Studies on formation and control of combustion particulate matter in China: A review

Energy

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1296-1309

  Yao, Q ^a   Li, S Q ^a   Xu, H W ^a   Zhuo, J K ^a   Song, Q ^a  

^a BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS   (China)

Author keywords

Coal fired plants; Combustion; Particle emission control; Particulate matter

Indexed keywords

AGGLOMERATION; COAL; COAL INDUSTRY; EMISSION CONTROL; FLUIDIZATION; FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION; FLUIDIZED BEDS; FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS; MINING; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDES; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; PERMANENT MAGNETS; SMOKE; SULFUR; SULFUR DIOXIDE; THERMOCHEMISTRY;

AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTERS; ANNUAL MEAN; COAL PLANTS; COAL-FIRED PLANTS; COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT; COMBUSTION MODIFICATION; EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES; ENERGY CONSUMPTION STRUCTURE; FABRIC FILTRATION; FINE PARTICULATES; MAJOR CITIES; PARTICLE EMISSION CONTROL; PARTICULATE MATTER; PM EMISSIONS; PULVERIZED COALS; RESEARCH GROUPS;

COAL COMBUSTION;

COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION CONTROL; ENERGY USE; NITROGEN OXIDES; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

ASIA; BEIJING [BEIJING (ADS)]; BEIJING [CHINA]; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 68349141665     PISSN: 03605442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2009.03.013     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Lighty J.S., Veranth J.M., and Sarofim A.F. Combustion aerosols: factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50 (2000) 1565-1618
2. 2.5 sources and control strategies. Fuel Process Technol 65-66 (2000) 379-392
3. State Environmental Protection Administration of China. The 2006 report on the State of the environment in China (2007), State Environmental Protection Administration, Beijing. http://www.sepa.gov.cn/ztbd/sjhjr/2007hjr/tpbd56/200706/P020070605323023573963.pdf [in chinese]
4. Yi H., Hao J., Duan L., Li X., and Guo X. Characteristics of inhalable particulate matter concentration and size distribution from power plants in China. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 56 9 (2006) 1243-1251
5. National Bureau of Statistics of China. China statistical yearbook 2006 (2006), China Statistics Press, Beijing
6. 2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing. Atmos Environ 40 14 (2006) 2449-2458
7. Xu M.H., Yan R., Zheng C.G., Qiao Y., Han J., and Sheng C.D. Status of trace element emission in a coal combustion process: a review. Fuel Process Technol 85 2-3 (2004) 215-237
8. Huang B., Yao Q., Li S.Q., Zhao H.L., Song Q., and You C.L. Experimental investigation on the particle capture by a single fiber using microscopic image technique. Powder Technol 163 3 (2006) 125-133
9. Sheng C., and Shen X. Modelling of acoustic agglomeration processes using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. J Aerosol Sci 37 1 (2006) 16-36
10. Song C.L., Huang R.J., Wang Y.Q., Liu K.M., Dong S.R., and Dai S.G. Determination of in vitro biotoxicity in exhaust particulate matter from heavy-duty diesel engine. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 76 1 (2006) 24-32
11. State Environmental Protection Administration of China. The 2002-2005 report on the State of the environment in China. Beijing: State Environmental Protection Administration; 2007-2003. See also: http://english.mep.gov.cn/standards_reports/soe/.
12. CAFE Working Group on Particulate Matter. Second position paper on particulate matter (2004), CAFE Working Group on Particulate Matter, Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/pdf/working_groups/2nd_position_paper_pm.pdf See also:
13. 2.5 from three Chinese megacities in three different climatic zones. Atmos Environ 40 21 (2006) 3983-3994
