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Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2009, Pages

Confronting uncertainty under NEPA

Author keywords

Climate change; National Environmental Policy Act; NEPA; Risk

Indexed keywords


EID: 68949195867     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15398323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2202/1539-8323.1111     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (196)
  • 1
    • 68949194225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Briefing - Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers
    • Feb. 12, available at
    • DoD News Briefing - Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, Feb. 12, 2002, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx? transcriptid=2636.
    • (2002) DoD News
  • 2
    • 68949172065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A particularly useful discussion of these methods, focusing on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), can be found in National Research Council, Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment (2009).
    • A particularly useful discussion of these methods, focusing on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), can be found in National Research Council, Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment (2009).
  • 3
    • 68949167428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 42 U.S.C. § 4331
    • 42 U.S.C. § 4331.
  • 4
    • 84894689913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 4332(2)c
    • 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(c).
    • 42 U.S.C
  • 5
    • 68949186139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internet access to EISes is still quite spotty, and EAs are often difficult to track and rarely archived
    • Internet access to EISes is still quite spotty, and EAs are often difficult to track and rarely archived.
  • 7
    • 68949192436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NEPA §§ 202-209, 42 U.S.C. §§ 4342-4347
    • NEPA §§ 202-209, 42 U.S.C. §§ 4342-4347.
  • 8
    • 68949192438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27.
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27.
  • 9
    • 68949189181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CEQ has attempted to clarify both the timing and scope issues. The current regulation, 40 C.F.R. § 1508.23, defines the term proposal as follows: Proposal exists at that stage in the development of an action when an agency subject to the Act has a goal and is actively preparing to make a decision on one or more alternative means of accomplishing that goal and the effects can be meaningfully evaluated. Other CEQ regulations make it clear that the EIS should be prepared early enough so that it can serve practically as an important contribution to the decisionmaking process, not simply to rationalize or justify decisions already made. 40 C.F.R. § 1502.5.
    • The CEQ has attempted to clarify both the timing and scope issues. The current regulation, 40 C.F.R. § 1508.23, defines the term "proposal" as follows: "Proposal" exists at that stage in the development of an action when an agency subject to the Act has a goal and is actively preparing to make a decision on one or more alternative means of accomplishing that goal and the effects can be meaningfully evaluated. Other CEQ regulations make it clear that the EIS should be "prepared early enough so that it can serve practically as an important contribution to the decisionmaking process," not simply "to rationalize or justify decisions already made." 40 C.F.R. § 1502.5. The CEQ regulations also require the EIS to consider "(a) connected actions which are closely related, (b) actions which may have a cumulative effect with the proposed action under consideration, and (c) similar actions that should be considered together in view of other Areasonably foreseeable or proposed agency action." 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25.
  • 10
    • 68949167426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trout Unlimited v. Morton, 509 F.2d 1276 (9th Cir. 1974) (citations omitted).
    • Trout Unlimited v. Morton, 509 F.2d 1276 (9th Cir. 1974) (citations omitted).
  • 11
    • 68949173597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1279
    • Id. at 1279.
  • 12
    • 68949187622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 1283.
    • See id. at 1283.
  • 13
    • 68949186141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 14
    • 68949173595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Bureau of Reclamation, last visited Mar. 1
    • United States Bureau of Reclamation, The Failure of the Teton Dam, http://www.usbr.gov/pn/about/Teton.html (last visited Mar. 1, 2009).
    • (2009) The Failure of the Teton Dam
  • 15
    • 68949186133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 378 F. Supp. 240 (N.D. Cal. 1974);
    • 378 F. Supp. 240 (N.D. Cal. 1974);
  • 16
    • 68949170459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 431 F. Supp. 320 (N.D. Cal. 1977), aff'd 621 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1980).
    • 431 F. Supp. 320 (N.D. Cal. 1977), aff'd 621 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1980).
  • 17
    • 68949181408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 378 F. Supp. 240, 242-43.
    • 378 F. Supp. 240, 242-43.
  • 18
    • 68949190704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 244
    • Id. at 244.
