Mercury methylation dynamics in estuarine and coastal marine environments - A critical review

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 96, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 54-66

  Merritt, Karen A ^a   Amirbahman, Aria ^b  

^a ENVIRON INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

^b The University of Maine   (United States)

Author keywords

estuary; marine; mercury; methylation; sediment

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; ESTUARINE CHEMISTRY; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; METHYLATION; METHYLMERCURY; PH; POREWATER; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY); SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM;

EID: 68849128524     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Baldi F., Pepi M., and Filippelli M. Methylmercury resistance in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strains in relation to methylmercury degradation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (1993) 2479-2485
2. Barkay T., Gillman M., and Turner R.R. Effects of dissolved organic carbon and salinity on the bioavailability of mercury. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (1997) 4267-4271
3. Barkay T., Miller S.M., and Summers A.O. Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27 (2003) 355-384
4. Benoit J., Gilmour C., Mason R., Riedel G.S., and Riedel G.F. Behavior of mercury in the Patuxent River estuary. Biogeochemistry 40 (1998) 249-265
5. Benoit J.M., Gilmour C.C., Mason R.P., and Heyes A. Sulfide controls on mercury speciation and bioavailability to methylating bacteria in sediment pore waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 951-957
6. Benoit J.M., Mason R.P., and Gilmour C.C. Estimation of mercury-sulfide speciation in sediment pore waters using octanol-water partitioning and implications for availability to methylating bacteria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 2138-2141
7. Benoit J.M., Gilmour C.C., and Mason R.P. Aspects of bioavailability of mercury for methylation in pure cultures of Desulfobulbus propionicus (1pr3). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 51-58
8. Benoit J.M., Gilmour C.C., and Mason R.P. The influence of sulfide on solid-phase mercury availability for methylation by pure cultures of Desulfobulbus propionicus (1pr3). Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 127-132
9. Benoit J.M., Shull D.H., Robinson P., and Ucran L.R. Infaunal burrow densities and sediment monomethyl mercury distributions in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Mar. Chem. 102 (2006) 124-133
10. Berg P., Risgaard-Petersen N., and Rysgaard S. Interpretation of measured concentration profiles in sediment pore water. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 (1998) 1500-1510
11. Bloom N.S., Gill G.A., Cappellino S., Dobbs C., McShea L., Driscoll C., Mason R., and Rudd J. Speciation and cycling of mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 7-13
12. Bottcher M.E., Hespenheide B., Llobet-Brossa E., Beardsley C., Larsen O., Schramm A., Wieland A., Bottcher G., Berninger U.-G., and Amann R. The biogeochemistry, stable isotope geochemistry, and microbial community structure of a temperate intertidal mudflat: an integrated study. Cont. Shelf Res. 20 (2000) 1749-1769
13. 2 microelectrode measurements and the diffusive behavior of carbon dioxide species in coastal marine sediments. Mar. Chem. 70 (2000) 133-148
14. Canario J., Caetano M., Vale C., and Cesario R. Evidence for elevated production of methylmercury in salt marshes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 7376-7382
15. Canfield D.E., Thamdrup B., and Hansen J.W. The anaerobic degradation of organic matter in Danish coastal sediments: iron reduction, manganese reduction, and sulfate reduction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 3867-3883
16. Choe K.-Y., Gill G.A., Lehman R.D., and Han S. Sediment-water exchange of total mercury and monomethyl mercury in the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49 (2004) 1512-1527
17. Choi S.-C., and Bartha R. Environmental factors affecting mercury methylation in estuarine sediments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53 (1994) 805-812
18. Choi S.-C., Chase T., and Bartha R. Metabolic pathways leading to mercury methylation in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans LS. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 (1994) 4072-4077
19. Choi S.-C., Chase T., and Bartha R. Enzymatic catalysis of mercury methylation by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans LS. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 (1994) 1342-1346