14. Niu Y., He L., Hu M., Zhang J., and Zhao Y.L. Pollution characteristics of atmospheric fine particles and their secondary components in the atmosphere of Shenzhen in summer and in winter. Sci China Ser B Chem 49 5 (2006) 466-474
15. Hu M., Zhao X.L., He L.Y., Huang X.F., Tang X.Y., Yao X.H., et al. Mass size distribution of Beijing particulate matters and its inorganic water-soluble ions in winter and summer. Environ Sci 26 4 (2005) 1-6 [in chinese]
16. He K.B., Yang F.M., Ma Y.L., Zhang Q., Yao X.H., Chan C.K., et al. The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China. Atmos Environ 35 29 (2001) 4959-4970
17. 2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001-2002. Sci Total Environ 355 1-3 (2006) 264-275
18. 10 and TSP in Beijing. China Environ Sci 22 6 (2002) 506-550 [in chinese]
19. Cao J.J., Lee S.C., Ho K.F., Zou S.C., Fung K., Li Y., et al. Spatial and seasonal variations atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China. Atmos Environ 38 (2004) 4447-4456
20. Cao J.J., Lee S.C., Ho K.F., Zhang X.Y., Zou S.C., Fung K., et al. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Pearl River Delta region, China in 2001 winter period. Atmos Environ 37 (2003) 1451-1460
21. 2.5 in Beijing. Res Environ Sci 18 5 (2005) 1-5
22. 2.5 in Beijing by positive matrix factorization. Atmos Environ 40 8 (2006) 1526-1537
23. 2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX. Sci Total Environ 372 (2006) 278-286
24. 2.5 in the Beijing area. Chin Sci Bull 52 5 (2007) 608-615
25. Investment and development of coal-fired plants at 2006: a report. China Electrical Council; 2006 [in chinese]. See also: http://www.cec.org.cn/dgxz061013_2006.asp.
26. 10 emission characteristics of power plants. Environ Sci 27 10 (2006) 1921-1927
27. Yue, Y, Li, S-Q, Song, Q, Yao, Q. Comparative studies on PM10 emissions from pulverized coal-fired boiler and circulating fluidized bed boiler. In: Proceedings of the 31st international technical conference on coal utilization and fuel systems, Clearwater, FL; 2005. p. 849-58.
28. Yue Y., Chen L., Yao Q., and Li S.Q. Experimental study on characteristics of particulate matter size distribution and trace elements enrichment in emissions from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. Proc Chin Soc Electr Eng 25 18 (2005) 74-79
29. Yue, Y, Yao, Q, Li, SQ, Song, Q. Emission characteristics of PM10 and trace elements from a coal-fired power plant equipped with ESP. In: Fifth Asia-Pacific conference on combustion, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; 18-20 July 2005.
30. 10 at the coal-fired utility boiler. J Eng Thermophys (China) 27 2 (2006) 335-338
31. Sui J.-C., Xu M.-H., Qiu J.-H., Yu Y., Xia Y.J., and Gao X.P. Physiochemical characteristics and formation mechanism of inhalable particulate matter in coal combustion process. J Chem Ind Eng (China) 57 7 (2006) 1664-1670
32. 2.5 from coal-fired boiler. Proc Chin Soc Electr Eng (China) 23 1 (2003) 145-149
33. Sarofim A., Lightly J., and Eddings E. Fine particles: health effects, characterization, mechanisms of formation, and modeling. Fuel Chem 47 (2002) 618-621
34. Seames W.S., and Wendt J.O.L. Partitioning of arsenic, selenium, and cadmium during the combustion of Pittsburgh and Illinois #6 coals in a self-sustained combustor. Fuel Process Technol 63 (2000) 179-196
35. Lind T. Ash formation in circulating fluidized bed combustion of coal and solid biomass. VTT Publications 378 (March 1999)
36. Maricq M.M., and Xu N. The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust. J Aerosol Sci 35 (2004) 1251-1274
37. Knutson E.O., and Whitby K.T. Aerosol classification by electric mobility: apparatus, theory, and applications. J Aerosol Sci 6 (1975) 443-451
38. Wang S.C., and Flagan R.C. Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer. Aerosol Sci Technol 13 (1990) 230-240
39. Keskinen J., Pietarinen K., and LehtimJaki M. Electrical low pressure impactor. J Aerosol Sci 1992 23 (1992) 353-360