  • 19
    • 68949165834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 20
    • 68949172058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. Finally, the court reasoned that it is doubted that NEPA requires a report of the calamity which would flow from the unlikely event of a Project failure, because the Corps did not intend to build an unsafe dam and clearly believed the dam would not fail. Id. NEPA could not require discussion of a project's failure, because a successful challenge to an EIS on these grounds would allow plaintiffs to maintain an otherwise dubious direct attack on the merits of the Project itself under the flimsy guise of environmental impact.18
    • Id. Finally, the court reasoned that "it is doubted that NEPA requires a report of the calamity which would flow from the unlikely event of a Project failure," because the Corps did not intend to build an unsafe dam and clearly believed the dam would not fail. Id. NEPA could not require discussion of a project's failure, because a successful challenge to an EIS on these grounds "would allow plaintiffs to maintain an otherwise dubious direct attack on the merits of the Project itself under the flimsy guise of environmental impact."18
  • 21
    • 68949194218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 431 F. Supp. 320, 321-22 (N.D. Cal. 1977) (summarizing the case's procedural history).
    • 431 F. Supp. 320, 321-22 (N.D. Cal. 1977) (summarizing the case's procedural history).
  • 22
    • 68949175131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 322
    • Id. at 322.
  • 23
    • 68949167427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 323
    • Id. at 323.
  • 24
    • 68949181395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 25
    • 68949173584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 26
    • 68949179895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 27
    • 68949192437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 28
    • 68949187621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 29
    • 68949195960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 621 F.2d 1017, 1025 (9th Cir. 1980).
    • 621 F.2d 1017, 1025 (9th Cir. 1980).
  • 30
    • 68949173587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1024
    • Id. at 1024.
  • 31
    • 68949181397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 1024-25.
  • 32
    • 68949173586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 33
    • 68949175140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 34
    • 68949186134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 35
    • 68949165835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1025
    • Id. at 1025.
  • 36
    • 68949165825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 37
    • 68949195969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 38
    • 68949195961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1026
    • Id. at 1026.
  • 39
    • 68949172066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 1025-27.
  • 40
    • 68949190697 scopus 로고
    • 483, 844, 851, 865 D. Neb
    • 483 F. Supp. 844, 851, 865 (D. Neb. 1979).
    • (1979)
    • Supp, F.1
  • 41
    • 68949181406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 851
    • Id. at 851.
  • 42
    • 68949181407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 43
    • 68949165833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 44
    • 68949184483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 865
    • Id. at 865.
  • 45
    • 68949173585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 46
    • 68949173596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 863
    • Id. at 863.
  • 47
    • 68949194223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 430 F. Supp. 664, 667 (N.D. Cal 1977).
    • 430 F. Supp. 664, 667 (N.D. Cal 1977).
  • 48
    • 68949187620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 49
    • 68949181405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 696 F. Supp. 857, 865-66 (W.D.N.Y. 1988).
    • 696 F. Supp. 857, 865-66 (W.D.N.Y. 1988).
  • 50
    • 68949189183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 51
    • 68949165832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Story v. Marsh, 732 F.2d 1375 (8th Cir. 1984) (overturning district court's grant of injunction based on EIS's failure to discuss potential earthquake damage and holding that defendant's witness testimony concluding that such damage would not occur was sufficient).
    • See, e.g., Story v. Marsh, 732 F.2d 1375 (8th Cir. 1984) (overturning district court's grant of injunction based on EIS's failure to discuss potential earthquake damage and holding that defendant's witness testimony concluding that such damage would not occur was sufficient).
  • 52
    • 68949190703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lutz Mez, Mycle Schneider, and Steve Thomas (eds), International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power (forthcoming 2009) (page references in later footnotes are to the book manuscript).
    • Lutz Mez, Mycle Schneider, and Steve Thomas (eds), International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power (forthcoming 2009) (page references in later footnotes are to the book manuscript).
  • 53
    • 68949195959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Current Outlook for the Nuclear Power Industry in the United States
    • note, at 224
    • John L. Jurewitz, The Current Outlook for the Nuclear Power Industry in the United States, in Mez, Schneider and Thomas, supra note , at 224.
    • Mez, Schneider and Thomas, supra
    • Jurewitz, J.L.1
  • 54
    • 68949187619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 3
    • Id. at 3.
  • 56
    • 68949189182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Per F. Peterson, Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Lecture given 28 Oct 2008, ER100 Energy and Society.
    • Per F. Peterson, Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Lecture given 28 Oct 2008, ER100 Energy and Society.
  • 57
    • 68949183014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 58
    • 68949173593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lester, supra note 54, at 109
    • Lester, supra note 54, at 109.
  • 59
    • 68949175139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jurewitz, supra note 52, at 232
    • Jurewitz, supra note 52, at 232.
  • 60
    • 68949192434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 510 F.2d 796 (D. C. Cir. 1975).
    • 510 F.2d 796 (D. C. Cir. 1975).
  • 61
    • 68949165831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The court observed that A.E.C. report WASH-740, viii, estimated that a Class 9 accident in a reactor approximately one-seventh the size of one of Duke's reactors would result in up to 3,400 deaths, 43,000 injuries, and $7 billion property damage.
