Critical community practice

Critical Community Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-184

  Butcher, Hugh ^a   Banks, Sarah ^b   Henderson, Paul ^c   Robertson, Jim ^d  

^a BRADFORD COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust   (United Kingdom)

^d NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 68849122481     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (192)

1. Abers, R. (1996) ‘From Ideas to Practice: the Pardido dos Trabalhandos and Participatory Governance’, Latin American Perspectives 23, Fall.
2. American Youth Policy Forum (1998) A Revolution in School District Governance, Forum Brief, American Youth Policy Forum (www.aqpf.org/forumbriefs/1998/fb121198.htm).
3. Arnstein, S. (1969) ‘A ladder of participation’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, vol 35, no 4, pp 216-224.
4. Association of Community Workers (2001) Community work skills manual, Newcastle: Association of Community Workers.
5. Attwood, M., Pedler, M., Pritchard, S. and Wilkinson, D. (2003) Leading change: A guide to whole systems working, Bristol: The Policy Press.
6. Balloch, S. and Taylor, M. (eds) (2001) Partnership working: Policy and practice, Bristol: The Policy Press.
7. Banks, S. (2003) ‘The concept of “community practice”, in S. Banks, H. Butcher, P. Henderson and J. Robertson (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 9-22.
8. Banks, S. (2003a) ‘Conflicts of culture and accountability: Managing ethical dilemmas and problems in community practice’, in S. Banks, H. Butcher, P. Henderson and J. Robertson (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 103-20.
9. Banks, S. (2003b) ‘The use of learning journals to encourage ethical reflection during fieldwork practice’, in S. Banks and K. Nohr (eds) Teaching practical ethics for the social professions, Copenhagen: FESET, pp 53-68.
10. Banks, S. (2004) Ethics, accountability and the social professions, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. Banks, S. (2005) ‘The ethical practitioner in formation: Issues of courage, competence and commitment’, Social Work Education, vol 24, no 7, pp 737-53.
12. Banks, S. and Noonan, F. (1990) ‘The poll tax and community work’, Association of Community Workers’Talking Point, nos 117 and 118.
13. Banks, S. and Orton, A. (2007) ‘“The grit in the oyster”: Community development workers in a modernising local authority’, Community Development Journal, vol 42, no 1, pp 97-113.
14. Banks, S. and Vickers, T. (2006) ‘Empowering communities through active learning: Challenges and contradictions’, Journal of Community Work and Development, vol 8, pp 84-104.
15. Banks, S., Butcher, H., Henderson, P. and Robertson, J. (eds) (2003) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press.
16. Barber, B. (1984) Strong democracy, Berkeley: University of California Press.
17. Barnett, R. (1997) Higher education: A critical business, Buckingham: Open University Press.
18. Beard, C. and Wilson, K. (2002) The power of experiential learning, London: Kogan Page.
19. Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P. and Harvey, J.A. (2003) Distributed leadership, Nottingham: National College of School Leadership.
20. Bentley, T. (2005) Everyday democracy: Why we get the politicians we deserve, London: Demos.
21. Bishop, S., O’Brien, P. and Robertson, J. (eds) (2000) The third sector. Report of event ‘Celebrating and developing a coherent strategy for the Third Sector in NE England’, TUC and One North East, London: TUC.
22. Blakey, H. (2005) Participation…Why bother? Bradford: International Centre for Participation Studies, University of Bradford.
23. Bolden, R. (2004) What is leadership?, Leadership South West Research Report No 1, Exeter: University of Exeter.
24. Bolton, G. (2005) Reflective practice: Writing and professional development, London: Routledge.
25. Boud, D., Keogh, R. and Walker, D. (1985) Reflection: Turning experience into learning, London: Kogan Page.
26. Boulding, K.E. (1989) Three faces of power, California: Sage.
27. Bourdieu, P. (1992) Invitation to reflexive sociology, Cambridge: Polity Press.
28. Brechin, A. (2000) ‘Introducing critical practice’, in A. Brechin, H. Brown and M. Eby (eds) Critical practice in health and social care, London: Open University Press/Sage, pp 25-47.
29. Brechin, A., Brown, H. and Eby, M. (eds) (2000) Critical practice in health and social care, London: Open University Press/Sage.
30. Brookfield, S. (1987) Developing critical thinkers, Buckingham: Open University Press.
31. Brookfield, S. (2005) The power of critical theory, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
32. Brown, A. and Bourne, I. (1996) The social work supervisor, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
33. Burns, D., Williams, C. and Windebank, J. (2004) Community self-help, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
34. Burr, V (2003) Social constructionism, London: Routledge.
35. Butcher, H. and Robertson, J. (2003) ‘Individual and organisational development for community practice: an experiential learning approach’, in S. Banks, H. Butcher, P Henderson and J. Robertson (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press.
