a simple oscillator." Struct. Safety, 21 (3), 245-267. (Pubitemid 30504834)
55. Okajima, A., Matsumoto, T., and Kimura, S. (1997). " Force measurements and flow visualization of bluff bodies in oscillatory flow." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 69-71, 213-228.
56. Oseguera, R. M., and Bowles, R. L. (1988). " A simple, analytical 3-dimensional downburst model based on boundary layer stagnation flow." NASA Technical Memorandum No. 100632.
57. Priestley, M. B. (1965). " Evolutionary spectra and non-stationary processes." J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.), 27 (2), 204-237.
58. Priestley, M. B. (1967). " Power spectral analysis of nonstationary random process." J. Sound Vib., 6 (1), 86-97.
59. Sarpkaya, T. (1963). " Lift, drag, and mass coefficients for a circular cylinder immersed in time dependent flow." J. Appl. Mech., 30 (1), 13-15.
60. Savory, E., Parke, G. A. R., Zeinoddini, M., Toy, N., and Disney, P. (2001). " Modelling of tornado and microburst-induced wind loading and failure of a lattice transmission tower." Eng. Struct., 23 (4), 365-375.
61. Simiu, E., and Scanlan, R. H. (1996). Wind effects on structures, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York.
62. Solari, G. (1993a). " Gust buffeting. I: Peak wind velocity and equivalent pressure." J. Struct. Eng., 119 (2), 365-382.
63. Solari, G. (1993b). " Gust buffeting. II: Dynamic along-wind response." J. Struct. Eng., 119 (2), 383-397.
64. Solari, G., and Kareem, A. (1998). " On the formulation of ASCE 7-95 gust effect factor." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 77-78, 673-684.
65. Solomos, G. P., and Spanos, P.-T. D. (1984). " Oscillator response to nonstationary excitation." J. Appl. Mech., 51 (4), 907-912.
66. Sun, W.-J., and Kareem, A. (1989). " Response of MDOF systems to nonstationary random excitation." Eng. Struct., 11 (2), 83-91.
67. Vicroy, D. D. (1991). " A simple, analytical, axisymmetric microburst model for downdraft estimation." NASA Technical Memorandum No. 104053.
68. Vicroy, D. D. (1992). " Assessment of microburst models for downdraft estimation." J. Aircr., 29 (6), 1043-1048.
69. Wang, L., and Kareem, A. (2004). " Modeling of non-stationary winds in gust-fronts." Proc., 9th ASCE Joint Specialty Conf. on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability (CD-ROM).
70. Wang, L., and Kareem, A. (2005). " Modeling and simulation of transient winds: Downbursts/hurricane." Proc., 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), AAWE, Fort Collins, Colo., Paper No. 097.
71. Wood, G. S., Kwok, K. C. S., Motteram, N. A., and Fletcher, D. F. (2001). " Physical and numerical modelling of thunderstorm downbursts." J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 89 (6), 535-552.
72. Xu, Y. L., and Chen, J. (2004). " Characterizing nonstationary wind speed using empirical mode decomposition." J. Struct. Eng., 130 (6), 912-920. (Pubitemid 40274286)
73. Xu, Z., and Hangan, H. (2005). " Analytical models for impinging jets with application to downburst simulations." Proc., 10th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering (CD-ROM), AAWE, Fort Collins, Colo., Paper No. 073.
74. Yalla, S. K., and Kareem, A. (1999). " Modeling tuned liquid dampers as sloshing-slamming' dampers." Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, 1569-1575.
75. Yao, J., and Lundgren, T. S. (1996). " Experimental investigation of microbursts." Exp. Fluids, 21 (1), 17-25.
76. Zhou, Y., and Kareem, A. (2001). " Gust loading factor: New model." J. Struct. Eng., 127 (2), 168-175.
77. Zhou, Y., Kijewski, T., and Kareem, A. (2002). " Along-wind load effects on tall buildings: Comparative study of major international codes and standards." J. Struct. Eng., 128 (6), 788-796.