Recent advances in the roles of calcium ions (Ca2+) and their antagonism in various body functions

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 139-155

  El Tahir, Kamal E H ^a   Bakheet, Dana M ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT;

CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; HORMONE RELEASE; MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; OSSIFICATION; REVIEW; SAUDI ARABIA;

EID: 6844252921     PISSN: 13190164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. 2+ channels and their possible counterparts in mammalian CNS neurons. Neuropharmacol. 1993; 32(11): 1075-88.
2. Watson PH , Hanley DA. Parathyroid hormone: regulation of synthesis and secretion. Clin Invest Med. 1993; 16(1): 58-77.
3. Boden SD , Kaplan FS. Calcium homeostasis. Orthop Clin North Am. 1990; 21(1): 31-42.
4. Costa LG. Signal transduction mechanisms in developmental neurotoxicity: the phosphoinositide pathway. Neurotoxicol. 1994; 15 (1): 19-27.
5. Carafoli E. Intracellular calcium regulation, with special attention to the role of the plasma membrane calcium pump. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988; 12 Suppl 3: S77-84.
6. Nawarth H. Adrenoreceptor-mediated changes of excitation and contraction in isolated heart muscle preparations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989; 14 supll 3: S1-10.
7. Winokur R , Hartwig JH. Mechanism of shape change in chilled human platelets. Blood. 1995; 85 (7): 1796-1804.
8. Hendy GN, Bevan S, Mattei MG , Mouland AJ. Chromagranin A. Clin Invest Med. 1995; 18 (1): 47-65.
9. Kruse HJ, Grunberg B, Siess W , Weber PC. Formation of biologically active autacoids is regulated by calcium influx in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994; 14 (11): 1821-8.
10. Chernevskaya NI, Obukhov AG , Krishtal OA. NMDA receptor agonists selectively block N-type calcium channels in hippocampal neurons. Nature. 1991; 349(6308) 418-20.
11. Mendelwitz D, Reynolds PG, Andresen MC. Heterogeneous functional expression of calcium channels at sensory and synaptic regions in nodose neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1995; 73(2): 872-5.
12. Kramer HJ, Meyer-Lehnert H, Mohaupt M. Role of calcium in the progression of renal disease: experimental evidence. Kidney Int Suppl. 1992; 36: S2-7.
13. Katz J. Acid secretion and suppression. Med Clin North Am. 1991; 75(4): 877-87.
14. Gustafsson H. Vasomotion and underlying mechanisms in small arteries. An in vitro study of rat blood vessels. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1993; 614: 1-44.
15. Burroughs SF , Johnson GJ. Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit agonist-stimulated platelet calcium influx. Thromb Haemost. 1993; 69(5): 503-8.
16. Mouillac B, Ibarrondo , Guillon G. Calcium regulation of hormonal-sensitive phospholipase C. Z Cardiol. 1991; 80 suppl 7:79-81.
17. Zawaliska JB. The role of calcium in the regulation of melatonin biosynthesis in the retina. Acta Neurobiol Exp Warsz. 1992; 52 (4): 265-74.
18. Marty A. The physiological role of calcium-dependent channels. Trends Neurosci. 1989; 12(11): 420-4.
19. Hiramatsu T, Kume H, Kotilikoff MI , Takagi K. Role of calcium-activated potassium channels in the relaxation of tracheal smooth musles by forskolin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994;. 21 (5): 367-75.
20. Balduini W, Candura SM, Costa LG. Regional development of carbachol-, glutamate-, norepinephrine-,and serotonin-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1991; 62(1): 115-20.
21. Martin WR, Brown C, Zhang YJ , Wu R. Growth and diffrentiation of primary tracheal epithelial cells in culture: regulation by extracellular calcium. J Cell Physiol. 1991; 147(1): 138-48.
22. Kimball SR , Jefferson LS. Regulation of protein synthesis by modulation of intracellular calcium in rat liver. Am J Physiol. 1992; 263 (5 pt 1): E 958-64.
23. Ponec M, Havekes L, Kempenaar J, Lavrijsen S, Wijsman M, Boonstra J , Verneer BJ. Calcium-mediated regulation of the low density lipoprotein receptor and intracellular cholesterol synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol. 1985; 125, 98-106.