    • The court observed that "A.E.C. report WASH-740, pg. viii, estimated that a Class 9 accident in a reactor approximately one-seventh the size of one of Duke's reactors would result in up to 3,400 deaths, 43,000 injuries, and $7 billion property damage."
  • 62
    • 68949173594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 799
    • Id. at 799.
  • 63
    • 68949187615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. NRC, 751 F.2d 1287, 1301 (D.C.Cir.1984, vacated in part 760 F.2d 1320 D.C.Cir.1985, en banc, Thus, the Court concluded: NEPA, therefore, does not require the consideration of Class Nine accidents in future EISs, nor does it require that final EISs be supplemented to take account of the Class Nine risk. The approach adopted in the Statement of Interim Policy-to include discussion of such accidents in future EISs-was a discretionary policy choice of the Commission. Because it need not have imposed upon itself the burden it did, the Commission was perfectly free to deny its new policy retroactive effect. We conclude that the Commission did not violate its obligations under NEPA by declining to supplement the Diablo Canyon EIS with a discussion of the environmental impacts of a Class Nine accident. Id
    • San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. NRC, 751 F.2d 1287, 1301 (D.C.Cir.1984), vacated in part 760 F.2d 1320 (D.C.Cir.1985) (en banc). Thus, the Court concluded: NEPA, therefore, does not require the consideration of Class Nine accidents in future EISs, nor does it require that final EISs be supplemented to take account of the Class Nine risk. The approach adopted in the Statement of Interim Policy-to include discussion of such accidents in future EISs-was a discretionary policy choice of the Commission. Because it need not have imposed upon itself the burden it did, the Commission was perfectly free to deny its new policy retroactive effect. We conclude that the Commission did not violate its obligations under NEPA by declining to supplement the Diablo Canyon EIS with a discussion of the environmental impacts of a Class Nine accident. Id.
  • 64
    • 68949179903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 869 F.2d 719, 740-41 (3d Cir. 1989).
    • 869 F.2d 719, 740-41 (3d Cir. 1989).
  • 65
    • 68949181404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 66
    • 68949175138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 67
    • 68949183011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 740, 741.
  • 68
    • 68949189180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John L. Jurewitz, The Current Outlook for the Nuclear Power Industry in the United States, in International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power (Lutz Mez, et al. eds.) (forthcoming 2009) (manuscript at 230, on file with author).
    • John L. Jurewitz, The Current Outlook for the Nuclear Power Industry in the United States, in International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power (Lutz Mez, et al. eds.) (forthcoming 2009) (manuscript at 230, on file with author).
  • 69
    • 68949167425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 449 F.3d 1016, 1032 (9th Cir. 2006).
    • San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 449 F.3d 1016, 1032 (9th Cir. 2006).
  • 70
    • 68949176766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 71
    • 68949192435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1032 n.9.
    • Id. at 1032 n.9.
  • 72
    • 68949184491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the Matter of Amergen Energy Company, 2007 WL 595084 (50-0219-LR). Early, the agency had said that addressing terrorism was inappropriate because an EIS should only address environmental impacts that will result with a fair degree of likelihood. In the Matter of Private Fuel Storage, L.L.C., 56 N.R.C. 350 (72-22-ISFSI 2002).
    • In the Matter of Amergen Energy Company, 2007 WL 595084 (50-0219-LR). Early, the agency had said that addressing terrorism was inappropriate because an EIS should only address environmental impacts that will result "with a fair degree of likelihood." In the Matter of Private Fuel Storage, L.L.C., 56 N.R.C. 350 (72-22-ISFSI 2002).
  • 73
    • 68949184493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 6978 (3d Cir. 2009).
    • N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 6978 (3d Cir. 2009).
  • 74
    • 68949183013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at *23
    • Id. at *23.
  • 75
    • 68949195968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at *22
    • Id. at *22.
  • 76
    • 68949194222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at *23
    • Id. at *23.
  • 77
    • 68949172064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at *27
    • Id. at *27.
  • 78
    • 0036135408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Next Generation Nuclear Power
    • Jan, at
    • James A. Lake et al., Next Generation Nuclear Power, Sci. Am., Jan. 2002, at 77, 77.