36. Butcher, H., Glen, A., Henderson, P. and Smith, J. (eds) (1993) Community and public policy, London: Pluto Press.
37. Carly, M. and Kirk, K. (2005) ‘Citizen participation in local governance - lessons from a network of eight European cities’, Community Development Journal, issue 7.
38. Carnegie UK Trust (2006) ‘Carnegie appoints Mulgan to chair new civil society inquiry’, Press release (March).
39. Chaffee, J. (1998) The thinker’s way, Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
40. Chanan, G. (2003) Searching for solid foundations: Community involvement and urban policy, London: ODPM.
41. Chanan, G. (2004) Measures of community, London: Community Development Foundation, Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust and Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust.
42. Chinweizu, C. (2006) ‘Asylum and immigration: Maximising Britain’s economy’, Fight Racism! Fight Imperialism!, no 190 (April/May).
43. Clark, M.E. (1990) Rethinking the curriculum, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
44. Cohen, C. and Fung, A. (2004) ‘The radical democratic project’, in Swiss Political Science Review, vol 10, no 4 (Winter), pp 147-210.
45. Cohen, S., Humphries, B. and Mynott, E. (eds) (2002) From immigration controls to welfare controls, London: Routledge.
46. Commission on Social Justice (1994) Social justice: Strategies for national renewal, London: Commission on Social Justice/Institute for Public Policy Research.
47. Community Development Foundation (2005) ‘The Countryside Agency’s Community Development Worker programme,’ CDF mimeo.
48. Community Development Foundation (with Community Development Exchange, Federation for Community Development Learning and the Community Development Challenge working group) (2006) The community development challenge, London: CDF Publications.
49. Connelly, S. (2006) ‘Looking inside public involvement: how is it made so ineffective and can we change this?’ Community Development Journal, vol 41, no 1, pp 13-24.
50. Cooperatives UK (2006a) Somali Development Services (www.cooperatives-uk.coop/live/cme888.htm).
51. Cooperatives UK (2006b) Minster Housing Association (www.cooperatives-uk.coop/live/cme900.htm).
52. Darder, A., Baltodano, M. and Torres, R.D. (eds) (2003) The critical pedagogy reader, London, RoutledgeFalmer.
53. Deakin, N. (2001) In search of civil society, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
54. Department for Communities and Local Government (2006) Strong and prosperous communities, London: DCLG.
55. Department of Health (2003) Delivering race equality: A framework for Action, London: The Stationery Office.
56. Department of Health (2004) Choosing health: making healthy choices easier, London: The Stationery Office.
57. Dewey, J. (1986 [1910]) How we think, Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath.
58. Diamond, J. (2006) A new view: Distributed leadership, Usable Knowledge website, Harvard Graduate School of Education (www.uknow.gse. harvard.edu/leadership/leadership002a.html).
59. Dixon, N. (1994) The organisational learning cycle, London: McGraw-Hill.
60. Dryden, W and Feltham, C. (eds) (1992) Psychotherapy and its discontents, Bristol: Open University Press.
61. Dweck, C.S. (1999) Self theories: their role in motivation, personality and development, PA: Psychology Press.
62. Elliot, F.R. (1996) Gender, family and society, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
63. Fish, D. and Coles, C. (1998) Developing professional judgement in health care, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
64. Fook, J. (2002) Social work: Critical theory and practice, London: Sage.
65. Foucault, M. (2001 [1970]) The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences, London: Routledge.
66. Frank, A. (2004) ‘Asking the right questions about pain: Narrative and phronesis’, Literature and Medicine, vol 23, no 2, pp 209-25.
67. Frazer, E. (1999) The problems of communitarian politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
68. Freire, P. (1972) The pedagogy of the oppressed, London: Penguin.
69. Freire, P. (1993) Education for critical consciousness, New York: Continuum.
70. Fung, A. (2004) Empowered participation: Reinventing urban democracy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
71. Fung, A. and Wright, E.O. (2003) Deepening democracy, London:Verso.
72. Gastil, J. and Levine, P. (2005) The deliberative democracy handbook, San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons.
73. Giddens, A. (1998) The third way: The renewal of social democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.
74. Gilchrist, A. (2003) ‘Linking partnerships and networks’, in S. Banks, H. Butcher, P. Henderson and J. Robertson (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 35-54.