20. Cleckner L.B., Gilmour C.G., Hurley J.P., and Krabbenhoft D.P. Mercury methylation in periphyton of the Florida Everglades. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44 (1999) 1815-1825
21. Compeau G.C., and Bartha R. Sulfate-reducing bacteria: principal methylators of mercury in anoxic estuarine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50 (1985) 498-502
22. Covelli S., Faganeli J., Horvat M., and Brambati A. Porewater distribution and benthic flux measurements of mercury and methylmercury in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 48 (1999) 415-428
23. Craig P.J., and Moreton P.A. Total mercury, methyl mercury and sulphide in River Carron sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14 (1983) 408-411
24. D'Andrea A.F., Aller R.C., and Lopez G.R. Organic matter flux and reactivity on a South Carolina sandflat: the impacts of porewater advection and macrobiological structures. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 1056-1070
25. Devereux R., Winfrey M.R., Winfrey J., and Stahl D.A. Depth profiles of sulfate-reducing bacterial ribosomal RNA and mercury methylation in an estuarine sediment. Fems Microbiol. Ecol. 20 (1996) 23-31
26. Drott A., Lambertsson L., Bjorn E., and Skyllberg U. Importance of dissolved neutral mercury sulfides for methyl mercury production in contaminated sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 2270-2276
27. Drott A., Lambertsson L., Bjorn E., and Skyllberg U. Do potential methylation rates reflect accumulated methyl mercury in contaminated sediments?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 153-158
28. Ekstrom E.B., and Morel F.M.M. Cobalt limitation of growth and mercury methylation in sulfate-reducing bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2007) 93-99
29. Ekstrom E.B., Morel F.M.M., and Benoit J.M. Mercury methylation independent of the acetyl-coenzyme A pathway in sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003) 5414-5422
30. Fisher J.B., and Matisoff G. High resolution vertical profiles of pH in recent sediments. Hydrobiology 79 (1981) 277-284
31. Fitzgerald W.F., Lamborg C.H., and Hammerschmidt C.R. Marine biogeochemical cycling of mercury. Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 641-662
32. Gagnon C., Pelletier E., Mucci A., and Fitzgerald W.F. Diagenetic behavior of methylmercury in organic-rich coastal sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41 3 (1996) 428-434
33. 2+)-dissolved organic matter stability constants. Appl. Geochem. 22 (2007) 1583-1597
34. Gilmour C.C., and Henry E.A. Mercury methylation in aquatic systems affected by acid deposition. Environ. Pollut. 71 (1991) 131-169
35. Gilmour C.C., Riedel G.S., Ederington M.C., Bell J.T., Benoit J.M., Gill G., and Stordal M.C. Methylmercury concentrations and production rates across a trophic gradient in the northern Everglades. Biogeochemistry 40 (1998) 327-345
36. Golding G.R., Kelly C.A., Sparling R., Loewen P.C., Rudd J.W., and Barkay T. Evidence for facilitated uptake of Hg(II) by Vibrio anguillarum and Escherichia coli under anaerobic and anerobic conditions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 967-975
37. Golding G.R., Kelly C.A., Sparling R., Loewen P.C., and Barkay T. Evaluation of mercury toxicity as a predictor of mercury bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 5685-5692
38. Goulet R.R., Holmes J., Page B., Poissant L., Siciliano S.D., Lean D.R.S., Wang F., Amyot M., and Tessier A. Mercury transformations and fluxes in sediments of a riverine wetland. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 3393-3406
39. Hammerschmidt C., and Fitzgerald W. Geochemical controls on the production and distribution of methylmercury in near-shore marine sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 1487-1495
40. Hammerschmidt C., and Fitzgerald W. Methylmercury cycling in sediments on the continental shelf of southern New England. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 918-930
41. Hammerschmidt C.R., Fitzgerald W.F., Lamborg C.H., Balcom P.H., and Tseng C.-M. Biogeochemical cycling of methylmercury in lakes and tundra watersheds of arctic Alaska. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 1204-1211
42. Han S., Obraztsova A., Pretto P., Choe K.-Y., Gieskes J., Deheyn D.D., and Tebo B.M. Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation in sediments of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26 (2007) 655-663
43. Heyes A., Miller C., and Mason R. Mercury and methylmercury in Hudson River sediment: impact of tidal resuspension on partitioning and methylation. Mar. Chem. 90 (2004) 127-145
44. Heyes A., Mason R.P., Kim E.-H., and Sunderland E. Mercury methylation in estuaries: insights from using measuring rates using stable mercury isotopes. Mar. Chem. 102 (2006) 134-147