24. Tomita J, watanabe H. Factors controlling myogenic activity in smooth muscle. Philos. Trans. Royal. Society London [Biol] 1973;265, 73-85.
25. 2+ influx and spontaneous phase contractions of portal veins after treatment with reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine and cocaine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1978; 56, 199-201.
26. Abe Y. Effects of changing the ionic environment on passive and active membrane properties of pregnant rat uterus. J. Physiol. 1971; 214, 173-190.
27. Kao CY , Mc Cullough JR. Ionic currents in the uterine smooth muscle. Physiol. 1975; 246, 1-36.
28. Grant AO Jr. On the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic agents. Am Heart J. 1992; 123(4 Pt 2): 1130-6.
29. Lubbe WF, Podzweit T, Opie LH. Potential arrhythmogenic role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cytosolic calcium overload: implications for prophylactic effects of beta-blockers in myocardial infarction and proarrhythmic effects of phosphodiestrase inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 19(7): 1622-33.
30. Resnick LM. Calciotropic hormones in human and experimental hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990; 3(8 Pt 2): 171S-178S.
31. Ip JH, Fuster V , Chesebro J H. Exploration of the atherosclerotic plaque. Biomed Pharmacother. 1990; 44(7): 343-52.
32. Ram CY Anti-atherosclerotic and vasculoprotective actions of calcium antagonists. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 66(21): 291-321.
33. Bailey LD, Jr, Stewart WR Jr , McCallum RW. New directions in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gasteoenterol Clin North Am. 1991; 20(2): 335-49.
34. Short TP , Thomas E. An overview of the role of calcium antagonists in the treatment of achalasia and diffuse oesophageal spasm. Drugs. 1992; 43(2): 177-84.
35. Schaiff RA, Hall TG , Bar RS. Medical treatment of hypercalcemia. Clin Pharm. 1989; 8(2): 108-21.
36. Barone FC, Price WJ, Jakobsen P, Sheardown MJ , Feuerstein G. Pharmacological profile of a novel neuronal calcium channel blocker includes reduced cerebral damage and neurological deficits in rat focal ischemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994; 48(1): 77-85.
37. Fisher M, Grotta J. New uses for calcium channel blockers. Therapeutic implications. Drugs. 1993; 46(6):961-75.
38. Prusinski A. Present problems of migraine and similar headaches. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1994; 28(1Suppl.1): 5-22.
39. Miljanich GP , Ramachandran J. Antagonists of neuronal calcium: structure, function, and therapeutic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1995; 35: 707-34.
40. Mirinda HF , Paeile C. Interactions between analgesics and calcium channel blockers. Gen Pharmacol. 1990; 21(2): 171-4.
41. Wurpel JN , Lyer SN. Calcium channel blockers verapamil and nimodipine inhibit kindling in adult and immature rats. Epilepsia. 1994; 35(2): 443-9.
42. El Mallakh RS , Jaziri WA. Calcium channel blockers in affective illness: role of sodium-calcium exchange. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990; 10(3): 203-6.
43. Doiuchi J, Hamada M , Ochi T Ito T , Kokubu T. Adverse effects of atrial fibrillation and syncope induced by calcium-channel blockers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol. 1985; 8(3): 176-9.
44. Pfaltz CR , Aoyagi M. Calcium-entry blockers in the treatment of vestibular disorders. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl Stockh. 1988; 460: 135-42.
45. Weir MR. Therapeutic benefits of calcium channel blockers in cyclosporin-treated organ transplant recipients: blood pressure control and immunosuppression. Am J Med. 1991; 90 (5A): 32S-36S.
46. Salducci MD, Chauvet Monges AM, Dussol BM, Berland YF , Crevat AD. Is the benificial effect of calcium channel blockers against cyclosporin A toxicity related to restoration of ATP synthesis. Pharmac. Res. 1995; 12, 518-22.
47. Hajimohammadreza I, Probert A W, Coughenou LL, Borosky SA, Marcoux FW, Boxer PA, Wang KK. A specific inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II provides neuroprotection against NMDA- and hypoxia/ hypoglycemia-induced cell death. J Neurosci. 1995; 15 (5 Pt 2): 4093-101.