    • (2002) Sci. Am
    • Lake, J.A.1
  • 80
    • 68949165823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Per F. Peterson, Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Lecture given 28 Oct 2008. ER100 Energy and Society
    • Per F. Peterson, Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Lecture given 28 Oct 2008. ER100 Energy and Society
  • 81
    • 68949181394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richard B. Stewart, U.S. Nuclear Waste Law and Policy: Fixing a Bankrupt System, 17 NYU Env. L.J. 783 (2008). Another blistering critique of the program from a decade earlier can be found in James Flynn, Roger E Kasperson, Howard Kunreuther, and Paul Slovic, Redirecting the U.S. High-Level Nuclear Waste Program, 39 Env. 6 (April 1997).
    • Richard B. Stewart, U.S. Nuclear Waste Law and Policy: Fixing a Bankrupt System, 17 NYU Env. L.J. 783 (2008). Another blistering critique of the program from a decade earlier can be found in James Flynn, Roger E Kasperson, Howard Kunreuther, and Paul Slovic, Redirecting the U.S. High-Level Nuclear Waste Program, 39 Env. 6 (April 1997).
  • 83
    • 68949189176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 84
    • 68949175132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 547 F.2d at 642
    • 547 F.2d at 642.
  • 85
    • 68949167421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 650 n. 51.
    • Id. at 650 n. 51.
  • 86
    • 68949168898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 435 U.S. at 541
    • 435 U.S. at 541.
  • 87
    • 68949168899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 543
    • Id. at 543.
  • 88
    • 68949179901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 549
    • Id. at 549.
  • 90
    • 68949176763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 91
    • 68949172063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 94. The Commission ultimately determined that any undue optimism in the assumption of appropriate selection and perfect performance of the repository is offset by the cautious assumption, reflected in other parts of the Table, that all radioactive gases in the spent fuel would escape during the initial 6 to 20 year period that the repository remained open, and thus did not significantly reduce the overall conservatism of the S-3 Table. Id.
    • Id. at 94. "The Commission ultimately determined that any undue optimism in the assumption of appropriate selection and perfect performance of the repository is offset by the cautious assumption, reflected in other parts of the Table, that all radioactive gases in the spent fuel would escape during the initial 6 to 20 year period that the repository remained open, and thus did not significantly reduce the overall conservatism of the S-3 Table." Id.
  • 92
    • 68949187613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 94
    • Id. at 94.
  • 93
    • 68949173588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 102
    • Id. at 102.
  • 94
    • 68949165826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 102-103.
  • 95
    • 68949186135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 103-104.
  • 96
    • 68949184492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Citizens for Alternatives v. United States DOE, 485 F.3d 1091 (10th Cir. N.M. 2007);
    • See, e.g., Citizens for Alternatives v. United States DOE, 485 F.3d 1091 (10th Cir. N.M. 2007);
  • 98
    • 68949184484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deukmejian v. Nuclear Regulatory Com., 243 U.S. App. D.C. 68 (D.C. Cir. 1984);
    • Deukmejian v. Nuclear Regulatory Com., 243 U.S. App. D.C. 68 (D.C. Cir. 1984);
  • 99
    • 68949165830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York v. United States Dep't of Transp., 715 F.2d 732, 753 (2d Cir. N.Y. 1983);
    • New York v. United States Dep't of Transp., 715 F.2d 732, 753 (2d Cir. N.Y. 1983);
  • 100
    • 68949192433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower Alloways Creek v. Public Service Electric & Gas Co., 687 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1982).
    • Lower Alloways Creek v. Public Service Electric & Gas Co., 687 F.2d 732 (3d Cir. 1982).
  • 101
    • 68949184485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only one opinion went beyond merely citing Baltimore Gas for the proposition discussed in depth the zero-release assumption in Baltimore Gas. That decision gave the agency considerably less leeway than Baltimore Gas. In Limerick Ecology Action, Inc. v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Com., 869 F.2d 719 (3d Cir. 1989), a citizens' group challenged the NRC's issuance of a full power operating license to the Limerick Nuclear Power Generating Station. The group alleged that the EIS failed adequately to consider the threat of reactor sabotage. The Commission did not account for sabotage risk, because an analysis of sabotage risk was considered to be beyond the state of the art of probabilistic risk assessment. Id. at 741-742.
    • Only one opinion went beyond merely citing Baltimore Gas for the proposition discussed in depth the zero-release assumption in Baltimore Gas. That decision gave the agency considerably less leeway than Baltimore Gas. In Limerick Ecology Action, Inc. v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Com., 869 F.2d 719 (3d Cir. 1989), a citizens' group challenged the NRC's issuance of a full power operating license to the Limerick Nuclear Power Generating Station. The group alleged that the EIS failed adequately to consider the threat of reactor sabotage. The Commission did not account for sabotage risk, because an analysis of sabotage risk was "considered to be beyond the state of the art of probabilistic risk assessment." Id. at 741-742.