75. Gilchrist, A. (2004) The well-connected community, Bristol: The Policy Press.
76. Glen, A., Henderson, P., Humm, J., Meszaros, H. and Gaffney, M. (2004) Survey of community development workers in the UK, London: CDF Publications/Community Development Exchange.
77. Goleman, D. (1995) Emotional intelligence, New York: Bantam Books.
78. Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from the prison notebooks, Q. Hoare and G.N. Smith (eds), London: Lawrence and Wishart.
79. Griffiths, D., Sigona, N. and Zetter, R. (2005) Refugee community organisations and dispersal: Networks, resources and social capital, Bristol: The Policy Press.
80. Grigg-Spall, I. (1992) Critical lawyers handbook, London, Pluto Press.
81. Habermas, J. (1975) Legitimation crisis, Boston: Beacon Press.
82. Habermas, J. (1990) Moral consciousness and communicative action, C. Lenhardt and S. Nicholsen, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
83. Habermas, J. (1996) Between facts and norms: contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy, Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
84. Handy, C. (1985) Understanding organisations (3rd edn), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
85. Hardcastle, D., Powers, P. with Wencour, S. (2004) Community practice: Theories and skills for social workers (2nd edn), New York: Oxford University Press.
86. Hatton, N. and Smith, D. (1995) ‘Reflection in teacher education -towards definition and implementation’, Teaching andTeacher Education, vol 11, no 1, pp 33-49.
87. Hautekeur, G. (2005) ‘Community development and social capital’, MA dissertation (mimeo), Leicester: De Montfort University.
88. Hawkins, P. and Shohet, R. (2000) Supervision in the helping professions (2nd edn), Buckingham: Open University Press.
89. Hayes, D. (2005) ‘Social work with asylum seekers and others subject to immigration control’, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli and M. Payne (eds) Social work futures: Crossing boundaries, transforming practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp 182-94.
90. Healy, K. (2000) Social work practices: Contemporary perspectives on change, London: Sage.
91. Henderson, P. (2005) Including the excluded, Bristol: The Policy Press.
92. Henderson, P. and Salmon, H. (1998) Signposts to local democracy. Local governance, communitarianism and community development, London: CDF Publications.
93. Henderson, P. and Thomas, D. (2002) Skills in neighbourhood work (3rd edn), London: Routledge.
94. Hirst, P. and Khilnani, S. (1996) Reinventing democracy, Oxford: Blackwell.
95. HM Treasury (2005) Exploring the role of the third sector in public service delivery and reform, London: The Stationery Office.
96. Hodgson, L. (2004) ‘Manufactured civil society: Counting the cost’, Critical Social Policy, vol 24, no 2, pp 139-64.
97. Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and organisations, London: McGraw-Hill.
98. Hofstede, G. (2003) Culture’s consequence: Comparing values, behaviours, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd edn), London: Sage.
99. Hoggett, P., Beedell, P., Jimenez, L., Mayo, M. and Miller, C. (2006) ‘Identity, life history and commitment to welfare’, Journal of Social Policy, vol 35, no 4, pp 689-704.
100. Home Office (2004) Building civil renewal: government support for community capacity building and proposals for change, London: Home Office.
101. Home Office (2006) Asylum statistics: 2nd quarter 2006 United Kingdom, London: Home Office.
102. Hope, A. and Timmel, S. (1999) Training for transformation: A handbook for community workers (Book 4), London: ITDG publishing.
103. Hope, A., Timmel, S. and Hodzi, C. (1994) Training for transformation: A handbook for community workers, Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.
104. Hudson, M. (2003) Managing at the edge, London, Directory of Social Change.
105. Humphreys, B. (2004) ‘An unacceptable role for social work: implementing immigration policy’, British Journal of Social Work, no 34, pp 93-107.
106. Jensen, J. and Miszlivetz, F. (2003) ‘The languages of civil society and beyond’, CISONET report (draft), Szombathely: Institute for Social and European Studies.
107. Johansson, H. and Hvinden, B. (2005) ‘Welfare governance and the remaking of citizenship’, in J. Newman (ed) Remaking governance: peoples, politics and the public sphere, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 10118.
108. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (1993) Exploring corporate strategies (3rd edn), Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall International.
109. Kirkwood, G. and Kirkwood, C. (1989) Living adult education: Freire in Scotland, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
110. Kolb, D. (1984) Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
111. Lash, S. (1994) ‘Reflexivity and its doubles: Structure, aesthetics, community’, in U. Beck, A. Giddens and S. Lash (eds) Reflexive modernization: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp 110-73.