48. Draznin B. Cystosolic calcium and insulin resistance. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993; 21(6 suppl 3): 32-8.
49. 2+ channel interaction. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990; 11(1): 38-44.
50. Friedlander G , Amiel C. Cellular mode of action of parathyroid hormone. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp. 1994; 23: 265-79.
51. Friedman PA, Gesek FA. Cellular calcium transport in renal epithelia: measurement, mechanisms and regulation. Physiol Rev. 1995; 75(3): 429-71.
52. Berdal A. Vitamin D: biosynthesis, metabolism and mechanism of action at the cellular level. J Biol Buccale. 1992; 20(2): 71-83.
53. Somlyo AP , Himpens B. Cell calcium and its regulation in smooth muscles. FASEB J. 1989; 3(11): 2266-76.
54. 3H] desmethoxy-verapamil binding sites on human platelets and lack of evidence for voltage-dependent calcium channels. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987; 142(1): 83-91.
55. 2 alpha: comparison with oxytocin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 71(5): 1243-50.
56. Somlyo AP, Walker JW, Goldman YE, Trentham DR, Kobayashi S, Kitazawa T, Somlyo AV. Inositol triphosphate, calcium and muscle contraction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1988; 320(1199): 399-414.
57. 2+ transport across the plasma membrane of striated muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989; 21(4): 399-405.
58. Bers DM. Ca regulation in cardiac muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991; 23(10): 1157-62.
59. Wier WG. Intracellular calcium during excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian ventricle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991; 23(10): 1149-56.
60. Yoshida K, Nachmias VT. Calcium sequestration in human platelets: is it stimulated by protein kinase C?. Cell Calcium. 1989; 10(5): 299-307.
61. 2+ stores in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells. Cell Calcium. 1990; 11(2-3): 191-9.
62. Blondel O, Moody MM, Depaoli AM, Sharp AH, Ross CA, Swift H , Bell GI. Localization of inositol triphosphate receptor subtype 3 to insulin and somatostatin secretory granules and regulation of expression in islets and insulinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91(16): 7777-81.
63. 2+-ATPase activity. Endocr Res. 1989; 15(4): 651-82.
64. 2+ contents, monovalent cation transport rate and contractile state during washout of cardiac glycosides from cultured chick heart cells. Circ Res. 1981; 49: 141-9.
65. Nadal A, Valdeolmillos M , Soria B. Metabolic regulation of intracellular calcium concentration in mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267 (5 part 1): E 769-74.
66. 2+ exchange activity and its role in regulation of intracellular calcium concentration in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Cell Calcium. 1992; 13(2): 99-106.
67. Sanchez-Armass S , Blaustein MP. Role of sodium-calcium exchange in regulation of intracellular calcium in nerve terminals. Am J Physiol. 1987; 252 (6 Pt 1): C595-603.
68. Stuenkel EL. Regulation of intracellular calcium and calcium buffering properties of rat isolated neurohypophysial nerve endings. J Physiol Lond. 1994; 481(Pt 2): 251-71.
69. Braunwald E. Mechanism of action of calcium blocking agents. New Engl J Med. 1982; 307: 1618-1627.
70. Isenberg G. Non selective cation channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. Exs. 1993; 66: 247-60.
71. Katz AM. Role of contractile proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum in the response of the heart to catecholamines: an historical review. Adv Cyclic Neuclotide. 1979; Res II, 303-343.
72. 2+-reactive protein in the contractile system. J Biochem. 1967; (Tokyo) 62, 137-138.
73. Greasen ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from 3 protein components. Biol Chem. 1971; 246: 4226-4233.
74. Adelstein RS, Sellers JR, Coom MK, Pato M, De Lanovolle P. Regulation of smooth muscle contractile proteins calmodulin and cyclic AMP. Fed Proc 1982; 41: 2873-78.
75. Opas M, Dziak E, Fliegel L , Michalak M. Regulation of expression and intracellular distribution of calreticulin, a major binding protein of non muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 1991; 149 (1): 160-71.
76. 2+ handling by non-muscle cells: studies in human neutrophils and HL-60 cells. Cell Calcium. 1989; 10(5): 351-61.
77. Schwartz A. Molecular and cellular aspects of calcium channel antagonism. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 70(16): 6F-8F.