40. Pei Y.Q., Dong S.R., Song C.L., Wei G.D., Yang T.Z., and Guo Z.P. Evolutionary process and physiochemical characteristics of particulate in advanced diesel engine. J Tianjin Univ 39 (2006) 47-50
41. Wei, DG, Dong, SR, Song, CL, Zhang, WM. Morphology and physiochemical characteristics of fine particulate in advanced diesel engine. 973 Program workshop on PM formation and control; 2007 [in chinese].
42. Zhang, TC, Fan, JR, Liu, WY, Song, CL. The particulate emission during the start-up of modern gasoline engine. 973 Program workshop on PM formation and control; 2007 [in chinese].
43. Mathis U., Mohr M., and Forss A.M. Comprehensive particle characterization of modern gasoline and diesel passenger cars at low ambient temperatures. Atmos Environ 39 1 (2005) 107-117
44. Megaridis C.M., and Dobbins R.A. Morphological description of flame-generated materials. Combust Sci Technol 1990 71 (1990) 95-109
45. Koylu U.O., Xing Y., and Rosner D.E. Fractal morphology analysis of combustion-generated aggregates using angular light scattering and electron microscope images. Langmuir 11 (1995) 4848-4854
46. Tian K., Thomson K.A., Liu F., Snelling D.R., Smallwood G.J., and Wang D. Determination of the morphology of soot aggregates using the relative optical density method for the analysis of TEM images. Combust Flame 144 (2006) 782-791
47. Berube K.A., Jones T.P., Williamson B.J., Winters C., Morgan A.J., and Richards R.J. Physicochemical characterisation of diesel exhaust particles: Factors for assessing biological activity. Atmos Environ 33 10 (1999) 1599-1614
48. Wang H., and Frenklach M. A detailed kinetic modeling study of aromatics formation in laminar premixed acetylene and ethylene flames. Combust Flame 110 1-2 (1997) 173-221
49. Richter H., and Howard J.B. Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot-a review of chemical reaction pathways. Prog Energy Combust Sci 26 (2000) 565-608
50. Stanmore B.R., Brilhac J.F., and Gilot P. The oxidation of soot: a review of experiments, mechanisms and models. Carbon 39 (2001) 2247-2268
51. Smooke M.D., Long M.B., Connelly B.C., Colket M.B., and Hall R.J. Soot formation in laminar diffusion flames. Combust Flame 143 (2005) 613-628
52. Kayes D., and Hochgreb S. Mechanisms of particulate matter formation in spark-lgnition engines. 2. Effect of fuel, oil, and catalyst parameters. Environ Sci Technol 33 (1999) 3968-3977
53. Sarofim A.F., Howard J.B., and Padia A.S. The physical transformation of the mineral matter in pulverized coal under simulated combustion conditions. Combust Sci Technol 16 (1977) 187-204
54. McElrory M.W., Carr R.C., Ensor D.S., and Markowskl G.R. Size distribution of fine particles from coal combustion. Science 215 1 (1982) 13-19
55. Quann RJ. Ash vaporization under simulated pulverized coal combustion conditions. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1982.
56. Quann R.J., Neville M., and Sarofim A.F. A laboratory study of the effect of coal selection on the amount and composition of combustion generated submicron particles. Combust Sci Technol 74 (1990) 245-265
57. Buhre B.J.P., Hinkley J.T., Gupta R.P., Wall T.F., and Nelson P.F. Submicron ash formation from coal combustion. Fuel 84 (2005) 1206-1214
58. Buhre B.J.P., Hinkley J.T., Gupta R.P., Nelson P.F., and Wall T.F. Fine ash formation during combustion of pulverized coal-coal property impacts. Fuel 85 (2006) 185-193
59. 1) during coal combustion and influence of reaction temperature. Fuel 85 (2006) 1446-1457
60. 10 from laboratory-scale coal combustion and its correlation with coal mineral properties. Fuel 85 (2006) 194-203
61. Takuwa T., Mkilaha I.S.N., and Naruse I. Mechanisms of fine particulates formation with alkali metal compounds during coal combustion. Fuel 85 (2006) 671-678
62. Ninomiya Y., Zhang L., Sato A., and Dong Z.B. Influence of coal particle size on particulate matter emission and its chemical species produced during coal combustion. Fuel Process Technol 85 (2004) 1065-1088
