The ypres league and the commemoration of the ypres salient, 1914ĝ€"1940

War in History

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 51-76

  Connelly, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 68749108147     PISSN: 09683445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0968344508097617     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. See A. Becker, War and Faith: The Religious Imagination in France, 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1998);
2. C. Moriarty, 'Christian Iconography in First World War Memorials', Imperial War Museum Review, no. 6 (London, 1991 ), pp. 63-76.
3. A. Prost, In the Wake of War: Les Anciens Combattants and French Society (Oxford, 1992) ;
4. G.L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (Oxford, 1990)
5. K.S. Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Melbourne, 1999).
6. J.M. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge, 1995).
7. B. Bushaway, 'Name upon Name: The Great War and Remembrance', in R. Porter, ed., Myths of lhe English (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 136-67;
8. A. Gregory, Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919-1946 (Oxford, 1994);
9. A. King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain:
10. The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance (Oxford, 1998).
11. A. Thomson, Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend ( Oxford, 1994).
12. See S. Schama, Landscape and Memory (London, 1995), pp. 3-21.
13. P. Nora, ed., Realms ofMemory: Rethinking the French Past (New York, 1996), vol. 1, p. xi.
14. Winter, Sites of Memory, p. 223.
15. M. Derez, 'A Belgian Salient, for Reconstruction: People and Patrie, Landscape and Memory', in P.H. Liddle, ed., Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Y pres (Barnsley, 1997), pp. 437-38.
16. For a good example of popular coverage of the fighting around Ypres and the image of the town, see Sir John. Hammerton, ed., War Illustrated, vol. 2, no. 38, 8 May 1915, p. 262.
17. Quoted in P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975), p. 16.
18. Quoted in D.W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939 (Oxford, 1998), pp. 24-26.
19. Lt-Col. B. Willson, Y pres: The Holy Ground of British Arms (Bruges, 1920), p. xii.
20. War Office, Topical Budget, 3 February 1919.
21. See M. Paris, First World War and Popular Cinema (Edinburgh, 1999).
22. For an example of the values supposedly inherent in the term 'Old Contemptible', see E. Swinton, ed., Twenty Years After: The Battlefields of 1914-1918 Then and Now (London, [ 1938] ), vol. 1, pp. 330-31 ;
23. see also K. Simpson, The Old Contemptibles: A Photographic History of the British Expeditionary Force, August-December 1914 (London, 1981), p. 129.
24. R. Gurner, Pass Guard at Ypres (London, 1930), p. 168.
25. For a wider discussion of Gumer's work, see R.M. Braceo, Merchants of Hope: British Middlebrow Writers and the First World War, 1919-1939 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 76-78.
26. For the nature of battlefield guides, see also D.J. Sherman, The Construction of Memory in InterwarFrance (Chicago, 1999), pp. 35-49.
27. B. Brice, The Battle Book of Y pres (London, 1927), p. 265.
28. Quoted in Inglis, Sacred Places, p. 275.
29. Despite the overt classicism of the Menin Gate, some felt that it merged perfectly into the restored medieval fabric of the town. See S. Goebel, Great War and Medieval Memory: War and Remembrance in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 (Cambridge, 2006). I am grateful to Dr Goebel for allowing me to see an advanced draft of ch. 6.
