Surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament tears: An evolving technique

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 435-446

  Matava, Matthew J ^a   Ellis, Evan ^a   Gruber, Brian ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 68749084815     PISSN: 1067151X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5435/00124635-200907000-00004     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Shelbourne KD, Davis TJ, Patel DV: Ti natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior crucia ligament injuries: A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1999;27: 276-283.
2. Parolie JM, Bergfeld JA: Long-term results of nonoperative treatment of isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete. Am J Sports Met 1986;14: 35-38.
3. Strobel MJ, Weiler A, Schulz MS, Russ K, Eichhorn HJ: Arthroscopic evaluatii of articular cartilage lesions in posteric cruciate-ligament-deficient knees. Arthroscopy 2003;19: 262-268.
4. Skyhar MJ, Warren RF, Otiz GJ, Schwartz E, Otis JC: The effects of sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral comple on the articular contact pressures withi the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;J 694-699.
5. Harner CD, Vogrin TM, Hoher J, Ma CB, Woo SL: Biomechanical analysis o posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Deficiency of the posterolateral structures as a cause of graft failure. Am J Sports Med 2000;2! 32-39.
6. Noyes F, Barber-Weston S, Grood E: Newer concepts in the treatment of posterior cruciate ligament ruptures, in Insall JN, Scott WN (eds): Surgery of the Knee, ed 3. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 2001, pp 841-878.
7. Girgis FG, Marshall JL, Monajem A: The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint: Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975; 106: 216-231.
8. Harner CD, Xerogeanes JW, Livesay GA, et al: The human posterior cruciate ligament complex: An interdisciplinary study. Ligament morphology and biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med 1995;23: 736-745.
9. Mejia EA, Noyes FR, Grood ES: Posterior cruciate ligament femoral insertion site characteristics: Importance for reconstructive procedures. Am J Sports Med 2002;30: 643-651.
10. Makris CA, Georgoulis AD, Papageorgiou CD, Moebius UG, Soucacos PN: Posterior cruciate ligament architecture: Evaluation under microsurgical dissection. Arthroscopy 2000;16: 627-632.
11. Fuss FK: Anatomy of the cruciate ligaments and their function in extension and flexion of the human knee joint. Am J Anat 1989;184: 165-176.
12. Lopes OV Jr, Ferretti M, Shen W, Ekdahl M, Smolinksi P, Fu FH: Topography of the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90: 249-255.
13. Harner CD, Baek GH, Vogrin TM, Carlin GJ, Kashwaguchi S, Woo SL: Quantitative analysis of human cruciate ligament insertions. Arthroscopy 1999; 15: 741-749.
14. Takahashi M, Matsubara T, Doi M, Suzuki D, Nagano A: Anatomical study of the femoral and tibial insertions of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006;14: 1055-1059. (Pubitemid 44705149)
15. Edwards A, Bull AM, Amis AA: The attachments of the fiber bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament: An anatomic study. Arthroscopy 2007;23: 284-290.
16. Dargel J, Pohl P, Tzikaras P, Koebke J: Morphometric side-to-side differences in human cruciate ligament insertions. Surg Radiol Anat 2006;28: 398-402.
17. Moorman CT III, Murphy Zane MS, Bansai S, et al: Tibial insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament: A sagittal plane analysis using gross, histologic, and radiographic methods. Arthroscopy 2008;24: 269-275.
18. Gupte CM, Smith A, McDermott ID, Bull AM, Thomas RD, Amis AA: Meniscofemoral ligaments revisited: Anatomical study, age correlation and clinical implications. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84: 846-851.
19. Nagasaki S, Ohkoshi Y, Yamamoto K, Ebata W, Imabuchi R, Nishiike J: The incidence and cross-sectional area of thi meniscofemoral ligament. Am J Sports Med 2006;34: 1345-1350.
20. Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES: Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee: A biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980;62: 259-270.
21. Markolf KL, Feeley BT, Tejwani SG, Martin DE, McAllister DR: Changes in knee laxity and ligament force after sectioning the posteromedial bundle of the posterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy 2006;22: 1100-1106.
22. Race A, Amis AA: PCL reconstruction: In vitro biomechanical comparison of 'isometric' versus single and double-bundled 'anatomic' grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80: 173-179.
23. Covey DC, Sapega AA, Sherman GM: Testing for isometry during reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament: Anatomic and biomechanical considerations. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24: 740-746.
24. Ahmad CS, Cohen ZA, Levine WN, Gardner TR, Ateshian GA, Mow VC: Codominance of the individual posteric cruciate ligament bundles: An analysis of bundle lengths and orientation. Am J Sports Med 2003;31: 221-225.
25. Papannagari R, DeFrate LE, Nha KW, et al: Function of posterior cruciate ligament bundles during in vivo knee flexion. Am J Sports Med 2007;35: 150: 1512.
