Light-based detection methods for capillary electrophoresis

Handbook of Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis and Associated Microtechniques, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 305-334

  Scanlan, Cory ^a   Lapainis, Theodore ^a   Sweedler, Jonathan V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 68749106921     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (182)

1. Khaledi, M. G., High-performance capillary electrophoresis: theory, techniques, and applications, in Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Applications, 1st ed., Winefordner, J. D. (ed.), Wiley-Interscience, Raleigh, 1998, pp. 308.
2. Szulc, M. E. and Krull, I. S., Improved detection and derivatization in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 659, 231, 1994.
3. Burgi, D. S. and Chien, R. L., Optimization in sample stacking for high-performance capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 63, 2042, 1991.
4. Beckers, J. L. and Bocek, P., Sample stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis: Principles, advantages and limitations, Electrophoresis, 21, 2747, 2000.
5. Osbourn, D. M., Weiss, D. J., and Lunte, C. E., On-line preconcentration methods for capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 21, 2768, 2000.
6. Urbanek, M., Krivankova, L., and Bocek, P., Stacking phenomena in electromigration: From basic principles to practical procedures, Electrophoresis, 24, 466, 2003.
7. Tracht, S. E., Cruz, L., StobbaWiley, C. M., and Sweedler, J.V., Detection of radionuclides in capillary electrophoresis using a phosphor-imaging detector, Anal. Chem., 68, 3922, 1996.
8. Tracht, S., Toma, V., and Sweedler, J. V., Postcolumn radionuclide detection of low-energy betaemitters in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 66, 2382, 1994.
9. Beale, S. C. and Sudmeier, S. J., Spatial-scanning laser fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 67, 3367, 1995.
10. Wu, X. Z. and Pawliszyn, J., Whole-column fluorescence-imaged capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 25, 3820, 2004.
11. Olson, D. L., Lacey, M. E., Webb, A. G., and Sweedler, J. V., Nanoliter-volume 1H NMR detection using periodic stopped-flow capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 71, 3070, 1999.
12. Sustacek, V., Foret, F., and Bocek, P., Selection of the background electrolyte-composition with respect to electromigration dispersion and detection of weakly absorbing substances in capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 545, 239, 1991.
13. Foret, F., Fanali, S., Nardi, A., and Bocek, P., Capillary zone electrophoresis of rare earth metals with indirect UV absorbance detection, Electrophoresis, 11, 780, 1990.
14. Mala, Z., Vespalec, R., and Bocek, P., Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection in the visible range, Electrophoresis, 15, 1526, 1994.
15. Hogan, B. L. andYeung, E. S., Determination of intracellular species at the level of a single erythrocyte via capillary electrophoresis with direct and indirect fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 64, 2841, 1992.
16. Kuhr, W. G. and Yeung, E. S., Indirect fluorescence detection of native amino acids in capillary zone electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 60, 1832, 1988.
17. Olefirowicz, T. M. and Ewing, A. G., Capillary electrophoresis with indirect amperometric detection, J. Chromatogr., 499, 713, 1990.
18. Dasgupta, P. K., Eom, I.Y., Morris, K. J., and Li, J., Light emitting diode-based detectors: Absorbance, fluorescence and spectroelectrochemical measurements in a planar flow-through cell, Anal. Chim. Acta, 500, 337, 2003.
19. Macka, M., Andersson, P., and Haddad, P. R., Linearity evaluation in absorbance detection: The use of light-emitting diodes for on-capillary detection in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 17, 1898, 1996.
20. Boring, C. B. and Dasgupta, P. K., An affordable high-performance optical absorbance detector for capillary systems, Anal. Chim. Acta, 342, 123, 1997.
21. Xue, Y. J. and Yeung, E. S., On-column double-beam laser-absorption detection for capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 65, 1988, 1993.
22. Bruin, G. J. M., Stegeman, G., Vanasten, A. C., Xu, X., Kraak, J. C., and Poppe, H., Optimization and evaluation of the performance of arrangements for UV detection in high-resolution separations using fused-silica capillaries, J. Chromatogr., 559, 163, 1991.
23. Bruno, A. E., Gassmann, E., Pericles, N., and Anton, K., On-column capillary-flow cell utilizing optical wave-guides for chromatographic applications, Anal. Chem., 61, 876, 1989.
24. Foret, F., Deml, M., Kahle, V., and Bocek, P., Online fiber optic UV detection cell and conductivity cell for capillary zone electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 7, 430, 1986.