78. 2+ signaling and crosstalk in stimulus secretion coupling. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993; 1154(2): 105-56.
79. Adams DJ, Barakeh J, Laskey R , Van-Breemen C. Ion channels and regulation of intracellular calcium in vascular endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1989; 3(12): 2389-400.
80. Sigurdson W, Ruknudin A , Sachs F. Calcium imaging of mechanically induced fluxes in tissue-cultured chick heart: role of stretch-activated ion channels. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262 (4 Pt 2): H1110-5
81. Greenberg DA. Calcium channels and calcium antagonists. Ann Neurol. 1987; 21: 317-330.
82. Nastainczyk W, Ludwig A, Hofmann F. The dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel of the skeletal muscle: biochemistry and structure. Gen Physiol Biophys. 1990; 9(4): 321-9.
83. Mc Cleskey EW. Calcium channels: cellular roles and molecular mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994; 4(3). 304-12.
84. Glossman H, Ferry DR, Lubbecke F, Mewes R , Hofmann F. Calcium channels; direct identification with radioligand binding studies. Trends in pharmacol Sci. 1982; 2: 431-7.
85. 2+ antagonist receptor of the voltage sensitive Ca channel from skeletal muscle traverse tubules. Biochemistry. 1984; 23: 2113-2118.
86. 2+ channel in ventricular cells. Nature. 1985; 316: 443-446.
87. 2+ channels and neuronal function. Science. 1987; 235: 46-52.
88. Gaur S, Newcomb R, Rivnay B, Bell JR, Yamashiro D, Ramachandran J, Miljanich GP. Calcium channel antagonist peptides define several components of transmitter release in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacol. 1994; 33(10): 1211-9.
89. Schmitt R, Clozel JP, Iberg N , Buhler FR. Mibefradil prevents neointima formation after vascular injury in rats. Possible role of the blockade of the T-type voltage-operated calcium channel. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 1995; 15(8): 1161-5.
90. Watson S , Girdlestone D. Receptor and ion channel nomenclature supplement. Trend Pharmacol Sci. 1996; 7: 70-71.
91. 2+ channels in the mammalian central nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 1992;15(9): 351-5.
92. Nayler WG. The calcium antagonist drugs Med. J. Australia. 1988; 149: 682-686.
93. Tuana BS , Murphy BJ. Biochemical analysis of L-type calcium channels from skeletal and cardiac muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990; 68 (11): 1482-8
94. 3H] PN 200,110 in the human myometrium and myosalpinx. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986; 65 (8):819-22.
95. Henry PD. Antiperoxidative actions of calcium antagonists andatherogenesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991; 18 suppl 1: S6-10.
96. RinK TJ , Sage SO. Calcium signalling in human platelets. Annu Rev Physiol. 1990; 52:431-49.
97. Pales J, Palacios Araus L, Lopez A , Gual A. Effects of dihydropyridines and inorganic calcium blockers on aggregation and on intracellular free calcium in platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991; 1064 (2): 169-74.
98. Chand N, Perhach JL Jr, Diamntis W , Sofia RD. Heterogeneity of calcium channels in mast cells and basophils and the possible relevance to pathophysiology of lung diseases: a review. Agents Actions. 1986; 17(5-6): 407-17.
99. Penner R, Fasolato C , Hoth M. Calcium influx and its control by calcium release. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1993; 3(3): 368-74.
100. 2+ channels from skeletal muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1987; USA. 84, 5478-5482.
101. Schwartz A. Molecular studies of the calcium antagonist binding site on calcium channels. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 73(6) 12B-14B.
102. Schultz G , Hescheler J. Hormonal modulations of calcium channel activity. Arzneimittelforschung. 1993; 43(2A): 229-32.
103. Marshall IC , Taylor CW. Regulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors. J-Exp-Biol. 1993; 184: 161-82.
104. 2+ signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1993; 340(1293): 345-9.
105. 3 receptors. Semin Cell Biol. 1994; 8 (4): 273-81.
106. 2+ in neurons. Neuroscience. 1992; 46(2) 251-73.