26. Moran CJ, Poynton AR, Moran R, Brie MO: Analysis of meniscofemoral ligament tension during knee motion. Arthroscopy 2006;22: 362-366.
27. Sidles JA, Clark JM, Garbini JL: A geometric theory of the equilibrium mechanics of fibers in ligaments and tendons.J Biomech 1991;24: 943-949.
28. Bergfeld JA, McAllister DR, Parker RD Valdevit AD, Kambic HE: A biomechanical comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques. Am J Sports Med 2001;29: 129-136.
29. Markolf K, Davies M, Zoric B, McAllister D: Effects of bone block position and orientation within the tibi; tunnel for posterior cruciate ligament graft reconstructions: A cyclic loading study of bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Am J Sports Med 2003;31: 673-679.
30. Weimann A, Wolfert A, Zantop T, Eggers AK, Raschke M, Petersen W: Reducing the "killer turn" in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by fixation level and smoothing the tibial aperture. Arthroscopy 2007;23: 1104-1111.
31. Margheritini F, Rihn J A, Mauro CS, Stabile KJ, Woo SL, Harner CD: Biomechanics of initial tibial fixation of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2005;21: 1164-1171.
32. Matava MJ, Sethi NS, Totty WG: Proximity of the posterior cruciate ligament insertion to the popliteal artery as a function of the knee flexion angle: Implications for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2000;16: 796-804.
33. Berg EE: Posterior cruciate ligament tibial inlay reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1995;11: 69-76.
34. Markolf KL, Zemanovic JR, McAllister DR: Cyclic loading of posterior cruciate ligament replacements fixed with tibial tunnel and tibial inlay methods. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84: 518-524.
35. Wirth CJ, Jager M: Dynamic double tendon replacement of the posterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1984;12: 39-43. (Pubitemid 14175866)
36. Harner CD, Janaushek MA, Kanamori A, Yagi M, Vogrin TM, Woo SL: Biomechanical analysis of a double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 144-151.
37. Bergfeld JA, Graham SM, Parker RD, Valdevit AD, Kambic HE: A biomechanical comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using single- and double-bundle tibial inlay techniques. Am J Sports Med 2005;33: 976-981.
38. Race A, Amis AA: The mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech 1994;27: 13-24.
39. Saddler SC, Noyes FR, Grood ES, Knochenmuss DR, Hefzy MS: Posterior cruciate ligament anatomy and length-tension behavior of PCL surface fibers. Am J Knee Surg 1996;9: 194-199.
40. Markolf KL, Feeley BT, Jackson SR, McAllister DR: Where should the femoral tunnel of a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction be placed to best restore anteroposterior laxity and ligament forces? Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 604-611.
41. Petersen W, Lenschow S, Weimann A, Strobel MJ, Raschke MJ, Zantop T: Importance of femoral tunnel placement in double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Biomechanical analysis using a roboticJuniversal force-moment sensor testing system. Am J Sports Med 2006;34: 456-463.
42. Mannor DA, Shearn JT, Grood ES, Noyes FR, Levy MS: Two-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An in vitro analysis of graft placement and tension. AmJ Sports Med 2000;28: 833-845.
43. Handy MH, Blessey PB, Kline AJ, Miller MD: The graftJtunnel angles in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cadaveric comparison of two techniques for femoral tunnel placement. Arthroscopy 2005;21: 711-714.
44. Wiley WB, Owen JR, Pearson SE, Wayne JS, Goradia VK: Medial femoral condyle strength after tunnel placement for single- and double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2007;20: 223-227.
45. Wiley WB, Akew MJ, Melby A III, Noe DA: Kinematics of the posterior cruciate ligamentJposterolateral corner-injured knee after reconstruction by single- and double-bundle intra-articular grafts. Am J Sports Med 2006;34: 741-748.
46. Whiddon DR, Zehms CT, Miller MD, Quinby JS, Montgomery SL, Sekiya JK: Double compared with single-bundle open inlay posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a cadaver model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90: 1820-1829.
47. Oakes DA, Markolf KL, McWilliams J, Young CR, McAllister DR: Biomechanical comparison of tibial inlay and tibial tunnel techniques for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament: Analysis of graft forces. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84: 938-944. (Pubitemid 34907241)
48. Carson EW, Deng XH, Allen A, Wickiewicz T, Warren RR: Evaluation of in situ graft forces of a 2-bundle tibial inlay posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at various flexion angles. Arthroscopy 2007;23: 488-495.
49. Markolf KL, Slauterbeck JR, Armstrong KL, Shapiro MS, Finerman GA: A biomechanical study of replacement of the posterior cruciate ligament with a graft: Part I. Isometry, pre-tension of the graft, and anterior-posterior laxity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79: 375-380.