25. Ludi, H., Gassmann, E., Grossenbacher, H., and Marki, W., Capillary zone electrophoresis for the analysis of peptides synthesized by recombinant DNA technology, Anal. Chim. Acta, 213, 215, 1988.
26. Taylor, J. A. and Yeung, E. S., Axial-beam absorbency detection for capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 550, 831, 1991.
27. Heiger, D. N., Kaltenbach, P., and Sievert, H. J. P., Diode-array detection in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 15, 1234, 1994.
28. Tsuda, T., Sweedler, J. V., and Zare, R. N., Rectangular capillaries for capillary zone electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 62, 2149, 1990.
29. Dubber, M. J. and Kanfer, I., Application of reverse-flow micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of flavonols and terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba dosage forms, J. Chromatogr. A, 1122, 266, 2006.
30. Wu, J. Q. and Pawliszyn, J., Capillary isoelectric-focusing with imaging detection, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 16, 1891, 1993.
31. Stamler, J. S. and Loscalzo, J., Capillary zone electrophoretic detection of biological thiols and their S-nitrosated derivatives, Anal. Chem., 64, 779, 1992.
32. Oefner, P. J., Vorndran, A. E., Grill, E., Huber, C., and Bonn, G. K., Capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of carbohydrates by direct and indirect UV detection, Chromatographia, 34, 308, 1992.
33. Jones, D. H. and Hinman, A. S., Thin-layer ultraviolet visible reflectance spectroelectrochemistry with a spinning-grating monochromator, Can. J. Chem., 68, 2234, 1990.
34. Kobayashi, S., Ueda, T., and Kikumoto, M., Photodiode array detection in high-performance capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 179, 1989.
35. Sepaniak, M. J., Swaile, D. F., and Powell, A. C., Instrumental developments in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 480, 185, 1989.
36. Yeo, S. K., Lee, H. K., and Li, S. F. Y., Separation of antibiotics by high-performance capillary electrophoresis with photodiode-array detection, J. Chromatogr., 585, 133, 1991.
37. Heiger, D. N., Kaltenbach, P., and Sievert, H. J. P., Diode array detection in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 15, 1234, 1994.
38. Cruz, L., Shippy, S. A., and Sweedler, J. V., Capillary electrophoretic detectors based on light, in High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis, Khaledi, M. G. (ed.), Wiley, New York, 1998, p. 303.
39. Lilley, K.A. and Wheat, T. E., Drug identification in biological matrices using capillary electrophoresis and chemometric software, J. Chromatogr. B: Biomed. Appl., 683, 67, 1996.
40. Li, H., Hou, J., Wang, K., and Zhang, F., Resolution of multicomponent overlapped peaks. A comparison of several curve resolution methods, Talanta, 70, 336, 2006.
41. Lakowicz, J. R., Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd ed. Springer, New York, 2006.
42. Larson, A. P., Ahlberg, H., and Folestad, S., Semiconductor laser-induced fluorescence detection in picoliter volume flow cells, Appl. Opt., 32, 794, 1993.
43. Peck, K., Stryer, L., Glazer, A. N., and Mathies, R. A., Single-molecule fluorescence detection:Autocorrelation criterion and experimental realization with phycoerythrin, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 4087, 1989.
44. Mathies, R. A., Peck, K., and Stryer, L., Optimization of high-sensitivity fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 62, 1786, 1990.
45. Chen, D.Y. and Dovichi, N. J., Single-molecule detection in capillary electrophoresis: Molecular shot noise as a fundamental limit to chemical analysis, Anal. Chem., 68, 690, 1996.
46. Soper, S. A., Davis, L. M., and Shera, E. B., Detection and identification of single molecules in solution, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B-Opt. Phys., 9, 1761, 1992.
47. Goodwin, P. M., Ambrose, W. P., and Keller, R. A., Single-molecule detection in liquids by laserinduced fluorescence, Acc. Chem. Res., 29, 607, 1996.
48. Zhang, J. Z., Chen, D. Y., Wu, S., Harke, H. R., and Dovichi, N. J., High-sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection for capillary electrophoresis, Clin. Chem., 37, 1492, 1991.
49. Johnson, M. E. and Landers, J. P., Fundamentals and practice for ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection in microanalytical systems, Electrophoresis, 25, 3513, 2004.
