The G8's role in global energy governance since the 2005 gleneagles summit

Global Governance

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 259-277

  Lesage, Dries ^a   Van de Graaf, Thijs ^a   Westphal, Kirsten ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Energy security; G8; Global energy governance; Great power concerts; International Energy Agency

Indexed keywords

EID: 68749103287     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01502008     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. See the documentation of the G8 Research Group of the University of Toronto at www.g8.utoronto.ca (accessed December 2008).
2. Richard N. Rosecrance, ed., The New Great Power Coalition: Toward a World Concert of Nations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
3. Exceptions are John Kirton, "The G8 and Global Energy Governance: Past Performance, St. Petersburg Opportunities," paper presented in Moscow, 21 April 2006; and John Kirton, "The G8's Energy-Climate Connection," paper presented in Brussels, 24-25 May 2007, both available at www.g8.utoronto.ca (accessed April 2008).
4. This paragraph is mainly based on International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights (Paris: OECD, 2007); and International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2006 (Paris: OECD, 2006).
5. If the current consumption and production rates remained constant, today's known oil reserves would be depleted within 41 years, the natural gas reserves within 60 years, and the coal reserves within 133 years. BP, Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008, available at www.bp.com/ statisticalreview (accessed November 2008).
6. Fatih Birol, "Energy Economics: A Place for Energy Poverty in the Agenda?" The Energy Journal 28, no. 3 (2007): 2.
7. Danila Bochkarev and Greg Austin, "Energy Sovereignty and Security: Restoring Confidence in a Cooperative International System," EastWest Institute Policy Paper No. 1 (2007): p. 6, available at www.ewi.info/pdf/ 2007%200126%20Energy%20Policy%20Paperl.pdf (accessed April 2008).
8. UN-Energy, Energy in the United Nations: An Overview of UN-Energy Activities (New York: United Nations, 2006).
9. Randall Spalding-Fecher, Harald Winkler, and Stanford Mwakasonda, "Energy and the World Summit on Sustainable Development: What Next?" Energy Policy 33, no. 1 (2005): 106.
10. Mohamed ElBaradei, "A Global Agency Is Needed for the Energy Crisis," Financial Times, 23 July 2008.
11. Andrew Schramm, "The Energy Blindspot: The Absence of Global Energy Governance in the United Nations," Queen's International Observer (Nov.-Dec. 2006), p. 15.
12. See, for instance, Yulia Selivanova, "The WTO and Energy: WTO Rules and Agreements of Relevance to the Energy Sector," ICTSD Trade and Sustainable Energy Series Issue Paper No. 1 (Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2007).
13. Figures are for 2005; see http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/index. cfm#countrylist (accessed April 2008).
14. See, for example, Robert D. Putnam and Nicholas Bayne, Hanging Together. Cooperation and Conflict in the Seven-Power Summits (London: Sage, 1987), p. 18.
15. Alison Bailin, From Traditional to Group Hegemony: The G7, the Liberal Economic Order and the Core-Periphery Gap (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
16. Kirton, "The G8 and Global Energy Governance."
17. Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 231.
18. Jean Lamy, "D'un G8 à l'autre: Sécurité énergéique et changement climatique," Politique Etrangère 71, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 131-144.
19. The website of the 2005 UK presidency: www.g8.gov.uk (accessed April 2008).
20. The website of the 2006 Russian presidency: http://en.g8russia.ru (accessed April 2008).
21. The website of the 2007 German presidency: www.g-8.de/Webs/G8/EN/Home page/home.html (accessed April 2008).
22. The website of the 2008 Japanese presidency: www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/ summit/toyako08/index.html (accessed December 2008).
23. In outlining these functions, we drew inspiration from Kirton, "The G8 and Global Energy Governance."
24. See, for example, Putnam and Bayne, Hanging Together; and Bailin, From Traditional to Group Hegemony.
25. "Bush Faces Scramble to Avoid G-8 Isolation," International Herald Tribune, 2 July 2005.
26. "Merkel's Plan for Salvaging the G-8 Summit," Der Spiegel, 4 June 2007.
27. See http://www.state.gOv/g/oes/rls/fs/2007/92904.htm (accessed April 2008).
28. G8, Environment and Climate Change, Hokkaido Toyako Summit, 8 July 2008; see http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/summit/toyako08/index.html (accessed December 2008).