  • 102
    • 30744477460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reko Reblitz-Richardson, In Brief -- D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA's Proposed Standards and Extends Timeline for Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository, 32 Ecology L.Q. 743 (2005)(student comment).
    • Reko Reblitz-Richardson, In Brief -- D.C. Circuit Rejects EPA's Proposed Standards and Extends Timeline for Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository, 32 Ecology L.Q. 743 (2005)(student comment).
  • 103
    • 68949183008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 42 U.S.C. § 10133(a), 10172(1-2).
    • See 42 U.S.C. § 10133(a), 10172(1-2).
  • 104
    • 68949192429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some of the major cases include Nevada v. Herrington, 777 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1985);
    • Some of the major cases include Nevada v. Herrington, 777 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1985);
  • 105
    • 68949189177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nevada v. Burford, 708 F. Supp. 289 (D. Nev. 1989);
    • Nevada v. Burford, 708 F. Supp. 289 (D. Nev. 1989);
  • 107
    • 68949168900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • County of Esmeralda v. U.S. DOE, 925 F.2d 1216 (9th Cir. 1991);
    • County of Esmeralda v. U.S. DOE, 925 F.2d 1216 (9th Cir. 1991);
  • 108
    • 68949179897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nevada v. United States, 133 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 1997);
    • Nevada v. United States, 133 F.3d 1201 (9th Cir. 1997);
  • 110
    • 68949175133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jurewitz, supra note 67, at 227
    • Jurewitz, supra note 67, at 227.
  • 111
    • 68949181399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 227
    • Id. at 227.
  • 112
    • 68949170460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future Dim for Nuclear Waste Repository
    • March 5, at
    • Matthew L. Wald, Future Dim for Nuclear Waste Repository, N.Y. Times, March 5 2009, at A15.
    • (2009) N.Y. Times
    • Wald, M.L.1
  • 113
    • 68949195964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alexandra Berzon, Yucca Mountain; Energy Department presses for licenses as if nothing's changed, Las Vegas Sun, April 4, 2009, at News 1.
    • Alexandra Berzon, Yucca Mountain; Energy Department presses for licenses as if nothing's changed, Las Vegas Sun, April 4, 2009, at News 1.
  • 115
    • 68949194219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jurewitz, supra note 66 (manuscript at 227).
    • Jurewitz, supra note 66 (manuscript at 227).
  • 116
    • 68949181396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • David P. Ross, Yucca Mountain and Reversing the Irreversible: The Need for Monitored Retrievable Storage in a Permanent Repository, 25 Vermont L. Rev. 815 (2001)(student comment).
    • David P. Ross, Yucca Mountain and Reversing the Irreversible: The Need for Monitored Retrievable Storage in a Permanent Repository, 25 Vermont L. Rev. 815 (2001)(student comment).
  • 117
    • 68949170461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 821
    • Id. at 821.
  • 118
    • 68949173590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 821
    • Id. at 821.
  • 119
    • 68949181400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 834
    • Id. at 834.
  • 120
    • 68949175134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 826
    • Id. at 826.
  • 121
    • 68949170463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 829
    • Id. at 829.
  • 122
    • 68949184487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 838
    • Id. at 838.
  • 123
    • 68949183010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 838
    • Id. at 838.
  • 124
    • 68949187612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It seems initially plausible to exclude such remote risks, but there are two important caveats. First, some of the unlikely events could have such significant consequences that they are worth considering. Second, there may be a number of such risks that cumulatively could add to the overall level of risk - if there are ten 1/10,000 risks of containment failure, this adds up to almost 1/1000. (Almost because of the possibility that more than one risk might eventuate in any given scenario.)
    • It seems initially plausible to exclude such remote risks, but there are two important caveats. First, some of the unlikely events could have such significant consequences that they are worth considering. Second, there may be a number of such risks that cumulatively could add to the overall level of risk - if there are ten 1/10,000 risks of containment failure, this adds up to almost 1/1000. ("Almost" because of the possibility that more than one risk might eventuate in any given scenario.)
  • 125
    • 68949184486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear Energy Inst., Inv. v. EPA, 373 F.2d 1251 (D.C. Cir. 2004).
    • Nuclear Energy Inst., Inv. v. EPA, 373 F.2d 1251 (D.C. Cir. 2004).
  • 126
    • 68949168902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1273
    • Id. at 1273.
  • 127
    • 68949190699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1267
    • Id. at 1267.
  • 128
    • 68949189179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1275
    • Id. at 1275.