50. Fu, J. L., Fang, Q., Zhang, T., Jin, X. H., and Fang, Z. L., Laser-induced fluorescence detection system for microfluidic chips based on an orthogonal optical arrangement, Anal. Chem., 78, 3827, 2006.
51. Jorgenson, J. W. and Lukacs, K. D., High-resolution separations based on electrophoresis and electroosmosis, J. Chromatogr., 218, 209, 1981.
52. Jorgenson, J. W. and Lukacs, K. D., Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass-capillaries, Anal. Chem., 53, 1298, 1981.
53. Jorgenson, J.W. and Lukacs, K. D., Capillary zone electrophoresis, Science, 222, 266, 1983.
54. Green, J. S. and Jorgenson, J. W., Variable-wavelength on-column fluorescence detector for opentubular zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 352, 337, 1986.
55. Arriaga, E., Chen, D. Y., Cheng, X. L., and Dovichi, N. J., High-efficiency filter fluorometer for capillary electrophoresis and its application to fluorescein thiocarbamyl amino-acids, J. Chromatogr. A, 652, 347, 1993.
56. Chabinyc, M. L., Chiu, D. T., McDonald, J. C., Stroock, A. D., Christian, J. F., Karger, A. M., and Whitesides, G. M., An integrated fluorescence detection system in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for microfluidic applications, Anal. Chem., 73, 4491, 2001.
57. Hillebrand, S., Schoffen, J. R., Mandaji, M., Termignoni, C., Henrik Grieneisen, H. P., and Ledur Kist, T. B., Performance of an ultraviolet light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence detector in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 23, 2445, 2002.
58. Kuo, J. S., Kuyper, C. L., Allen, P. B., Fiorini, G. S., and Chiu, D.T., High-power blue/UV light-emitting diodes as excitation sources for sensitive detection, Electrophoresis, 25, 3796, 2004.
59. Zhao, S., Yuan, H., and Xiao, D., Optical fiber light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence for capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 27, 461, 2006.
60. Gassmann, E., Kuo, J. E., and Zare, R. N., Electrokinetic separation of chiral compounds, Science, 230, 813, 1985.
61. Higashijima, T., Fuchigami, T., Imasaka, T., and Ishibashi, N., Determination of amino-acids by capillary zone electrophoresis based on semiconductor-laser fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 64, 711, 1992.
62. Williams, D. C. and Soper, S. A., Ultrasensitive near-IR fluorescence detection for capillary gelelectrophoresis and DNA-sequencing applications, Anal. Chem., 67, 3427, 1995.
63. Shealy, D. B., Lipowska, M., Lipowski, J., Narayanan, N., Sutter, S., Strekowski, L., and Patonay, G., Synthesis, chromatographic-separation, and characterization of near-infrared-labeled DNAoligomers for use in DNA-sequencing, Anal. Chem., 67, 247, 1995.
64. Williams, R. J., Lipowska, M., Patonay, G., and Strekowski, L., Comparison of covalent and noncovalent labeling with near-infrared dyes for the high-performance liquid-chromatographic determination of human serum-albumin, Anal. Chem., 65, 601, 1993.
65. Swaile, D. F. and Sepaniak, M. J., Laser-based fluorometric detection schemes for the analysis of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 14, 869, 1991.
66. Timperman, A. T., Oldenburg, K. E., and Sweedler, J. V., Native fluorescence detection and spectral differentiation of peptides containing tryptophan and tyrosine in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 67, 3421, 1995.
67. Chan, K. C., Muschik, G. M., and Issaq, H. J., Solid-state UV laser-induced fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 21, 2062, 2000.
68. Chan, K. C., Janini, G. M., Muschik, G. M., and Issaq, H. J., Laser-induced fluorescence detection of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatized amino acids in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 653, 93, 1993.
69. Miao, H., Rubakhin, S. S., and Sweedler, J. V., Analysis of serotonin release from single neuron soma using capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence with a pulsed deep-UV NeCu laser, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 377, 1007, 2003.
70. McNeil, J. R., Johnson, W. L., and Collins, G. J., Ultraviolet laser action in He-Ag and Ne-Ag mixtures, Appl. Phys. Lett., 29, 172, 1976.
71. Sparrow, M. C., Jackovitz, J. F., Munro, C. H., Hug, W. F., and Asher, S. A., New 224 nm hollow cathode laser-UV Raman spectrometer, Appl. Spectrosc., 55, 66, 2001.