29. G8, Heiligendamm Summit Declaration, 7 June 2007, p. 20; see www.g-8.de/Webs/G8/EN/Homepage/home.html (accessed April 2008).
30. European Commission, press release IP/07/671,15 May 2007.
31. See the leaked version at www.g8.utoronto.ca/evaluations/index.html#2007 (accessed December 2008).
32. Government note from a G8 member country.
33. Energy ministers of the G8, China, India, and Korea, Declaration: International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation. Aomori, 8 June 2008.
34. Joint statement of the IPEEC, 19 December 2008, available at www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/nBackIssue20081219-01.html (accessed December 2008).
35. Kirsten Westphal, "Liberalised, Monopolised, Fixated: Antinomies of the European Energy Market," Osteuropa 57, no. 2-3 (2007): 155-182.
36. Steven R. Weisman, "Russia Plays Energy Card vs. Western Investment," International Herald Tribune, 12 June 2006; Vlad Ivanenko, "The Kremlin at the G8's Helm: Choosing the Right Steps," Russia in Global Affairs 3 (July-Sept. 2006); see http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/16/ 1037.html (accessed April 2008).
37. Summit and other official G8 documents can be found at the website of the G8 Information Centre, University of Toronto, at www.g8.utoronto.ca.
38. G8, Environment and Climate Change, Hokkaido Toyako Summit, 8 July 2008.
39. International Energy Agency, Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2008).
40. G8, National Reports on Global Energy Security Principles and St. Petersburg Plan of Action, July 2008.
41. The G8 Research Group LSE/Oxford, The G8 and Climate Change Since Heil-igendamm, 20 July 2008, available at www.g8.utoronto.ca/oxford/g8rg-lseox- final-2007-080720.pdf (accessed December 2008).
42. This declaration is available at http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp? relid=40146 (accessed December 2008).
43. See http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/12/48/41691414.pdf (accessed February 2009).
44. Observations of several of our interviewees.
45. See www.env.go.jp/earth/g8/en/g20/index.html (accessed April 2008).
46. See www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2008/doc/pdf/0708-05-en.pdf (accessed December 2008).
47. See the official website of the Heiligendamm Process: www.oecd.org/site/0,3407,en-21571361-40549151-1-1-1-1-1,00.html (accessed December 2008).
48. See Heiligendamm summit conclusions.
49. See the Interim Report on the Heiligendamm Process at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/55/42/41487326.pdf (accessed December 2008).
50. Our analysis draws inspiration from Sieglinde Gstöhl, "Governance Through Government Networks: The G8 and International Organizations," Review of International Organizations 2, no. 1 (2007): 1-37.
51. Particularly in six broad areas: alternative energy scenarios and strategies; energy efficiency in buildings, appliances, transport, and industry; cleaner fossil fuels; carbon capture and storage (CCS); renewable energy; and enhanced international cooperation.
52. The IEA has presented a total of twenty-five energy efficiency recommendations to the G8, of which four were presented at St. Petersburg (2006), twelve at Heili-gendamm (2007), and sixteen at Hokkaido Toyako (2008); see International Energy Agency, Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2008).
53. See www.iea.org/textbase/country/oged.asp (accessed April 2008).
54. See www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2006/neet/Mission-Statement.pdf (accessed April 2008).
55. Jan Horst Keppler, "Sécurite énergétique, environnement, developpement: Comment réaliser les objectifs multiples des pays du G8 en matière d'énergie?" The Energy Program Editorial (Paris: IFRI, 2007); see www.ifri.org/frontDispatcher/ifri/ publications/actuelles-de-l-ifri-1197584475485/publi-P-actuelle-edito-mai- 1204904256367?language=us (accessed April 2008).
56. See Gleneagles summit conclusions, available at http://www.g7.utoronto. ca/summit/2005gleneagles/index.html (accessed February 2009).
57. World Bank, Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework: Progress Report of the World Bank Group Action Plan, DC2007-0018, 28 September 2007, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVCOMMINT/Documentation/ 21510693/DC2007-0018(E)CleanEnergy.pdf (accessed November 2008).
58. Paul H. Suding and Philippe Lempp, "The Multifaceted Institutional Landscape and Processes of International Renewable Energy Policy," International Association for Energy Economics Newsletter (Second Quarter, 2007), pp. 4-9.
59. See Barack Obama campaign website at http://my.barackobama.com/page/ content/newenergy-more#emissions (accessed December 2008).
60. Hillary R. Clinton, "Security and Opportunity for the Twenty-first Century," Foreign Affairs 68, no. 6 (2007): 2-18.