  • 129
    • 68949170462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem of nuclear waste disposal has proved intractable even in France, despite that country's general enthusiasm for nuclear power.
    • The problem of nuclear waste disposal has proved intractable even in France, despite that country's general enthusiasm for nuclear power.
  • 130
    • 68949167424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/reaction/readings/ french.html
  • 131
    • 68949167422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper March 18, available at
    • Rebecca M. Bratspies, Regulatory Trust 59-61 (Working Paper March 18, 2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract- id=1364314.
    • (2009) Regulatory Trust , pp. 59-61
    • Bratspies, R.M.1
  • 132
    • 68949175137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 60
    • Id. at 60.
  • 133
    • 49249135403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Perils of a Half-Built Bridge: Risk Perception, Shifting Majorities, and the Nuclear Power Debate, 35
    • Amanda Leiter, The Perils of a Half-Built Bridge: Risk Perception, Shifting Majorities, and the Nuclear Power Debate, 35 Ecology L.Q. 31, 61 (2008).
    • (2008) Ecology L.Q , vol.31 , pp. 61
    • Leiter, A.1
  • 134
    • 68949190698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 63. Notably, even in France, where the public widely supports nuclear power: When it came time to develop a waste facility, however, people balked. There were widespread demonstrations and even riots. And the problem has yet to be solved. Id. at 67.
    • Id. at 63. Notably, even in France, where the public widely supports nuclear power: "When it came time to develop a waste facility, however, people balked. There were widespread demonstrations and even riots. And the problem has yet to be solved." Id. at 67.
  • 136
    • 68949173589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Edward A. Fitzgerald, The Rise and Fall of Worst Case Analysis, 18 U. Dayton L. Rev. 1 (1992).
    • See Edward A. Fitzgerald, The Rise and Fall of Worst Case Analysis, 18 U. Dayton L. Rev. 1 (1992).
  • 137
    • 68949181403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22 (1991).
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22 (1991).
  • 138
    • 68949176764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. § 1502.22(b) (1991).
    • Id. § 1502.22(b) (1991).
  • 139
    • 68949181402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vicki O. Masterman, Worst Case Analysis: The Final Chapter?, 19 Envtl. L. Rep. 10026, at 10027 n.14 (1989).
    • Vicki O. Masterman, Worst Case Analysis: The Final Chapter?, 19 Envtl. L. Rep. 10026, at 10027 n.14 (1989).
  • 140
    • 68949181401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 141
    • 68949190700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sierra Club v. Sigler, 695 F.2d 957 (5th Cir. 1983).
    • Sierra Club v. Sigler, 695 F.2d 957 (5th Cir. 1983).
  • 142
    • 68949173591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 962
    • Id. at 962.
  • 143
    • 68949175135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 968
    • Id. at 968.
  • 144
    • 68949184488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 973
    • Id. at 973.
  • 145
    • 68949178357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 146
    • 68949179896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Note, Federal Agency Treatment of Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Statements Under the EPA's Amended NEAP Regulation § 1502.22: Worst Case Analysis or Risk Threshold?, 86 Mich. L. Rev. 777, 807-09 (1988).
    • See Note, Federal Agency Treatment of Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Statements Under the EPA's Amended NEAP Regulation § 1502.22: Worst Case Analysis or Risk Threshold?, 86 Mich. L. Rev. 777, 807-09 (1988).
  • 147
    • 68949170469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masterman, supra note 128, at 10027 n.14.
    • Masterman, supra note 128, at 10027 n.14.
  • 148
    • 68949186137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 149
    • 68949179899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sigler, 695 F.2d at 974.
    • Sigler, 695 F.2d at 974.
  • 150
    • 68949170465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 975 n.14.
    • Id. at 975 n.14.
  • 151
    • 68949172060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masterman, supra note 128
    • Masterman, supra note 128.
  • 152
    • 68949179902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(b).
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(b).
  • 153
    • 68949172061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 155
    • 68949187617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 342
    • Id. at 342.
  • 156
    • 68949187618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 157
    • 68949170467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 343
    • Id. at 343.
  • 158
    • 68949168905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 354-55
    • Id. at 354-55.
  • 159
    • 68949192431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22 (1986).
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22 (1986).
  • 160
    • 68949173592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(a).
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(a).
  • 161
    • 68949175136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(b)(1)-(4).
    • 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22(b)(1)-(4).
  • 162
    • 0036622907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Uncertainty and the National Environmental Policy Act, 54
    • See
    • See Carla Mattix & Kalthleen Becker, Scientific Uncertainty and the National Environmental Policy Act, 54 Admin L. Rev. 1125, 1142-56 (2002).