107. Lino M. Calcium release mechanisms in smooth muscles. Jpn Pharmacol. 1990; 54(4): 345-54.
108. 3H] ryanodine-binding sites in smooth muscles. Biochem J. 1993; 15; 290(Pt1): 259-66.
109. Ogawa Y. Role of ryanodine receptors. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1994; 29 (4): 229-74.
110. 2+-release channels in smooth muscle and isolated membranes. Biol Signals. 1993; 2(5): 284-92.
111. Batlle DC, Peces R, Lapointe MS, Ye M , Daugirdas JT. Cytosolic free calcium regulation in response to acute changes in intracellular pH in vascular smooth muscles. Am J Physiol. 1993;264 (4 Pt1): C932-43.
112. Galione A. Cyclic ADP-ribose, the ADP-ribosyl cyclase pathway and calcium signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1994; 98(2): 125-31.
113. Kohlhardt M, Figulla HR, Tripathi O. The slow membrane channel is the predominant mediator of the excitation process of the sinoatrial pacemaker cell. Basic Res Cardiol. 1976; 71, 7-26.
114. 2+ channel blocking drugs. Am J Med. 1984; 77, suppl.2 B,2-10.
115. 2+ channel blockers. J Cardiol. 1986; 58,20D-22D.
116. Sperelakis N. Regulation of calcium slow channels of heart by cyclic nucleotides and effects of ischemia. Adv Pharmacol. 1994; 31:1-24.
117. BoltonTB. Mechanisms of action of transmitters and other substances on smooth muscles. Physiol Rev. 1979; 59: 606-717.
118. Vallet B, Molla A , Demaille JG. Cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of purified povine aortic calcium/calmodulin dependent myosin light chain kinase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980; 674, 256-264.
119. Penner R, Neher E. The role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling in excitable and non-excitable cells. J Exp Biol. 1988; 139: 329-45.
120. Janiszewski J, Huizinga JD, Blennerhassett MG. Mast cell ionic channels: significance for stimulus-secretion coupling. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992; 70(1): 1-7.
121. Mc Donald MJ, Kowluru A. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent myosin phosphorylation by pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1982; 31, 566-570.
122. Ashcroft FM, Proks P, Smith PA, Ammala C, Bokvist K , Rorsman P Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic beta cells. J Cell Biochem. 1994; 55 suppl: 54-65.
123. Browing MD, Huganir R , Greengard P. Protein phosphorylation and neuronal function. J Neuro ehem. 1985; 45, 11-23.
124. 2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alters neurotransmitter release at the squid giant synapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82, 3035-3039.
125. Adelstein RS, Conti MA, Barylko B. The role of myosin phosphorylation in regulating actin-myosin interaction in human blood platelets. Thromb Haemostas. (Stutt). 1978; 40, 241-9.
126. Gorman RR. Modulation of human platelet function by prostacyclin and thromboxane A . Fed. Proc. 1979; 38: 83-9.
127. 2, Strauss HC , Whorton AR. Regulation of extracellular calcium entry in endothelial cells: role of intracellular calcium pool. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262(1Pt1): C171-81.
128. Metioui M, Grosfils K, Dehaye JP. Regulation by thapsigargin and carbachol of the intracellular calcium cocentration in rat submandibular glands. Gen Pharmacol. 1994; 25(7): 1353-9.
129. Lewis RS , Cahalan MD. Potassium and calcium channels in lymphocytes. Anu Rev Immunol. 1995; 13: 623-53.
130. Saiag B, Milon D, Bentue-Ferrer D, Allain H, Rault B , Van-den-Driessche J. Inhibitor effects of diltiazem, nicardipine, nifedipine and verapamil on norepinephrine-induced contractions of the canine saphenous vein in calcium-free medium. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1994; 83 (3): 255-69.
131. Doroshenko PA, Kostyuk PG, Luk'yanetz EA. Modulation of calcium current by calmodulin antagonists. Neuroscience. 1988; 27(3): 1073-80.
132. 2+-channels and insulin release but has no effect on the phospholipase C system in insulin producing RINmSF-cells. Biosci Rep. 1994; 14(3): 145-58.
133. Green J, Kleeman C R. Role of calcium and cAMP messenger systems in intracellular pH regulation of osteoblastic cells. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262 (1Pt1): C111-21.