45. Hines N.A., Brezonik P.L., and Engstrom L. Sediment and porewater profiles and fluxes of mercury and methylmercury in a small seepage lake in Northern Minnesota. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 6610-6617
46. Hines M.E., Faganeli J., Adatto I., and Horvat M. Microbial mercury transformations in marine, estuarine and freshwater sediments downstream of the Idrija Mercury Mine, Slovenia. Appl. Geochem. 21 (2006) 1924-1939
47. Hintelmann H., Keppel-Jones K., and Evans R.D. Constants of mercury methylation and demethylation rates in sediments and comparison of tracer and ambient mercury availability. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 9 (2000) 2204-2211
48. Holmer M., and Kristensen E. Seasonality of sulfate reduction and pore water solutes in a marine fish farm sediment: the importance of temperature and sedimentary organic matter. Biogeochemistry 32 (1996) 15-39
49. 2S on heterotrophic substrate uptake, extracellular enzyme activity and growth of brackish water bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 64 (1990) 157-167
50. Hsu H., and Sedlak D.L. Strong Hg(II) complexation in municipal wastewater effluent and surface waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 2743-2749
51. Hsu-Kim H., and Sedlak D. Similarities between inorganic sulfide and the strong Hg(II)-complexing ligands in municipal wastewater effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 4035-4041
52. Icgen B., and Harrison S. Exposure to sulfide causes population shifts in sulfate-reducing consortia. Res. Microbiol. 157 (2006) 784-791
53. Jay J.A., Morel F.M.M., and Hemond H.F. Mercury speciation in the presence of polysulfides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 2196-2200
54. Jay J.A., Murray K.J., Gilmour C.C., Mason R.P., Morel F.M.M., Roberts A.L., and Hemond H.F. Mercury methylation by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND 132 in the presence of polysulfides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 11 (2002) 5741-5745
55. Jourabachi P., Van Cappellen P., and Regnier P. Quantitative interpretation of pH distributions in aquatic sediments: a reaction-transport modeling approach. Am. J. Sci. 305 (2005) 919-956
56. Kerin E.J., Gilmour C.C., Roden E., Suzuki M.T., Coates J.D., and Mason R.P. Mercury methylation by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 7919-7921
57. King J.K., Saunders S., Lee R.F., and Jahnke R.A. Coupling mercury methylation rates to sulfate reduction rates in marine sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 7 (1999) 1362-1369
58. King J.K., Kostka J.E., Frischer M.E., and Saunders F.M. Sulfate-reducing bacteria methylate mercury at variable rates in pure cultures and marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 6 (2000) 2430-2437
59. King J.K., Kostka J.E., Frischer M.E., Saunders F.M., and Jahnke R.A. A quantitative relationship that demonstrates mercury methylation rates in marine sediments are based on the community composition and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2491-2496
60. 2 microelectrodes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 (1998) 769-781
61. Korthals E.T., and Winfrey M.R. Seasonal and spatial variation in mercury methylation and demethylation in an oligotrophic lake. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53 (1987) 2397-2404
62. Kostka J.E., Gribsholt B., Petrie E., Dalton D., Skelton H., and Kristensen E. The rates and pathways of carbon oxidation in bioturbed saltmarsh sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 (2002) 230-240
63. Laanbroek H.J., and Pfennig N. Oxidation of short-chain fatty acids by sulfate-reducing bacteria in freshwater and marine sediments. Arch. Microbiol. 128 (1981) 330-335
64. Lambertsson L., and Nilsson M. Organic material: the primary control on mercury methylation and ambient methyl mercury concentrations in estuarine sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 1822-1829
65. Lamborg C.H., Yigiterhan O., Fitzgerald W.F., Balcom P.H., Hammerschmidt C.R., and Murray J. Vertical distribution of mercury species at two sites in the Western Black Sea. Mar. Chem. 111 (2008) 77-89
66. Langer C., Fitzgerald W., Visscher P., and Vandal G. Biogeochemical cycling of methylmercury at Barn Island Salt Marsh, Stonington, CT, USA. Wetlands Ecol. Manag. 9 (2001) 295-310
67. Lawrence A.L., McAloon K.M., Mason R., and Mayer L.M. Intestinal solubilization of particle-associated organic and inorganic mercury as a measure of bioavailability to benthic invertebrates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1871-1876
