Cardiotoxicity of Freon among refrigeration services workers: Comparative cross-sectional study

Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Sabik, Laila M E ^a   Abbas, Reem A ^a   Ismail, Mahmoud M ^a   El Refaei, Safwat ^b  

^a ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^b Suez Canal Authority Hospital   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLOROFLUOROCARBON; CHOLESTEROL; DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE; FC 22; FREON; OXYGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; LIPID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN URINE LEVEL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EGYPT; FREEZING; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REFRIGERATION SERVICE WORKER; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TACHYCARDIA; WORKER; AIR POLLUTANT; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICS;

ADULT; AIR POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS, METHANE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS; LIPIDS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 69049083542     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1476069X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-8-31     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Freon and Other Inhalants. M Blanda J Weigand, Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose Saunders Company, Haddad, Shannon M, Winchester J, 3 1998 949 955
2. Ozone Depletion and Chlorofluorocarbons. M Payne R Rubenstein, Environmental Health Secrets Hanley & Belfus, Williams LK, Langley RL, 2001 25 29
3. An Overview of Environmental Hazards and Exposure Risk of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). WT Tsai, Chemosphere. 2005 61 11 1539 1547 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.084 15936055
4. Chlorofluorocarbons and Destruction of the Ozone Layer. MJ Molina LT Molina, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Press, Rom WN, Markowitz SB, 4 2007 1605 1615
5. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Freon 22. DuPont, 1996 http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/chlorodifluoromethane.msds.pdf
6. Acute Inhalational Exposure to Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22): A Report of 43 Cases. T Kubota A Miyata, Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005 43 4 305 308 16035210
7. Freon. Cal/EPA: Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). C Salocks B Kaley, 2003 http://www.OEHHA.Ca.Gov
8. A Proposed Mechanism for Cardiac Sensitization: Electrophysiological Study of Effects of Difluorodichloromethane and Adrenaline on Different Types of Cardiac Preparations Isolated from Sheep Hearts. Y Lessard G Paulet, Cardiovasc Res 1986 20 807 815 10.1093/cvr/20.11.807 3621282
9. Secondary Arterial Hypertension Linked to Freon Exposure. VM Voge, South Med J 1996 89 516 518 10.1097/00007611-199605000-00014 8638181
10. Cardiac Sensitization: Methodology and Interpretation in Risk Assessment. WJ Brock GM Rusch HJ Trochimowicz, Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003 38 78 90 10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00072-2 12878057
11. Facial Injury and Airway Threat from Inhalant Abuse: A Case Report. RS Kurbat CV Pollack, J Emerg Med. 1998 16 2 167 169 10.1016/S0736-4679(97)00282-5 9543396
12. Body mass index. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult-bmi/about-adult-bmi.htm
13. Examination of the pulses. P McKeown, 2007 http://www.qub.ac.uk/cskills (login required)
14. Arterial Hypertension. GL Bakris, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Robert S. Porter. Hardcover (Merck & Co), Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, 2006 604 620
15. Blood Pressure. Wikipedia, 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood- pressure
16. Stress Test. American Heart Association (AHA), 2004 http://www. americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4736
17. The Arrhythmias. E Chesler, Clinical Cardiology Springer-Verlag 5 1993 128 134
18. Determination of Halocarbons in Air by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. F Brunner G Crescentini F Mangani E Brancaleoni A Capielo P Ciccioli, Anal Chem 1981 53 798 801 10.1021/ac00229a013
19. Glomerulonephritis. P Kumar M Clark, Clinical Medicine W.B. Saunders Company, LTD. London, Toronto, Tokyo 1998 444 455
20. Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace. World Health Organization (WHO), Guideline. Selected Metals. WHO, Geneva. Chapt. 3 1996 1 74 90
21. Epi-info version 6: A Word Processing Data Base and Statistic Programs for Epidemiology on Microcomputers. AC Dean JA Dean D Coulombeir KA Brendel, Centers for Disease Control. Atlanta, Georgia, USA 1994
22. Environmental Health Issues. W Dekant, Environmental Health Perspectives 1996 104 S1 00 00
23. Inhalation of Decomposed Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon-22) and Myocardial Infarction. B Sjogren S Gunnare H Sandler, Scand J Work Environ Health 2002 28 205 207 12109561
24. Recommended Guidelines for Controlling Non Infectious Health Hazards in Hospitals. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 1998 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/88-119/
25. International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 2002 http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0049.htm
26. Studies on the Male Reproductive Toxicity of Freon 22. IP Lee K Suzuki, Fundam Appl Toxicol 1981 1 266 270 10.1016/S0272-0590(81)80126-1 6820943
27. High Cholesterol Diet and Nutrition for a Healthy Heart. Free Nutrition Newsletter (FNN), 2007 http://www.healthcastle.com
28. Occupational Heart Disease. KD Rosenman, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Rom WN, Markowitz SB, 4 2007 681 693
29. Cardiac Arrhythmias during Occupational Exposure to Fluorinated Hydrocarbons. M Antti-Poika J Heikkila L Saarienen, Br J Ind Med 1990 47 138 140 2310718
30. Cardiac Arrhythmia in Refrigerator Repairmen Exposed to Fluorocarbons. C Edling CG Ohlson G Ljungkvist, Br J Ind Med 1990 47 207 212 2328227
31. Fluorocarbon 113 Exposure and Cardiac Dysrhythmias among Aerospace Workers. GM Egeland TF Bloom TM Schnorr, Am J Ind Med 1992 22 851 857 10.1002/ajim.4700220607 1463030
32. Fluorine-Containing Organic Compounds. DM Aviado MS Micozzi, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Wiley-Interscience Publication, Clayton GD, Clayton FE, 3 1981 3071 3111
33. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (A.C.G.I.H.), Volumes I, II, III Cincinnati, Oh.: ACGIH 6 1991 1620 http://toxnet.nlm.nih. gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
34. Sudden Death Caused by Freon 22. M Dal Grande C Zanderigo F Coato, Med Lav 1992 83 361 364 1461194
35. Freon Inhalational Abuse Presenting with Ventricular Fibrillation. WJ Brady E Stremski L Eljaiek TP Aufderheide, Am J Emerg Med 1994 12 533 536 10.1016/0735-6757(94)90272-0 8060407
36. Atrial Fibrillation and Sudden Death Related to Occupational Solvent Exposure. JD Kaufman MA Silverstein R Moure-Eraso, Am J Ind Med 1994 25 731 735 10.1002/ajim.4700250512 8030643
37. A fatal Case of Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) Poisoning, Tissue Distribution Study by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Groppi A Polettini P Lunetta, J Forensic Sci 1994 39 871 876 8006631
38. Cardiovascular Effects of Environmental Chemicals. AE Taylor, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996 114 209 211 10.1016/S0194-5998(96)70167-5 8637734
39. Enhanced Arrhythmogenicity of Freon 113 by Hypoxia in the Perfused Rat Heart. T Kawakami T Takano R Araki, Toxicol Ind Health 1990 6 493 498 2237932
40. Environmental and Occupational Causes of Toxic Injury to the Kidneys and Urinary Tract. E Murunga ET Zawada, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Rom WN, Markowitz SB, 4 2007 800 812
41. Drug Prescribing in Renal Impairment. C Tidy, 2007 http://www.patient.co. uk/showdoc/40025092
42. Occupational Exposure to Chlorinated Organic Solvents and Its Effect on the Renal Excretion of N-acetyl-Beta-D-Glucosaminidase. CH Brogren JM Christensen K Rasmussen, Arch Toxicol Suppl 1986 9 460 464 3468929
43. Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons. World Health Organization (WHO), 1990 93