134. Crowley MR, Fineman JR , Soifer SJ. HA1004, an intracellular calcium antagonist, selectively attenuates pulmonary hypertension in newborn lambs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994; 23(5): 806-13.
135. Anwer K, Hovington JA , Sanborn BM. Involvement of protein kinase A in the regulation of intracellular free calcium and phosphoisonitide turnover in rat myometrium. Biol Reprod. 1990; 43(5): 851-9.
136. Tsuda K , Masuyama Y. The role of protein kinase C and calcium in the regulation of norepinehrine release from the vascular adrenergic neurons in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1990; 3(11): 879-82.
137. Weishaar RE, Kobylarz-Singer D , Klinkefus B A. New mechanisms for positive inotropic agents: focus on the discovery and development of imazodan. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1989; 3(1): 29-42.
138. 2+ agonist sensitivity. Nature. 1985; 316, 440-3.
139. Hodaie M, Jeevartnam P, Salter MW , Roach A. Regulation of intracellular calcium and preprotachykinin neurotransmitter precursor gene expression by patterned electrical stimulation in rat sympathetic neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1995; 185(3): 195-8.
140. Prokopczuk A , Pytkowski B. Effect of inhibitors of slow calcium current on resting efflux from cat papillary muscles. Acta Physiol Pol. 1989; 40(5-6): 564-8.
141. 2+ by Sr, Ba or Mg as charge carriers. Pflugers Arch Ges Physiol. 1973; 342,125-136.
142. 2+ antagonists (Iproveratril, D600 and prenylamine). Pflugers Arch ges physiol. 1969; 307: 26-32.
143. Nademanee K, Singh BH. Control of cardiac arrhythmias by calcium antagonists. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988; 522: 536-52.
144. 2+ channel antagonistic binding sites in canine skeletal muscle membranes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994; 23(S): 731-40.
145. Materson BJ. Calcium channel blockers. Is it time to split the lump?. Am J Hypertens. 1995; 8(3): 325-9.
146. Odawara A, Katoh M, Karasawa T, Tamura K , Sasaki Y. Inhibitory effect of clentiazem (TA-3090) on platelet aggregation-alone and in combination with aspirin or ticlopidine. Thromb Res. 1994; 75(2): 109-19.
147. Walton T , Symes LR. Felodipine and isradipine: new calcium-channel-blocking agents for the treatment of hypertension. Clin Pharm. 1993; 12(4): 261-75.
148. Follath F. The role of calcium antagonists in the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Am J Heart. 1989; 118(5 Pt2): 1093-6.
149. Pepine C. Nicardipine, a new calcium blocker: role for vascular selectivity. Clin Cardiol. 1989; 12(5): 240-6.
150. Van-Zweiten PA, Pfaffendorf M. Similarities and differences between calcium antagonists: pharmacological aspects. J Hypertens Suppl 1993; 11(1): S3-11.
151. Honer-jager P, Seibel K. Pharmacodynamics of nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992; 20 Suppl. 6: S15-21.
152. Ferrante F, Ricci A, Rossodivita I, Amenta F. Influence of treatment with the calcium channel blocker darodipine (PY 108-068) on the morphology of pial and coronary arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1994; 16(3): 341-57.
153. Carson JR, Almond HR, Brannan MD, Carmosin Flain SF, Gill A, Gleason MM, Keely SL, Ludovici DW, Pitis PM, Rebarchack MC, Villani, FJ. Ethinyl benzene alkanamines as a new class of calcium channel blockers. J Med. 1988; 31: 630-6.
154. El Obeid HA, Madani AAE, AL-Rashood KA, El Tahir KEH, Tilmisani AK, Ibrahim ME. Synthesis and pharmacological activity of N-alkyl-1,2-diphenylethanolamines. Pharm Res. 1987; 4: 166-170.
155. El Tahir KEH, El-Naser MAS, Ageel AM, El-Obeid HA, Al-Rashood KA. The cardiovascular depressant effects of N-methyl-and N-isobutyl-1,2-diphenylethanolamines: Elucidation of the mechanisms of action. Archiv Inter Pharmacodyn Ther. 1991; 309: 88-102.
156. 2+ antagonist: effects and mechanisms of action in vascular smooth muscle cells. J-Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995; 273(1): 32-9.