72. Storrie-Lombardi, M. C., Hug, W. F., McDonald, G. D., Tsapin, A. I., and Nealson, K. H., Hollow cathode ion lasers for deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72, 4452, 2001.
73. Warner, B. E., Persson, K. B., and Collins, G. J., Metal-vapor production by sputtering in a hollowcathode discharge: Theory and experiment, J. Appl. Phys., 50, 5694, 1979.
74. Xu, C., Zipfel, W., Shear, J. B., Williams, R. M., and Webb, W. W., Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: New spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 10763, 1996.
75. Shear, J. B., Multiphoton-excited fluorescence, Anal. Chem., 71, 598A-605A, 1999.
76. Wise, D. D. and Shear, J. B., Quantitation of nicotinamide and serotonin derivatives and detection of flavins in neuronal extracts using capillary electrophoresis with multiphoton-excited fluorescence, J. Chromatogr. A, 1111, 153, 2006.
77. Gostkowski, M. L., McDoniel, J. B., Wei, J., Curey, T. E., and Shear, J. B., Characterizing spectrally diverse biological chromophores using capillary electrophoresis with multiphoton-excited fluorescence, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 18, 1998.
78. Hernandez, L., Marquina, R., Escalona, J., and Guzman, N. A., Detection and quantification of capillary electrophoresis zones by fluorescence microscopy, J. Chromatogr., 502, 247, 1990.
79. Abromson, D. and Bickel, W. S., Fluorescent angular scattering emissions from dye-filled fibers, Appl. Opt., 30, 2980, 1991.
80. Cheng, Y. F. and Dovichi, N. J., Subattomole amino acid analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence, Science, 242, 562, 1988.
81. Swerdlow, H., Wu, S. L., Harke, H., and Dovichi, N. J., Capillary gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing. Laser-induced fluorescence detection with the sheath flow cuvette, J. Chromatogr., 516, 61, 1990.
82. Wu, S. and Dovichi, N. J., High-sensitivity fluorescence detection of fluorescein isothiocyanate derivatives of amino acids separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 480, 141, 1989.
83. Chen, D. Y. and Dovichi, N. J., Yoctomole detection limit by laser-induced fluorescence in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. B, 657, 265, 1994.
84. Zhao, J.Y., Dovichi, N. J., Hindsgaul, O., Gosselin, S., and Palcic, M. M., Detection of 100 molecules of product formed in a fucosyltransferase reaction, Glycobiology, 4, 239, 1994.
85. Chen, D. Y., Swerdlow, H. P., Harke, H. R., Zhang, J. Z., and Dovichi, N. J., Low-cost, highsensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 559, 237, 1991.
86. Swerdlow, H., Zhang, J. Z., Chen, D. Y., Harke, H. R., Grey, R., Wu, S. L., Dovichi, N. J., and Fuller, C., Three DNA sequencing methods using capillary gel electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence, Anal. Chem., 63, 2835, 1991.
87. Eriksson, K. O., Palm, A., and Hjerten, S., Preparative capillary electrophoresis based on adsorption of the solutes (proteins) onto a moving blotting membrane as they migrate out of the capillary, Anal. Biochem., 201, 211, 1992.
88. Cheng, Y. F., Fuchs, M., Andrews, D., and Carson, W., Membrane-fraction collection for capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 608, 109, 1992.
89. Huang, X. H. and Zare, R. N., Continuous sample collection in capillary zone electrophoresis by coupling the outlet of a capillary to a moving surface, J. Chromatogr., 516, 185, 1990.
90. Mesaros, J. M., Luo, G., Roeraade, J., and Ewing, A. G., Continuous electrophoretic separations in narrow channels coupled to small-bore capillaries, Anal. Chem., 65, 3313, 1993.
91. Quesada, M. A. and Zhang, S., Multiple capillary DNA sequencer that uses fiber-optic illumination and detection, Electrophoresis, 17, 1841, 1996.
92. Stokes, D. L., Sepaniak, M. J., andVo-Dinh, T., Development of a new capillary electrophoresis-based fibre optic sensor, Biomed. Chromatogr., 11, 187, 1997.
93. Sweedler, J.V., Charge-transfer device detectors and their applications to chemical-analysis, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 24, 59, 1993.
94. Timperman, A. T., Khatib, K., and Sweedler, J. V., Wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 67, 139, 1995.
95. Fuller, R. R., Moroz, L. L., Gillette, R., and Sweedler, J. V., Single neuron analysis by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence spectroscopy, Neuron, 20, 173, 1998.