68. Llobet-Brossa E., Rabus R., Bottcher M.E., Konneke M., Finke N., Schramm A., Meyer R.L., Grotzschel S., Rossello-Mora R., and Amann R. Community structure and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in an intertidal surface sediment: a multi-method approach. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 29 (2002) 211-226
69. Loux N.T. An assessment of thermodynamic reaction constants for simulating aqueous environmental monomethylmercury speciation. Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab 19 (2007) 183-196
70. Marins R.V., Lacerda L.D., Goncalves G.O., and de Paiva E.C. Effect of root metabolism on the post-depositional mobilization of mercury in salt marsh soils. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58 (1997) 733-738
71. Martin-Doimeadios R.C.C., Tessier E., Amouroux D., Guyoneaud R., Duran R., Caumette P., and Donard O.F.X. Mercury methylation/demethylation and volatilization pathways in estuarine sediment slurries using species-specific enriched stable isotopes. Mar. Chem. 90 (2004) 107-123
72. Marvin-DiPasquale M.C., and Agee J.L. Microbial mercury cycling in sediments of the San Francisco-Bay Delta. Estuaires 26 (2003) 1517-1528
73. Marvin-DiPasquale M.C., Agee J.L., McGowan C., Oremland R., Thomas M., Krabbenhoft D., and Gilmour C.C. Methyl-mercury degradation pathways: a comparison among three mercury-impacted ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 4908-4916
74. Marvin-DiPasquale M.C., Agee J.L., Bouse R.M., and Jaffe B.E. Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay, California. Environ. Geol. 43 (2003) 260-267
75. Mason R.P., Fitzgerald W.F., Hurley J., Hanson A.K., Donaghay P.L., and Sieburth J.M. Mercury biogeochemical cycling in a stratified estuary. Limnol. Oceangr. 38 (1993) 1227-1241
76. Mason R.P., and Lawrence A.L. Concentration, distribution and bioavailability of mercury and methylmercury in sediments of Baltimore Harbor and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 2438-2447
77. Merritt K.A., and Amirbahman A. Mercury dynamics in sulfide-rich sediments: geochemical influence on contamination mobilization within the Penobscot River estuary, Maine, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 929-941
78. Merritt K.A., and Amirbahman A. Methylmercury cycling in estuarine sediment porewaters (Penobscot River estuary Maine, USA). Limnol. Oceanogr. 53 (2008) 1064-1075
79. Miller C.L., Mason R.P., Gilmour C.C., and Heyes A. Influence of dissolved organic matter on the complexation of mercury under sulfidic conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26 (2007) 624-633
80. Morse J.W., and Luther III G.W. Chemical influences on trace metal-sulfide interactions in anoxic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (1999) 3373-3378
81. Muller B., Wehlri B., Power M., and van der Meer J.R. Structure and activity of microbial communities in sediment. Chimia 51 (1997) 878-883
82. Munthe J., Bodaly R.A., Branfireun B.A., Driscoll C.T., Gilmour C.C., Harris R., Horvat M., Lucotte M., and Malm O. Recovery of mercury-contaminated fisheries. Ambio 36 (2007) 33-44
83. Muresan B., Cossa D., Jezequel D., Prevot F., and Kerbellec S. The biogeochemistry of mercury at the sediment-water interface in the Thau lagoon. 1. Partition and speciation. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 72 (2007) 472-484
84. Novelli P.C., Michelson A.R., Scranton M.I., Banta G.T., Hobbie J.E., and Howarth R.W. Hydrogen and acetate cycling in two sulfate-reducing sediments: Buzzards Bay and Town Cove, Mass. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52 (1988) 2477-2486
85. Oremland R.S., Culbertson C.W., and Winfrey M.R. Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 (1991) 130-137
86. Oremland R.S., Miller L.G., Dowdle P., Connell T., and Barkay T. Methylmercury oxidative degradation potentials in contaminated and pristine sediments of the Carson River, Nevada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 2745-2753
87. Pak K.R., and Bartha R. Mercury methylation by interspecies hydrogen and acetate transfer between sulfidogens and methanogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (1998) 1987-1990
88. Paquette K., and Helz G. Solubility of cinnabar (red HgS) and implications for mercury speciation in sulfidic waters. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 (1995) 1053-1056
89. Paquette K., and Helz G. Inorganic speciation of mercury in sulfidic waters: the importance of zero-valent sulfur. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 2148-2153
90. Patidar S.K., and Tare V. Effect of micro-nutrients in anaerobic degradation of sulfate laden organics. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 31 (2004) 420-431