112. Lawton, B. and Felton, C. (2000) Taking supervision forward. Enquiries and trends in counselling and psychotherapy, London: Sage.
113. Learner, J. and Schugurensky, D. (2005) Learning citizenship and democracy through participatory budgeting: The case of Rosario, Argentina, Paper presented at the conference ‘Democratic Practices as Learning Opportunities’, Teacher’s College, Columbia University, 4-5 November.
114. Ledwith, M. (2005) Community development: A critical approach, Bristol: The Policy Press.
115. Leonard, P. (1997) Postmodern welfare: Reconstructing an emancipatory project, London: Sage.
116. Lindblom, C.E. (1968) The policy making process, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
117. London Borough of Harrow (2006) (www.harrow.gov.uk/ccm/content/filestorage-downloads/council-and-democracy/democracy-elections/budgetary-process/hob-final-evaluation.en).
118. London Borough of Lambeth (2006) (www.lambeth.gov.uk/services/CouncilDemocracy/YouthCouncil/).
119. Lukes, S. (2003) Power:A radical view (2nd edn), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
120. Lupton, R. (2003) Poverty street: The dynamics of neighbourhood decline and renewal, Bristol: The Policy Press.
121. Macmillan, R. and Townsend, A. (2006) ‘“A new institutional fix”? The “community turn” and the changing role of the voluntary sector’, in C. Milligan and D. Conradson (eds) Landscapes of voluntarism, Bristol: The Policy Press.
122. Maslow, A.H. (1968) Towards a psychology of being, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
123. Mayo, M. (2005) Global citizens: Social movements and the challenge of globalisation, Toronto: CSPI, and London: Zed Books.
124. Mayo, M. and Robertson, J. (2003) ‘The historical and policy context: Setting the scene for current debates’, in S. Banks, H. Butcher, P. Henderson and J. Robertson (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press.
125. Mercer, N. (2000) Words and minds: How we use language to think together, London: Routledge.
126. Mills, C.W (2000) The sociological imagination, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
127. Mintzberg, H. (1994) The rise and fall of strategic planning, New York: Prentice Hall.
128. Mintzberg, H. (1989) Mintzberg on management: Inside our strange world of organisations, New York, NY: The Free Press.
129. Moon, J. (1999) Learning journals: A handbook for academics, students and professional development, London: Kogan Page.
130. Moore, D.R. and Merritt, G. (2002) Chicago’s Local School Councils:What the research says, Chicago: Design for Change.
131. Nevis, E.C., DiBell, A.J. and Gould, J.M. (1995) ‘Understanding organisations as learning systems’, Sloan Management Review (Winter), pp 73-85.
132. Newman, J. (2005) ‘Participative governance and the remaking of the public sphere’, in J. Newman (ed) Remaking governance: Peoples, politics and the public sphere, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp 119-38.
133. OECD (2001) The well-being of nations:The role of human and social capital, Paris: OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation.
134. Oliver, M. (1996) Understanding disability from theory to practice, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
135. Olsen, M.E. (1970) The process of social organisation, London: Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
136. Palmer, G., Carr, J. and Kenway, P. (2005) Monitoring poverty and social exclusion, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
137. Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (eds) (2006) Poverty and social exclusion in Britain:The millennium survey, Bristol: The Policy Press.
138. Payne, G. (ed) (2006) Social Divisions (2nd edn), Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
139. Phillipson, J. (2002) ‘Supervision and being supervised’, in R. Adams, L. Dominelli and M. Payne (eds) Critical practice in social work, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp 244-51.
140. Popple, K. (1995) Analysing community work: Its theory and practice, Buckingham: Open University Press.
141. Power Inquiry (2006) Power to the people, York: Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust and Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust.
142. Pratt, J., Gordon, P. and Pampling, D. (2005) Working whole systems, Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.
143. Proctor, B. (2000) Group supervision. A guide to creative practice, London: Sage.
144. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
145. Quinn, F.M. (1998) ‘Reflection and reflective practice’, in FM. Quinn (ed) Continuing professional development in nursing, Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes.
146. Ranson, S. and Stewart, J. (1994) Management for the public domain, Basingstoke
147. Rao, N. (2000) Reviving local democracy: New Labour, new politics, Bristol: The Policy Press.
148. Reid, I. (1998) Class in Britain, Cambridge: Polity Press.
149. Rogers, B. (2004) Lonely citizens: Report of the working party on active citizenship, London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
150. Ronnby, A. (1995) Mobilising local communities, Aldershot: Avebury
151. Sadler, P. (1995) Managing change, London: Kogan Page.
152. Salford City Council (2006) (www.salford.gov.uk/).
153. Salomon, G. (ed) (1993) ‘Introduction’, in Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990) ‘Emotional Intelligence’, Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, vol 9, pp 185-211.