63. Nodelman I.G., Pisupati S.V., Miller S.F., and Scaroni A.W. Partitioning behavior of trace elements during pilot-scale combustion of pulverized coal and coal-water slurry fuel. J Hazard Mater 74 (2000) 47-59
64. Chen Y.Z., Shah N., Huggins F.E., and Huffman G.P. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of ultrafine coal fly ash particles. Environ Sci Technol 39 (2005) 1144-1151
65. Seames W.S. An initial study of the fine fragmentation fly ash particle mode generated during pulverized coal combustion. Fuel Process Technol 81 (2003) 109-125
66. Zhang L., Ninomiya Y., and Yamashita T. Occurrence of inorganic elements in condensed volatile matter emitted from coal pyrolysis and their contributions to the formation of ultrafine particulates during coal combustion. Energy Fuels 20 (2006) 1482-1489
67. Linak W.P., Miller C.A., Seames W.S., Wendt J.O.L., Ishinomori T., Endo Y., et al. Twenty-ninth international symposium on combustion (2002), The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
68. Wendt J.O.L. IFRF Combust J (2003) Article No. 200301
69. Baxter L.L. Char fragmentation and fly ash formation during pulverized-coal combustion. Combust Flame 90 2 (1992) 174-184
70. Liu X.W., Xu M.H., Yu D., Sui J.C., and Yu Y. Study on the influence of coal granule size on emission of inhalable particle s during combustion. J Power Eng 25 4 (2005) 593-598 [in chinese]
71. Lu J.Y., and Li D.K. A study of the characteristics of primary particulate matter after the combustion of pulverized coal of different particulate diameters. J Eng Therm Energy Power 20 5 (2005) 513-516 [in chinese]
72. Lu JY, Li DK. Characteristics of primary particulate matter during different size coal combustion. In: Proceedings of the fifth Asia-Pacific conference on combustion, Australia, Adelaide; 2005. p. 141-44.
73. Yu Y., Xu M.H., Yao H., Yu D.X., Qiao Y., Sui J.S., Liu X.W., and Cao Q. Char characteristics and particulate matter formation during Chinese bituminous coal combustion. Proc Combust Inst 31 (2007) 1947-1954
74. Yu D.X., Xu M.H., Yao H., Sui J.S., Liu X.W., Yu Y., and Cao Q. Use of elemental size distributions in identifying particle formation modes. Proc Combust Inst 31 (2007) 1921-1928
75. Wang Q., Qiu J.R., and Li F. Review on transformation of iron-bearing minerals and their product during pulverized coal combustion. J Combust Sci Technol 8 6 (2002) 566-570 [in chinese]
76. 2.5 during coal combustion in one dimensional furnace. J Eng Thermophys 26 Suppl (2005) 257-260 [in chinese]
77. Kang SG. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, 1991.
78. Linak W.P., Miller C.A., Seames W.S., Wendt J.O.L., Ishinomori T., Endo Y., et al. On trimodal particle size distributions in fly ash from pulverized-coal combustion. Proc Combust Inst 29 (2002) 441-447
79. Zhuo, JK, Yao, Q, Li, SQ, Song, Q. TEM study of soot aggregates from pulverized-coal flame. In: The 32th international technical conference on coal utilization and fuel systems, Clearwater, FL; June 10-15, 2007.
80. Zhuo, JK, Li, SQ, Song, Q, Yao, Q. The electron microscopy study of PM1 in the pulverized-coal flame. In: The 27th conference on Engineering Thermophysics in China; Oct. 25-27, 2007 [in chinese].
81. Zhuo JK, Li SQ, Yao Q, Song Q. The progressive formation of submicron particulate matter in a quasi one-dimensional pulverized coal combustor. Proc Combust Inst 2009; 32: 2059-66.
82. x and particulate matter on diesel particulate filter. Chinese Sci Bull 48 3 (2003) 305-308
83. 3 fibers and the catalytic properties for diesel soot removal. Ind Eng Chem Res 47 (2008) 4374-4377
84. Koltsakis G.C., and Stamatelos A.M. Modes of catalytic regeneration in diesel particulate filters. Ind Eng Chem Res 36 10 (1997) 4155-4165
85. Saito M., Arai T., and Arai M. Control of soot emitted from acetylene diffusion flames by applying an electric field. Combust Flame 119 (1999) 356-366