96. Lapainis, T., Scanlan, C., Rubakhin, S. S., and Sweedler, J. V., A multichannel native fluorescence detection system for capillary electrophoretic analysis of neurotransmitters in single neurons, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387, 97-105, 2007.
97. Stuart, J. N., Zhang, X., Jakubowski, J. A., Romanova, E.V., and Sweedler, J.V., Serotonin catabolism depends upon location of release: characterization of sulfated and gamma-glutamylated serotonin metabolites in Aplysia californica, J. Neurochem., 84, 1358, 2003.
98. Stuart, J. N., Ebaugh, J. D., Copes, A. L., Hatcher, N. G., Gillette, R., and Sweedler, J. V., Systemic serotonin sulfate in opisthobranch mollusks, J. Neurochem., 90, 734, 2004.
99. Squires, L. N., Jakubowski, J. A., Stuart, J. N., Rubakhin, S. S., Hatcher, N. G., Kim, W. S., Chen, K., Shih, J. C., Seif, I., and Sweedler, J. V., Serotonin catabolism and the formation and fate of 5-hydroxyindole thiazolidine carboxylic acid, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 13463, 2006.
100. Karger, A. E., Harris, J. M., and Gesteland, R. F., Multiwavelength fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing using capillary electrophoresis, Nucleic Acids Res., 19, 4955, 1991.
101. Bright, F. V. and Munson, C. A., Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for illuminating complex systems, Anal. Chim. Acta, 500, 71, 2003.
102. Miller, K. J. and Lytle, F. E., Capillary zone electrophoresis with time-resolved fluorescence detection using a diode-pumped solid-state laser, J. Chromatogr., 648, 245, 1993.
103. Ye, L. W., Le, X. C., Xing, J. Z., Ma, M. S., and Yatscoff, R., Competitive immunoassay for cyclosporine using capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence polarization detection, J. Chromatogr. B, 714, 59, 1998.
104. Haughland, R. P., The Handbook-A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, 10th ed. Molecular Probes, Eugene, 2005.
105. Shippy, S. A., Jankowski, J. A., and Sweedler, J. V., Analysis of trace-level peptides using capillary electrophoresis with UV laser-induced fluorescence, Anal. Chim. Acta, 307, 163, 1995.
106. Arriaga, E. A., Zhang, Y. N., and Dovichi, N. J., Use of 3-(P-carboxybenzoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde to label amino-acids for high-sensitivity fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 299, 319, 1995.
107. Oates, M. D., Cooper, B. R., and Jorgenson, J.W., Quantitative amino acid analysis of individual snail neurons by open tubular liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 62, 1573, 1990.
108. Oates, M. D. and Jorgenson, J.W., Quantitative amino acid analysis of subnanogram levels of protein by open tubular liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 62, 1577, 1990.
109. Orwar, O., Fishman, H. A., Ziv, N. E., Scheller, R. H., and Zare, R. N., Use of 2,3- naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde derivatization for single-cell analysis of glutathione by capillary electrophoresis and histochemical-localization Ion by fluorescence microscopy, Anal. Chem., 67, 4261, 1995.
110. Gilman, S. D. and Ewing, A. G., Analysis of single cells by capillary electrophoresis with on column derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 67, 58, 1995.
111. Pentoney, S. L., Huang, X. H., Burgi, D. S., and Zare, R. N., Online connector for microcolumns-Application to the on-column ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivatization of amino-acids separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 60, 2625, 1988.
112. Rose, D. J. and Jorgenson, J.W., Post-capillary fluorescence detection in capillary zone electrophoresis using ortho-phthaldialdehyde, J. Chromatogr., 447, 117, 1988.
113. Oldenburg, K. E., Xi, X., and Sweedler, J. V., Simple sheath flow reactor for post-column fluorescence derivatization in capillary electrophoresis, Analyst, 122, 1581, 1997.
114. Ye, M. L., Hu, S., Quigley, W. W. C., and Dovichi, N. J., Post-column fluorescence derivatization of proteins and peptides in capillary electrophoresis with a sheath flow reactor and 488 nm argon ion laser excitation, J. Chromatogr. A, 1022, 201, 2004.
115. Albin, M., Weinberger, R., Sapp, E., and Moring, S., Fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis-Evaluation of derivatizing reagents and techniques, Anal. Chem., 63, 417, 1991.