91. Peretyazhko T., Charlet L., and Grimaldi M. Production of gaseous mercury in tropical hydromorphic soils in the presence of ferrous iron: a laboratory study. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 57 (2006) 190-199
92. Rasmussen L.D., Turner R.R., and Barkay T. Cell-density dependent sensitivity of a mer-lux bioassay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (1997) 3291-3293
93. Ravenschlag K., Sahm K., Knoblauch C., Jorgensen B.B., and Amann R. Community structure, cellular rRNA content, and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine arctic sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 3592-3602
94. Ravichandran M. Interactions between mercury and dissolved organic matter-a review. Chemosphere 55 (2004) 319-331
95. Ravichandran M., Aiken G., Reddy M., and Ryan J. Enhanced dissolution of cinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 3305-3311
96. Ravichandran M., Aiken G., Ryan J., and Reddy M. Inhibition of precipitation and aggregation of metacinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1418-1423
97. Reis M.A., Almeida J.S., Lemos P.C., and Carrondo M.J. Effect of hydrogen sulfide on growth of sulfate reducing bacteria. Biotech. Bioeng. 40 5 (1992) 593-600
98. Sahm K., MacGregor B.J., Jorgensen B.B., and Stahl D.A. Sulphate reduction and vertical distribution of sulphate-reducing bacteria quantified by rRNA slot-blot hybridization in a coastal marine sediment. Environ. Microbiol. 1 (1999) 65-74
99. Schaefer J.K., Yagi J., Reinfelder J.R., Cardona T., Ellickson K.M., Tel-Or S., and Barkay T. Role of the bacterial organomercury lyase (merB) in controlling methylmercury accumulation in mercury-contaminated waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (2004) 4304-4311
100. Schubert C.J., Ferdelman T.G., and Strotmann B. Organic matter composition and sulfate reduction rates in sediments off Chile. Org. Geochem. 31 (2000) 351-361
101. Schwarzenbach G., and Widmer M. Die Loslichkeit von Metallsulfiden. I. Schwarzes Quecksilbersulfid. Helv. Chim. Acta 46 (1963) 2613-2628
102. Sellers P., Kelly C.A., Rudd J.W.M., and MacHutchon A.R. Photodegradation of methylmercury in lakes. Nature 380 (1996) 694-697
103. Siciliano S.D., O'Driscoll N.J., Tordon R., Hill J., Beauchamp S., and Lean D.S.R. Abiotic production of methylmercury by solar radiation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 1071-1077
104. Slowey A.J., and Brown G.E. Transformations of mercury, iron, and sulfur during the reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxide by sulfide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 877-894
105. Sundback K., Jonsson B., Nilsson P., and Lindstrom I. Impact of accumulating drifting macroalgae on a shallow-water sediment system: an experimental study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 58 (1990) 261-274
106. Sunderland E.M., Gobas F.A.P.C., Branfireun B.A., and Heyes A. Environmental controls on the speciation and distribution of mercury in coastal sediments. Mar. Chem. 102 (2006) 111-123
107. Tossell J.A. Calculations of the structures, stabilities and properties of mercury sulfide species in aqueous solution. J. Phys. Chem., A 105 (2001) 935-941
108. Wallschläger D., Hintelmann H., Evans R.D., and Wilken R.-D. Volatilization of dimethylmercury and elemental mercury from River Elbe floodplain soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 80 (1995) 1325-1329
109. Waples J.S., Nagy K.L., Aiken G.R., and Ryan J.N. Dissolution of cinnabar (HgS) in the presence of natural organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 1575-1588
110. Warner K.A., Roden E.E., and Bonzongo J.-C. Microbial mercury transformation in anoxic freshwater sediments under iron-reducing and other electron-accepting conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 2159-2165
111. Weber J.H., Evans R., Jones S.H., and Hines M.E. Conversion of mercury (II) into mercury (0), monomethylmercury cation, and dimethylmercury in saltmarsh sediment slurries. Chemosphere 36 (1998) 1669-1687
112. Wiatrowski H.A., Ward P.M., and Barkay T. Novel reduction of mercury(II) by mercury-sensitive dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 6690-6696
113. Wilms R., Sass H., Kopke B., Koster J., Cypionka H., and Engelen B. Specific bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic communities in tidal-flat sediments along a vertical profile of several meters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 2756-2764
114. Xia K., Skyllberg U.L., Bleam W.F., Bloom P.R., Nater E.A., and Helmke P.A. X-ray absorption spectroscopic evidence for the complexation of Hg(II) by reduced sulfur in soil humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 257-261