    • (2002) Admin L. Rev , vol.1125 , pp. 1142-1156
    • Mattix, C.1    Becker, K.2
  • 163
    • 68949194220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Ground Zero Ctr. for Non-Violent Action v. United States Dep't of Navy, 383 F.3d 1082, 1090-91 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that § 1502.22 did not apply because the Navy made a detailed study of the risk of an accidental [missile] explosion, and its information was complete).
    • See, e.g., Ground Zero Ctr. for Non-Violent Action v. United States Dep't of Navy, 383 F.3d 1082, 1090-91 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that § 1502.22 did not apply because the Navy made a "detailed study of the risk of an accidental [missile] explosion," and its information was complete).
  • 164
    • 68949194221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22.
    • See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.22.
  • 165
    • 68949183009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 354 F. 3d 1229, 1241-42 (10th Cir. 2004).
    • 354 F. 3d 1229, 1241-42 (10th Cir. 2004).
  • 166
    • 68949178358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 46 F.3d 606, 623-24 (7th Cir. 1995).
    • See 46 F.3d 606, 623-24 (7th Cir. 1995).
  • 167
    • 68949184490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 168
    • 68949178356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 169
    • 68949190702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 960 F.2d 1515, 1526 (10th Cir. 1992).
    • 960 F.2d 1515, 1526 (10th Cir. 1992).
  • 170
    • 68949192432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 185 F.3d 1162, 1172 (10th Cir. 1999).
    • 185 F.3d 1162, 1172 (10th Cir. 1999).
  • 171
    • 68949176765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1173
    • Id. at 1173.
  • 172
    • 68949165829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 320 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1110 (D. Colo. 2004).
    • 320 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1110 (D. Colo. 2004).
  • 173
    • 68949167423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 423 F. Supp. 2d 1273, 1314-15 (S.D. Fla. 2006).
    • 423 F. Supp. 2d 1273, 1314-15 (S.D. Fla. 2006).
  • 174
    • 68949170468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 526 F.3d 1353, 1361 (11th Cir. 2008).
    • 526 F.3d 1353, 1361 (11th Cir. 2008).
  • 175
    • 68949168906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 345 F. 3d 520, 549-50 (8th Cir. 2003).
    • 345 F. 3d 520, 549-50 (8th Cir. 2003).
  • 176
    • 68949186136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likewise, in Cabinet Res. Group v. United States Fish & Wildlife Serv., the court set aside the Forest Service's final EIS because it failed to address gaps in a key study it relied on in assessing a motorized access plan's impact on grizzly bears. 465 F. Supp. 2d 1067, 1099-1100 (D. Mont. 2006). The court found that the missing information was essential to a reasoned choice among alternatives based on statements from the study's authors and other scientists in the field, and interpreted 1502.22 to require agencies to explicitly acknowledge and discuss any flaws, in studies relied on in an EIS. Id. at 1100.
    • Likewise, in Cabinet Res. Group v. United States Fish & Wildlife Serv., the court set aside the Forest Service's final EIS because it failed to address gaps in a key study it relied on in assessing a motorized access plan's impact on grizzly bears. 465 F. Supp. 2d 1067, 1099-1100 (D. Mont. 2006). The court found that the missing information was "essential to a reasoned choice among alternatives" based on statements from the study's authors and other scientists in the field, and interpreted 1502.22 to require agencies to explicitly "acknowledge and discuss any flaws," in studies relied on in an EIS. Id. at 1100.
  • 177
    • 68949165827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., George Cameron Coggins & Robert L. Glicksman, Public Natural Resources Law §10G:22, at 10G-139 (2007) (describing the new regulation as water[ed] down); James Jay Tutchton, Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Counsel and the New Worst Case Analysis Regulation, 8 UCLA J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 287, 299 (1989) (predicting that courts could use the language of new regulation to weaken the scope of environmental protection provided by worst case analysis).
    • See, e.g., George Cameron Coggins & Robert L. Glicksman, Public Natural Resources Law §10G:22, at 10G-139 (2007) (describing the new regulation as "water[ed] down"); James Jay Tutchton, Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Counsel and the New "Worst Case Analysis" Regulation, 8 UCLA J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 287, 299 (1989) (predicting that courts could use the language of new regulation to weaken the scope of environmental protection provided by worst case analysis).
  • 178
    • 68949170466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 32 F.3d 1346 (9th Cir. 1994).
    • 32 F.3d 1346 (9th Cir. 1994).