116. Gilman, S. D. and Ewing, A. G., Postcolumn derivatization for capillary electrophoresis using naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and 2-dercaptoethanol, Anal. Method Instrum., 2, 133, 1995.
117. Zhu, R. and Kok, W. T., Postcolumn reaction system for fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 716, 123, 1995.
118. Reinhoud, N. J., Tjaden, U. R., Irth, H., and Vandergreef, J., Bioanalysis of some anthracyclines in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. B, 574, 327, 1992.
119. Roach, M. C., Gozel, P., and Zare, R. N., Determination of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, using capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. B, 426, 129, 1988.
120. Soini, H., Novotny, M. V., and Riekkola, M. L., Determination of naproxen in serum by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet absorbency and laser-induced fluorescence detection, J. Microcolumn. Sep., 4, 313, 1992.
121. Quirino, J. P., Dulay, M. T., Fu, L., Mody, T. D., and Zare, R. N., Capillary electrophoresis separation and native laser-induced fluorescence detection of metallotexaphrins, J. Sep. Sci., 25, 819, 2002.
122. Wu, N., Li, B. H., and Sweedler, J. V., Recent developments in porphyrin separations using capillary electrophoresis with native fluorescence detection, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 17, 1917, 1994.
123. Burton, D. E., Sepaniak, M. J., and Maskarinec, M. P., Analysis of B6 vitamers by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-excited fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 24, 347, 1986.
124. Lee, T. T. and Yeung, E. S., High-sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection of native proteins in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 595, 319, 1992.
125. Mcgregor, D. A. andYeung, E. S., Detection of DNAfragments separated by capillary electrophoresis based on their native fluorescence inside a sheath flow, J. Chromatogr. A, 680, 491, 1994.
126. Milofsky, R. E. and Yeung, E. S., Native fluorescence detection of nucleic-acids and DNA restriction fragments in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 65, 153, 1993.
127. Chang, H. T. and Yeung, E. S., Determination of catecholamines in single adrenal-medullary cells by capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced native fluorescence, Anal. Chem., 67, 1079, 1995.
128. Regnier, F. E., Patterson, D. H., and Harmon, B. J., Electrophoretically-mediated microanalysis (Emma), Trends Anal. Chem., 14, 177, 1995.
129. Xue, Q. andYeung, E. S., Differences in the chemical reactivity of individual molecules of an enzyme, Nature, 373, 681, 1995.
130. Park, Y. N., Zhang, X., Rubakhin, S. S., and Sweedler, J.V., Independent optimization of capillary electrophoresis separation and native fluorescence detection conditions for indolamine and catecholamine measurements, Anal. Chem., 71, 4997, 1999.
131. Yu, M. and Dovichi, N. J., Attomole amino acid determination by capillary zone electrophoresis with thermooptical absorbance detection, Anal. Chem., 61, 37, 1989.
132. Saz, J. M., Krattiger, B., Bruno, A. E., Diezmasa, J. C., andWidmer, H. M., Thermooptical absorbency detection of native proteins separated by capillary Electrophoresis in 10µM ID tubes, J. Chromatogr. A, 699, 315, 1995.
133. Waldron, K. C. and Dovichi, N. J., Sub-femtomole determination of phenylthiohydantoin-amino acids:Capillary electrophoresis and thermooptic detection, Anal. Chem., 64, 1396, 1992.
134. Yu, M. and Dovichi, N. J., Sub-femtomole determination of dabsyl-amino acids with capillary zone electrophoresis separation and laser-induced thermooptical absorbance detection, Mikrochim. Acta, 3, 27, 1988.
135. Bruno, A. E., Paulus, A., and Bornhop, D. J., Thermooptic absorption detection in 25 micrometer ID capillaries-Capillary electrophoresis of Dansyl-amino acids mixtures, Appl. Spectrosc., 45, 462, 1991.
136. Ragozina, N. Y., Putz, M., Heissler, S., Faubel, W., and Pyell, U., Quantification of etoposide and etoposide phosphate in human plasma electrokinetic by micellar chromatography and near-field thermal lens detection, Anal. Chem., 76, 3804, 2004.
137. Ragozina, N. Y., Putz, M., Heissler, S., Faubel, W., and Pyell, U., Quantification of etoposide and etoposide phosphate in human plasma electrokinetic by micellar chromatography and near-field thermal lens detection, Anal. Chem., 76, 3804, 2004.
138. Huang, X. and Ren, J., Chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis, Trends Anal. Chem., 25, 155, 2006.