157. Cizmarikova R , Kozlovsky J. Anti-calcium effects of 4-hydroxypropiophenone derivatives-potential beta-adrenoreceptor blockers. Ceska Slov farm. 1994; 43(5): 226-8.
158. Lipton A. The anti-oestrogen tamoxifen is a calcium antagonist in perfused rat mesentery. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1987; 20(2): 125-7.
159. 2 receptor antagonist, isolated from Cinnamon philippinense. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994; 256(1): 85-91.
160. Christen MO. Action of pinaverium bromide, a calcium-antagonist, on gastrointestinal motility disorders. Gen Pharmacol. 1990; 21(6): 821-5.
161. Nayler WG. Calcium channels and their involvement in cardiovascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992; 43(1): 39-46.
162. Valone FH. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor binding to human platelets by calcium channel blockers. Thromb Res. 1987; 45(5): 427-35.
163. Milovanovic SR, Ognjanovic J, Varagic VM , Boskovic B. Effect of nicardipine on the isolated uterus and other smooth muscles of the rat. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1988; 295: 291-304.
164. Frohlich, ED. Calcium antagonists Their physiological differences. Am J Hypertens. 1991; 4(7Pt 2): 430S-433S.
165. Triggle DJ. Calcium-channel antagonists: mechanism of action, vascular selectivities and clinical relevance. Cleve Clin J Med. 1992; 59(6): 617-27.
166. 2+ channels by Ro 40-5967. Circ Res. 1994; 75(1): 144-8.
167. 2+channels in neurons but not muscles. Proc. Nat Acad Sci USA. 1987; 84, 4327-31.
168. Newcomb R, Palma A, Fox J, Gaurs S, Lau K, Chung D, Cong R, Bell JR, Horne B, Nadasdi L. SNX-325, anovel calcium antagonist from the spider Segestria florentina. Biochemistry. 1995; 34(26): 8341-7.
169. Frank C, Zeng YC, Sagratella S & Scotti-de-Carolis A. Aminoglycoside antibiotics affect hippocampal LTP: a comparative study with the N-type calcium antagonist omega-conotoxin-GVIA. Life-Sci. 1991; 48(16): 1575-83.
170. 1 receptor decreases N-type calcium current in mouse motoneurons. J Neurosci. 1994;14(6): 3628-34.
171. Mc Burney RN, Daly D, Fischer JB, Hu LY, Subbarao K, Knapp AG, Kobayashi K, Margolin L, Reddy NL , Goldin SM. New CNS-specific calcium antagonists. J Neurotrauma. 1992; 9 Suppl. 2: S531-43.
172. 2+ channel blocking agents. Am J Cardiol. 1982; 19: 499-506.
173. Kaumann AJ , Aramendia P. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary ligation J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1968; 164: 326-332.
174. EL Tahir KEH, EL-Obeid HA, AL-Rashood KA, Madani AAE , Ageel AM. The antiarrhythmic activity of N-alkyl-1,2-diphenylethanolamines. Pharm Res. 1989; 6,252-54.
175. De-Ponte F, Giaroni C, Cosentino M, Lecchini S , Frigo G. Calcium-channel blockers and gastrointestinal motility: basic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther. 1993; 60 (1): 121-48.
176. 2+ and its related bivalent cations in the KCl-depolarized rat uterus. JPn J Pharmacol. 1978; 28: 681-692.
177. El Tahir KEH, El Naser MAS, Ageel AM, El Obeid HA and Al-Rashood K A. Effects of N-methyl-and N-isobutyl-1,2-diphenyl ethanolamines on the spontaneous and evoked contractions in the rat isolated uterus. Gen Pharmacol. 1991;22: 685-690.
178. Andersson KE and Forman A. Effects of calcium channel blockers on urinary tract smooth muscles. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol Copenh. 1986; S8 Suppl 2: 193-200.
179. El Tahir KEH, El Naser MAS, Ageel AM, El Obeid HA and Al Rashood KA. Anti-aggregatory activity of N-methyl-and N-isobutyl 1,2-diphenyl ethanolamines in rat platelets. Archiv Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1990; 3-7: 162-171.