155. Sarkar, R. and West, A. (2003) The LSP guide, London: CDF Publications.
156. Schön, D. (1987) Educating the reflective practitioner: Towards a new design for teaching and learning, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
157. Schön, D. (1991 [1983]) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action, Aldershot: Avebury/Ashgate.
158. Schugurensky, D. (2004) Participatory budget: A tool for democratizing democracy, Talk given at a meeting ‘Some Assembly Required: Participatory Budgeting in Canada and Abroad’, Toronto Metro Hall, 29 April 2004 (http:Wfcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky).
159. Senge, P (1990) The fifth discipline, New York, NY: Doubleday.
160. Skidmore, P. and Craig, J. (2005) Start with people, London: Demos.
161. Smalle, Y and Henderson, P. (2003) ‘The manager’s role in community auditing’ in S. Banks et al (eds) Managing community practice: Principles, policies and programmes, Bristol: The Policy Press.
162. Smith, G. (2005) Beyond the ballot, Power Inquiry, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
163. Smith, M. (1994) Local education: Community, conversation, praxis, Buckingham: Open University Press.
164. Social Exclusion Unit (1998) Bringing Britain together: A national strategy for neighbourhood renewal, London: Social Exclusion Unit.
165. Social Exclusion Unit (2001) A new commitment to neighbourhood renewal: National strategy action plan, London: Cabinet Office.
166. Spender, D. (1990) Man made language, London: Rivers Oram Press.
167. Spillane, J.P. (2006) Distributed leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
168. SQW (2006) Briefing Note 1: Participatory Budgeting London (www.sqw.co.uk/pdfs/NM_Briefing_Note-Participatory_Budgeting_F_2.pdf).
169. Stark, R. (1996) Sociology (6th edn), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
170. Taylor, C. (1985) Philosophy and the human sciences; Philosophical Papers 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
171. Taylor, C. and White, S. (2000) Practising reflexivity in health and welfare, Buckingham: Open University Press.
172. Taylor, M. (2003) Public policy in the community, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
173. Taylor, M. and Wilson, M. (2006) The importance of the neighbourhood, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
174. Thompson, N. (2003) Promoting equality: Challenging discrimination and oppression, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
175. Thompson, N. (2001) Anti-discriminatory practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
176. Thornton, P. and Tozer, R. (1994) Involving older people in evaluating community care: A review of the evidence, York: Social Policy Research Unit.
177. Townsend, P. and Davidson, N. (1988) Inequalities in health: The Black Report, London: Penguin.
178. Trompenaars, F. (1997) Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in business, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd.
179. United Nations (2004) 72 frequently asked questions about participatory budgeting. Urban governance toolkit series. Global Campaign on Urban Governance, UN-Habitat, Kenya.
180. Vaill, PB. (1996) Learning as a way of being, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
181. Walker, A. and Walker, C. (eds) (1997) Britain divided: The growth of social exclusion in the 1980s and 1990s, London: Child Poverty Action Group.
182. Weber, M. (1947) The theory of social and economic organization, New York: Oxford University Press.
183. Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
184. Wilkinson, D. and Appelbee, E. (1999) Implementing holistic government: Joined-up action on the ground, Bristol: The Policy Press.
185. Wilkinson, R. (1996) Unhealthy societies, London: Routledge.
186. Williams, C. (2005) ‘A critical evaluation of hierarchical representations of community involvement: Some lessons from the UK’, Community Development Journal, vol 40, no 1, pp 30-8.
187. Williams, C., Burns, D. and Windebank, J. (2004) Community self-help, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
188. Wilson, M. and Wilde, P. (2001) Building practitioner strengths: Reflecting on community development practice, London: Community Development Foundation.
189. World Bank (2001) Case Study 2: Porto Alegre, Brazil, participatory approaches to budgeting and public expenditure management, Participation Thematic Group, Social Development Department, Washington, DC.
190. World Bank (2006) Tools and practices 6: Participatory budgeting (www.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/empowerment/toosprac/tool06.pdf).
191. Yarnit, M. (2005) ‘Blackburn: a Testbed Learning Community’ (www.xsrenewal.net).
192. Zetter, R., Griffiths, D. and Sigona, N. (2005) ‘Social capital or social exclusion? The impact of asylum-seeker dispersal on UK refugee community organisations’, Community Development Journal, vol 40, no 2, pp 169-81.