139. Hashimoto, M., Tsukagoshi, K., Nakajima, R., Kondo, K., and Arai, A., Microchip capillary electrophoresis using on-line chemiluminescence detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 867, 271, 2000.
140. Mangru, S. D. and Harrison, D. J., Chemiluminescence detection in integrated post-separation reactors for microchip-based capillary electrophoresis and affinity electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 19, 2301, 1998.
141. Hara, T., Nishida, H., Kayama, S., and Nakajima, R., Capillary zone electrophoretic separation of protein labeled with rhodamine B isothiocyanate and its on-line chemiluminescence detection, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 67, 1193, 1994.
142. Hara, T., Okamura, S., Kato, S., Yokogi, J., and Nakajima, R., Separation and detection of protein as a supramolecular complex using capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Sci., 7, 261, 1991.
143. Hara, T., Yokogi, J., Okamura, S., Kato, S., and Nakajima, R., On-line chemiluminescence detection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr., 652, 361, 1993.
144. Liu, Y. M., Liu, E. B., and Cheng, J. K., Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection of sub-fM level Co(II) in capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 939, 91, 2001.
145. Zhao, S., Xie, C., Lu, X., Song, Y., and Liu, Y. M., Afacile and sensitive chemiluminescence detection of amino acids in biological samples after capillary electrophoretic separation, Electrophoresis, 26, 1745, 2005.
146. Hendrickson, H. P., Anderson, P., Wang, X., Pittman, Z., and Bobbitt, D. R., Compositional analysis of small peptides using capillary electrophoresis and Ru(bpy)3/3+-based chemiluminescence detection, Microchem. J., 65, 189, 2000.
147. Tsukagoshi, K., Nakahama, K., and Nakajima, R., Direct detection of biomolecules in a capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence detection system, Anal. Chem., 76, 4410, 2004.
148. Tsukagoshi, K., Shikata, Y., Nakajima, R., Murata, M., and Maeda, M., Analysis of a biopolymer by capillary electrophoresis with a chemiluminescence detector using a polymer solution as the separation medium, Anal. Sci., 18, 1195, 2002.
149. Huang, X. and Ren, J., Chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis, Trends Anal. Chem., 25, 155, 2006.
150. Huang, X. J. and Fang, Z. L., Chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 414, 1, 2000.
151. Forbes, G. A., Nieman, T. A., and Sweedler, J. V., On-line electrogenerated [Ru(bpy)3]3+ chemiluminescent detection of beta-blockers separated with capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 347, 289, 1997.
152. Li, J., Yan, Q., Gao, Y., and Ju, H., Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of amino acids based on precolumn derivatization coupled with capillary electrophoresis separation, Anal. Chem., 78, 2694, 2006.
153. Ding, S. N., Xu, J. J., and Chen, H. Y., Tris(2,2_-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-zirconia-Nafion composite films applied as solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis, Electrophoresis, 26, 1737, 2005.
154. Yin, X. B., Dong, S., and Wang, E., Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris (2,2_-bipyridyl) ruthenium and its derivatives, Trends Anal. Chem., 23, 432, 2004.
155. Wang, X. and Bobbitt, D. R., In situ cell for electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+-based chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 383, 213, 1999.
156. Chiang, M. T. and Whang, C.W., Tris(2,2_-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III)-based electrochemiluminescence detector with indium/tin oxide working electrode for capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 934, 59, 2001.
157. Kaniansky, D., Marak, J., Rajec, P., Svec, A., Koval, M., Lucka, M., and Sabanos, G., On-column radiometric detector for capillary isotachophoresis and its use in the analysis of C-14-labeled constituents, J. Chromatogr., 470, 139, 1989.
158. Kaniansky, D., Rajec, P., Svec, A., Havasi, P., and Macasek, F., Online radiometric detection in capillary isotachophoresis. 1. Preliminary experiments, J. Chromatogr., 258, 238, 1983.
159. Kaniansky, D., Rajec, P., Svec, A., Marak, J., Koval, M., Lucka, M., Franko, S., and Sabanos, G., On-column radiometric detector for capillary isotachophoresis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 129, 305, 1989.
160. Altria, K. D., Simpson, C. F., Bharij, A. K., and Theobald, A. E., A gamma-ray detector for capillary zone electrophoresis and its use in the analysis of some radiopharmaceuticals, Electrophoresis, 11, 732, 1990.