180. Xu SF, Collins MA , Chang KG. Phorbol esters induce oscillatory contractions of intestinal smooth muscles. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991; 201(2-3): 215-22.
181. Pfaffendorf M, Moormann M , Sponholz F. Comparison of various spasmolytic drugs on guinea-pig isolated common bile duct. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1991; 344(1): 114-8.
182. Kazanova GV , Chichkanov GG. The participation of the prostacyclin-thromboxane system in the action of calcium antagonists. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1993; 56(4): 22-4.
183. 2+ concentrations in the production of endothelial nitric oxide and the control of vascular tone. Br J Pharmacol. 1990; 101(2). 489-93.
184. Reams GP. Do calcium channel blockers have renal protective effects?. Drugs Aging. 1994; 5(4):263-87.
185. Charles S, Ketelslegers JM, Buysschaert M , Lambert AE. Hyperglycaemic effect of nifedipine. Br Med J. 1981; 283: 19-20.
186. Ben-Harari RR, Stenner M , Sutin KM. Clinical potency of calcium channel blockers in asthma may be related to their inhibition of receptor-mediated phasic responses in vitro. Life Sci. 1992; 51(26): 2049-55.
187. Klaus D. The role of calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992; 20 Suppl. 6:S5-14
188. Leeman M. Treatment of arterial hypertension: 1993 recommendations. Rev Med Brux. 1994; 15(4): 236-40.
189. Godfraind T. Calcium antagonists and vasodilation. Pharmacol Ther. 1994; 64(1): 37-75.
190. Salerno SM , Zugibe FR Jr. Calcium channel antagonists. What do the second-generation agents have to offer?. Postgrad Med. 1994; 95(1): 181-90.
191. Beller GA. Calcium antagonists in the treatment of Prinzmetal's angina and unstable angina pectoris. Circulation. 1989; 80(6 suppl): IV78-87.
192. Hollingshead LM, Faulds D , Fitton. Bepridil. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in stable angina pectoris. Drugs. 1992; 44(5): 835-57.
193. Akhtar M, Tchou P , Jazayeri.M. Use of calcium entry blockers in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation. 1989; 80 (6 suppl): IV 31-9.
194. Levy MN. Role of calcium in arrhythmogenesis. Circulation. 1989; 80 (6 Suppl): IV23-30.
195. 2+ channel blockers in the prophylaxis of migraine. Hosp. Pharm. 1991; 26, 661-663.
196. Kiowski W, Erne P , Buhler FR. Use of nifedipine in hypertension and Raynaud's phenomenon. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1990; 4 Suppl. 5: 935-40.
197. Andersson KE. Calcium channel blockers and pulmonary hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol Copenh. 1986; 58 Suppl 2: 113-8.
198. Meyer P, Lang PMG, Flammer J , Luscher TF. Effects of calcium channel blockers on the response to endothelin-1, bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside in porcine ciliary arteries. Exp Eye Res. 1995; 60(5): 505-10.
199. Murray KM. 1991; Calcium-channel blockers for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Pharm. 1995; 10(11): 862-5.
200. Barbosa LM, Gauthier VJ , Davis CL Bone pain that responds to calcium channel blockers. A retrospective and prospective study of transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1995; 59(4): 541-4.
201. 2+ channel blockers. A M Druggist. 1983; 188 (August) 116.
202. Water D , Lesperance J. Calcium channel blockers and coronary atherosclerosis: from the rabbit to the real world. Am Heart J. 1994; 128 (6 Pt 2): 1309-16.
203. 2+ channel blockers effective in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia? Annual Pharmacotherapy. 1993; 27, 191-196.
204. Russell RP. Side effects of calcium channel blockers. Hypertension. 1988; 11(3 Pt 2): 1142-4.
205. Seymour RA. Calcium channel blockers and gingival overgrowth. Br Dent J. 1991; 170 (10): 376-9.
206. Reid JL, Meridith PA, Donnelly R , Elliot HL. Pharmacokinetics of calcium antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988; 12 Suppl 7: S22-6.
207. Da-Costa JN. Delayed-action calcium antagonists and therapy of arterial hypertension. Rev Port Cardiol. 1992; 11 (7-8): 617-21.
208. 2+ channel blockers: Improved therapy .Clin Pharm 1992; 11: 549-552.