Entheses: Tendon and ligament attachment sites

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 520-527

  Benjamin, M ^a   McGonagle, D ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CHAPEL ALLERTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Development; Enthesopathy; Fascia; Fibrocartilage; Insertion sites

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BONE; CELL COMMUNICATION; CYTOLOGY; FASCIA; FIBROCARTILAGE; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LIGAMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; TENDON;

BONE AND BONES; CELL COMMUNICATION; FASCIA; FIBROCARTILAGE; HUMANS; LIGAMENTS; TENDONS;

EID: 69149094213     PISSN: 09057188     EISSN: 16000838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00906.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abreu MR, Chung CB, Mendes L, Mohana-Borges A, Trudell D, Resnick D. Plantar calcaneal enthesophytes: new observations regarding sites of origin based on radiographic, MR imaging, anatomic, and paleopathologic analysis. Skeletal Radiol 2003 : 32 : 13 21.
2. Benjamin M, Evans EJ, Rao RD, Findlay JA, Pemberton DJ. Quantitative differences in the histology of the attachment zones of the meniscal horns in the knee joint of man. J Anat 1991 : 177 : 127 134.
3. Benjamin M, Kaiser E, Milz S. Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review. J Anat 2008a : 212 : 211 228.
4. Benjamin M, Kumai T, Milz S, Boszczyk BM, Boszczyk AA, Ralphs JR. The skeletal attachment of tendons - tendon "entheses". Comp Biochem Physiol 2002 : 133 : 931 945.
5. Benjamin M, McGonagle D. The anatomical basis for disease localisation in seronegative spondyloarthropathy at entheses and related sites. J Anat 2001 : 199 : 503 526.
6. Benjamin M, McGonagle D. Histopathologic changes at "synovio- entheseal complexes" suggesting a novel mechanism for synovitis in osteoarthritis and spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007 : 56 : 3601 3609.
7. Benjamin M, Newell RL, Evans EJ, Ralphs JR, Pemberton DJ. The structure of the insertions of the tendons of biceps brachii, triceps and brachialis in elderly dissecting room cadavers. J Anat 1992 : 180 : 327 332.
8. Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments - an adaptation to compressive load. J Anat 1998 : 193 : 481 494.
9. Benjamin M, Toumi H, Suzuki D, Hayashi K, McGonagle D. Evidence for a distinctive pattern of bone formation in enthesophytes. Ann Rheum Dis 2008b.
10. Bogduk N, Macintosh JE. The applied anatomy of the thoracolumbar fascia. Spine 1984 : 9 : 164 170.
11. Booth FW, Tipton CM. Ligamentous strength measurements in pre-pubescent and pubescent rats. Growth 1970 : 34 : 177 185.
12. DeRosa C, Porterfield J. Anatomical linkages and muscle slings of the lumbopelvic region. In : Vleeming A, Mooney V, Stoeckart R, eds. Movement, stability & lumbopelvic pain Integration of research and therapy. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2007 : 47 62.
13. Dorfl J. Migration of tendinous insertions. I. Cause and mechanism. J Anat 1980a : 131 : 179 195. (Pubitemid 10036549)
14. Dorfl J. Migration of tendinous insertions. II. Experimental modifications. J Anat 1980b : 131 : 229 237. (Pubitemid 10051983)
15. Drapeau MS. Enthesis bilateral asymmetry in humans and African apes. Homo 2008 : 59 : 93 109.
16. Dutour O. Enthesopathies (lesions of muscular insertions) as indicators of the activities of neolithic Saharan populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 1986 : 71 : 221 224.
17. Evans EJ, Benjamin M, Pemberton DJ. Fibrocartilage in the attachment zones of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament of man. J Anat 1990 : 171 : 155 162.
18. Francois RJ, Gardner DL, Degrave EJ, Bywaters EG. Histopathologic evidence that sacroiliitis in ankylosing spondylitis is not merely enthesitis. Arthritis Rheum 2000 : 43 : 2011 2024.
19. Gao J, Messner K, Ralphs JR, Benjamin M. An immunohistochemical study of enthesis development in the medial collateral ligament of the rat knee joint. Anat Embryol 1996 : 194 : 399 406. (Pubitemid 26335245)