161. Pentoney, S. L., Zare, R. N., and Quint, J. F., Online radioisotope detection for capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 61, 1642, 1989.
162. Klunder, G. L., Andrews, J. E., Grant, P. M., Andresen, B. D., and Russo, R. E., Analysis of fission products using capillary electrophoresis with on-line radioactivity detection, Anal. Chem., 69, 2988, 1997.
163. Page, J. S., Rubakhin, S. S., and Sweedler, J. V., Single-neuron analysis using CE combined with MALDI MS and radionuclide detection, Anal. Chem., 74, 497, 2002.
164. Miao, H., Rubakhin, S. S., Scanlan, C. R., Wang, L. P., and Sweedler, J. V., D-aspartate as a putative cell-cell signaling molecule in the Aplysia californica central nervous system, J. Neurochem., 97, 595, 2006.
165. Jarman, J. L., Todebush, R. A., and De Haseth, J. A., Glass nebulizer interface for capillary electrophoresis-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 976, 19, 2002.
166. Todebush, R. A., He, L. T., and De Haseth, J. A., A metal nebulizer capillary electrophoresis/fourier transform infrared spectrometric interface, Anal. Chem., 75, 1393, 2003.
167. Vonach, R., Lendl, B., and Kellner, R., High-performance liquid chromatography with real-time Fourier-transform infrared detection for the determination of carbohydrates, alcohols and organic acids in wines, J. Chromatogr. A, 824, 159, 1998.
168. Kolhed, M., Hinsmann, P., Svasek, P., Frank, J., Karlberg, B., and Lendl, B., On-line fourier transform infrared detection in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 74, 3843, 2002.
169. Kolhed, M. and Karlberg, B., Capillary electrophoretic separation of sugars in fruit juices using on-line mid infrared Fourier transform detection, Analyst, 130, 772, 2005.
170. Dijkstra, R. J., Ariese, F., Gooijer, C., and Brinkman, U. A. T., Raman spectroscopy as a detection method for liquid-separation techniques, Trends Anal. Chem., 24, 304, 2005.
171. Dijkstra, R. J., Gerssen, A., Efremov, E. V., Ariese, F., Brinkman, U. A. T., and Gooijer, C., Substrates for the at-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta, 508, 127, 2004.
172. He, L., Natan, M. J., and Keating, C. D., Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: A structure-specific detection method for capillary, Anal. Chem., 72, 5348, 2000.
173. Nirode, W. F., Devault, G. L., Sepaniak, M. J., and Cole, R. O., On-column surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection in capillary electrophoresis using running buffers containing silver colloidal solutions, Anal. Chem., 72, 1866, 2000.
174. Olson, D. L., Peck, T. L., Webb, A. G., Magin, R. L., and Sweedler, J. V., High-resolution microcoil 1H-NMR for mass-limited, nanoliter-volume samples, Science, 270, 1967, 1995.
175. Peck, T. L., Magin, R. L., and Lauterbur, P. C., Design and analysis of microcoils forNMRmicroscopy, J. Magn. Reson. B, 108, 114, 1995.
176. Wu, N., Peck, T. L., Webb, A. G., Magin, R. L., and Sweedler, J. V., 1H-NMR spectroscopy on the nanoliter scale for static and on-line measurements, Anal. Chem., 66, 3849, 1994.
177. Wolters, A. M., Jayawickrama, D. A., Larive, C. K., and Sweedler, J. V., Capillary isotachophoresis/NMR: Extension to trace impurity analysis and improved instrumental coupling, Anal. Chem., 74, 2306, 2002.
178. Wolters, A. M., Jayawickrama, D. A., Webb, A. G., and Sweedler, J. V., NMR detection with multiple solenoidal microcoils for continuous-flow capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chem., 74, 5550, 2002.
179. Jayawickrama, D. A. and Sweedler, J. V., Dual microcoil NMR probe coupled to cyclic CE for continuous separation and analyte isolation, Anal. Chem., 76, 4894, 2004.
180. Rapp, E., Jakob, A., Schefer, A. B., Bayer, E., and Albert, K., Splitless on-line coupling of capillary high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography and pressurized capillary electrochromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376, 1053, 2003.
181. Jayawickrama, D. A. and Sweedler, J. V., Hyphenation of capillary separations with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, J. Chromatogr. A, 1000, 819, 2003.
182. Webb, A. G., Nuclear magnetic resonance coupled microseparations, Mag. Reson. Chem., 43, 688, 2005.