  • 179
    • 68949186120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • However, this finding is not explicit as court cited to section 1502.22, but did not specifically state that it applied the new regulation
    • See id. However, this finding is not explicit as court cited to section 1502.22, but did not specifically state that it applied the new regulation.
    • See id
  • 180
    • 68949179900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 1358.
    • See id. at 1358.
  • 181
    • 0036330469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a Smarter NEPA: Monitoring and Managing Government's Environmental Performance, 102
    • Bradley C. Karkkainen, Toward a Smarter NEPA: Monitoring and Managing Government's Environmental Performance, 102 Colum. L. Rev. 903, 927 (2002).
    • (2002) Colum. L. Rev , vol.903 , pp. 927
    • Karkkainen, B.C.1
  • 182
    • 68949195967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 928
    • Id. at 928.
  • 183
    • 68949190701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Id. at 928-929.
  • 184
    • 68949165828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 951
    • Id. at 951.
  • 188
    • 68949186138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 253
    • Id. at 253.
  • 189
    • 56849117488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Stern Review and Its Critics: Implications for the Theory and Practice of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 48
    • Daniel H. Cole, The Stern Review and Its Critics: Implications for the Theory and Practice of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 48 Nat. Resources J. 53 (2008).
    • (2008) Nat. Resources J , vol.53
    • Cole, D.H.1
  • 190
    • 68949187614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppose that we had a hundred situations with different models but the same statistics - an 80% probability that a model is correct which shows zero risk, and a 20% probability that a competing model is right predicting a 10% risk of harm. (So we have one situation with Models A and B, another with Models C and D, etc., each pair of models satisfying this description.) Out of those hundred situations, we would expect that the second model in the pair would be right about twenty times, and of those twenty times, we would expect the risk to materialize in two cases.
    • Suppose that we had a hundred situations with different models but the same statistics - an 80% probability that a model is correct which shows zero risk, and a 20% probability that a competing model is right predicting a 10% risk of harm. (So we have one situation with Models A and B, another with Models C and D, etc., each pair of models satisfying this description.) Out of those hundred situations, we would expect that the second model in the pair would be right about twenty times, and of those twenty times, we would expect the risk to materialize in two cases.
  • 191
    • 68949195965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See National Research Council, supra note 3, at 105-106 (One of the dimensions of uncertainty that is difficult to capture quantitatively (or even qualitatively) involves model uncertainty.)
    • See National Research Council, supra note 3, at 105-106 ("One of the dimensions of uncertainty that is difficult to capture quantitatively (or even qualitatively) involves model uncertainty.")
  • 192
    • 68949181393 scopus 로고
    • Today's Last Rights for Small Technology Agency Mark the Start of a 'Wrenching' and Historic Shift
    • See, Sept, at
    • See Barbara Rosewicz, Today's Last Rights for Small Technology Agency Mark the Start of a 'Wrenching' and Historic Shift, Wall St. J., Sept. 1995, at A16.
    • (1995) Wall St. J
    • Rosewicz, B.1
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    • 68949179898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 490 U.S. 360 1989
    • 490 U.S. 360 (1989).
  • 194
    • 68949172059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 303
    • Id. at 303.
  • 195
    • 68949172062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 196
    • 68949194217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As the Supreme Court said in the Robertson case: If the adverse environmental effects of the proposed action are adequately identified and evaluated, the agency is not constrained by NEPA from deciding that other values outweigh the environmental costs. In this case, for example, it would not have violated NEPA if the Forest Service, after complying with the Act's procedural prerequisites, had decided that the benefits to be derived from downhill skiing at Sandy Butte justified the issuance of a special use permit, notwithstanding the loss of 15 percent, 50 percent, or even 100 percent of the mule deer herd. Other statutes may impose substantive environmental obligations on federal agencies, but NEPA merely prohibits uninformed, rather than unwise, agency action. Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens, 490 U.S. 332, 350-351 1989
    • As the Supreme Court said in the Robertson case: If the adverse environmental effects of the proposed action are adequately identified and evaluated, the agency is not constrained by NEPA from deciding that other values outweigh the environmental costs. In this case, for example, it would not have violated NEPA if the Forest Service, after complying with the Act's procedural prerequisites, had decided that the benefits to be derived from downhill skiing at Sandy Butte justified the issuance of a special use permit, notwithstanding the loss of 15 percent, 50 percent, or even 100 percent of the mule deer herd. Other statutes may impose substantive environmental obligations on federal agencies, but NEPA merely prohibits uninformed -- rather than unwise -- agency action. Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens, 490 U.S. 332, 350-351 (1989).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.