30. For further details of Blomfield's work for the IWGC, see P. Longworth, The Unending Vigil: A History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 1917-1967 (London, 1967).
31. Willson, Ypres, p. xii.
32. See I.F.W. Beckett, Ypres: The First Battle, 1914 (Harlow, 2004), p. 183.
33. Quoted in Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism, p. 34.
34. Y pres Times, vol. 1, no. 1, October 1921, p. 8.
35. Y pres Times, vol. 1, no. 2, January 1922, p. 43.
36. Y pres Times, vol. 3, no. 8, October 1927, p. 235.
37. Y pres Times, vol. 4, no. 2, April 1928, p. 55.
38. Ypres Times, vol. 5, no. 2, April 1930, p. 42.
39. For the significance of 'O Valiant Hearts', see A. Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London, 1978), pp. 195, 295, 299-300.
40. The Times, 6 June 1.919, p. 4.
41. Fussell, Great War, pp. 3-35.
42. H. Williamson, The Wet Flanders Plain (London, 1929), pp. 69-71.
43. Y pres Times, vol. 3, no. 6, April 1927, p. 153.
44. Y pres Times, vol. 1, no. 5, October 1922, p.117.
45. Y pres Times, vol. 7, no. 7, July 1935, p. 217.
46. Y pres Times, vol. 1, 'Pilgrimage Number', August 1922, pp. 18-19.
47. G.S. Hutchison, Pilgrimage (London, 1935), p. 201.
48. For a further discussion of this issue see Gregory, Silence of Memory, pp. 64-74;
49. M. Connelly, The Great War: Memory and Ritual (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 150-56.
50. S. Sassoon, War Poems (London, 1983), p. 153.
51. The Times, 8 August 1928, p. 7. Fabian Ware, the chairman of the Imperial War Graves Commission, was keen to use the war cemeteries and memorials as an instrument of reconciliation, and in 1936 an Anglo-German-French agreement on war graves was reached. It was hoped that, ex-servicemen would visit cemeteries together and use their experiences to educate children on the horrors of war. However, it rapidly became an uncomfortable area. In 1939 German ex-servicemen visiting the Menin Gate laid a wreath with a swastika and ribbons in Nazi colours. These emblems were quickly torn off and stolen by an unknown party.
52. See F. Ware, The Immortal Heritage (Cambridge, 1937), pp. 42-43;
53. See F. Ware, The Immortal Heritage (Cambridge, 1937), pp. 42-43; Longworth, Unending Vigil, p. 160.
54. Y pres Times, vol. 4, no. 6, April 1929, pp. 165-67.
55. Y pres Times, vol. 9, no. 2, July 1938, p. 54.
56. Y pres Times, vol. 2, no. 8, October 1925, p. 205.
57. Y pres Times, vol. 2, no. 3, July 1924, p. 71.
58. Y pres Times, vol. 4, no. 7, July 1929, p. 212.
59. Y pres Times, vol. 5, no. 1, January 1930, p. 9.
60. Y pres Times, vol. 5, no. 3, July 1930, p. 70.
61. Y pres Times, vol. 6, no. 7, July 1.933, p. 204.
62. The Times, 13 November 1937.
63. Williamson, Wet Flanders Plain, pp. 78-79.
64. R.H. Mottram, Through the Menin Gate (London, 1932), p. 2.
65. Mottram, Through the Menin Gate, p. 2.
66. Y pres Times, vol. 5, no. 8, October 1931, pp. 237-40.
67. The Times, 11 April 1933, p. 7.
68. Willson, Y pres, p. xii.
69. Y pres Times, vol. 2, no. 4, October 1921, p. 92.
70. R.H. Mottram, Journey to the Western Front (London, 1936), pp. 1-2.
71. R.H. Mottram, The Spanish Farm Trilogy (London, 1927), p. 234.
72. Hutchison, Pilgrimage, pp. 168-77.
73. Y pres Times, vol. 3, no. 8, October 1929, p. 226.
74. Beckett, Ypres, p. 183.
75. All the following information on reactions in Ypres is greatly indebted to Derez, 'Belgian Salient', pp. 437-58.
76. The Times, 7 May 1940, p. 8.
77. Derez, 'Belgian. Salient', p. 450. The role of the war in Flemish-Walloon relations is a fascinating subject, but not within the remit of this article.
78. Y pres Times, vol. 5, no. 2, April 1.930, p. 53;
79. R.E.B. Coombs, Before Endeavours Fade: A Guide to the Battlefields of the First World, War (London, 1976), p. 30.