20. Grant PG, Buschang PH, Drolet DW, Pickerell C. Invariance of the relative positions of structures attached to long bones during growth: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Acta Anat 1980 : 107 : 26 34.
21. Kumai T, Benjamin M. Heel spur formation and the subcalcaneal enthesis of the plantar fascia. J Rheumatol 2002 : 29 : 1957 1964.
22. LaCroix P. L'organisation des Os. Paris : Masson, 1949.
23. Li J, Muehleman C. Anatomic relationship of heel spur to surrounding soft tissues: greater variability than previously reported. Clin Anat 2007 : 20 : 950 955.
24. Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Region-specific differences in Achilles tendon cross-sectional area in runners and non-runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 : 90 : 549 553. (Pubitemid 37508860)
25. Masi AT, Sierakowski S, Kim JM. Jacques Forestier's vanished bowstring sign in ankylosing spondylitis: a call to test its validity and possible relation to spinal myofascial hypertonicity. Clin Exp Rheum 2005 : 23 : 760 766.
26. McGonagle D, Lories RJ, Tan AL, Benjamin M. The concept of a "synovio-entheseal complex" and its implications for understanding joint inflammation and damage in psoriatic arthritis and beyond. Arthritis Rheum 2007 : 56 : 2482 2491.
27. McGonagle D, Wakefield RJ, Tan AL, D'Agostino MA, Toumi H, Hayashi K, Emery P, Benjamin M. Distinct topography of erosion and new bone formation in achilles tendon enthesitis: implications for understanding the link between inflammation and bone formation in spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008 : 58 : 2694 2699.
28. McNeilly CM, Banes AJ, Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. Tendon cells in vivo form a three dimensional network of cell processes linked by gap junctions. J Anat 1996 : 189 : 593 600.
29. Menz HB, Zammit GV, Landorf KB, Munteanu SE. Plantar calcaneal spurs in older people: longitudinal traction or vertical compression? J Foot Ankle Res 2008 : 1 : 7.
30. Milz S, Benjamin M, Putz R. Molecular parameters indicating adaptation to mechanical stress in fibrous connective tissue. Advances Anat, Embryo Cell Biol 2005 : 178 : 1 71.
31. Ralphs JR, Benjamin M, Waggett AD, Russell DC, Messner K, Gao J. Regional differences in cell shape and gap junction expression in rat Achilles tendon: relation to fibrocartilage differentiation. J Anat 1998 : 193 : 215 222.
32. Rogers J, Shepstone L, Dieppe P. Bone formers: osteophyte and enthesophyte formation are positively associated. Ann Rheum Dis 1997 : 56 : 85 90.
33. Rufai A, Ralphs JR, Benjamin M. Structure and histopathology of the insertional region of the human Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 1995 : 13 : 585 593.
34. Schneider H. Zur Struktur der Sehnenansatzzonen. Z Anat Entwicklung 1956 : 119 : 431 456.
35. Shaw HM, Benjamin M. Structure-function relationships of entheses in relation to mechanical load and exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007 : 17 : 303 315.
36. Thomopoulos S, Kim HM, Rothermich SY, Biederstadt C, Das R, Galatz LM. Decreased muscle loading delays maturation of the tendon enthesis during postnatal development. J Orthop Res 2007 : 25 : 1154 1163.
37. Tipton CM, Matthes RD, Martin RK. Influence of age and sex on the strength of bone-ligament junctions in knee joints of rats. J Bone Joint Surg 1978 : 60 : 230 234.
38. van Wingerden JP, Vleeming A, Buyruk HM, Raissadat K. Stabilization of the sacroiliac joint in vivo: verification of muscular contribution to force closure of the pelvis. Eur Spine J 2004 : 13 : 199 205.
39. Vleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R, van Wingerden JP, Snijders CJ. The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Its function in load transfer from spine to legs. Spine 1995 : 20 : 753 758.
40. Willard FH. The muscular, ligamentous, and neural structure of the lumbosacrum and its relationship to low back pain. In : Vleeming A, Mooney V, Stoeckart R, eds. Movement, stability & lumbopelvic pain integration of research and therapy. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2007 : 5 45.
41. Zumwalt A. The effect of endurance exercise on the morphology of muscle attachment sites. J Exp Biol 2006 : 209 : 444 454.