86. Wang Y., and Yao Q. Deposit morphology on SiC fibers in methane-acetylene/air laminar diffusion flames. Korean J Chem Eng 24 2 (2007) 305-310
87. Biswas P., and Wu C.Y. Control of toxic metal emissions from combustor using sorbents: a review. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 48 (1998) 113-127
88. Gale T.K., and Wendt J.O.L. High-temperature interactions between multiple-metals and kaolinite. Combust Flame 131 3 (2002) 299-307
89. Uberoi M., and Shadman F. Sorbents for removal of lead compounds from hot flue gases. AIChE J 36 2 (1990) 307-309
90. Owens T.M., and Biswas P. Vapor phase sorbent precursors for toxic metal emissions control from combustors. Ind Eng Chem Res 35 3 (1996) 792-798
91. Linak W.P., Srivastava R.K., and Wendt J.O.L. Sorbent capture of nickel, lead, and cadmium in a laboratory swirl flame incinerator. Combust Flame 100 1-2 (1995) 241-250
92. Davis S.B., Gale T.K., and Wendt J.O.L. Competition for sodium and toxic metals capture on sorbents. Aerosol Sci Technol 32 2 (2000) 142-151
93. Zhang X.F., Zhuo J.K., YAO Q., and Song Q. Experimental study on particle size distributions of lead particulate matters during combustion. J Tsinghua Univ (Sci Technol) 47 (2007) 1347-1351 [in chinese]
94. Zhang X.F., Yao Q., Song Q., and Li S.Q. Size distribution, morphology and speciation of chromium emissions from a 23-kW laboratory one-dimension furnace. Proceedings of sixth Asia-Pacific conference on combustion (2007), The Japanese Section of the Combustion Institute, Nagoya 507-510
95. Zhang X.F., Yao Q., Zhuo J.K., Song Q., and Wang H. The emission behavior of particulate matters formed by lead in a laboratory one-dimension furnace. Proceedings of sixth Korea-China workshop on clean energy technology (2006), Korea Institute of Energy Research, Busan 1004-1011
96. Zhang, XF. Experimental investigation on emission characteristics and sorbents control of lead and chromium in combustion. Ph D. dissertation, Tsinghua University, China; 2007.
97. Jaworek A., Krupa A., and Czech T. Modern electrostatic devices and methods for exhaust gas cleaning: a brief review. J Electrostat 65 3 (2007) 133-155
98. Wang C.S. Electrostatic forces in fibrous filters - a review. Powder Technol 118 1-2 (2001) 166-170
99. Davies C.N. Air filtration (1973), Academic Press, London
100. Brown R.C. Air filtration: an integrated approach to the theory and applications of fibrous filters (1993), Pergamon, Oxford
101. Tsai P.P., Schreuder-Gibson H., and Gibson P. Different electrostatic methods for making electret filters. J Electrostat 54 3-4 (2002) 333-341
102. Kanaoka C., and Hiragi S. Stochastic simulation of the agglomerative deposition process of aerosol particles on an electret fiber. Powder Technol 118 1-2 (2001) 97-106
103. 10. Ph D. Dissertation, Tsinghua University, China; 2006.
104. Johnson K.L., Kendall K., and Roberts A.D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc R Soc Lond A 324 (1971) 301-313
105. Marshall J.S. Particle aggregation and capture by walls in a particulate aerosol channel flow. J Aerosol Sci 38 3 (2007) 333-351
106. Tang T., Hui C.Y., and Jagota A. Adhesive contact driven by electrostatic forces. J Appl Phys 99 5 (2006) No. 054906
107. Li S.Q., and Marshall J.S. Discrete-element simulation of micro-particle deposition on a cylindrical fiber in an array. J Aerosol Sci 38 (2007) 1031-1046
108. Huang, B, Qiang, YY, Hai-wei, X, Shui-qing, L. Evolutions of pressure-drop and penetration for pre-charging and neutral particles on fibrous and membrane filter. In: International conference for filtration and separation technology, Wiesbaden-Germany; 2005. p. 45-50.
109. Huang B., Yao Q., Song Q., Long Z.W., and Li S.Q. Effect of the electrostatics on the fibrous filter filtrating fly ash. Proc Chin Soc Electr Eng 26 (2006) 106-110
110. Chang R. COHPAC compacts emission equipment into smaller, denser unit. Power Eng (1996) 100
111. Miller SJ, Schelkoph GL. Advanced hybrid particulate collector, a new concept for air toxics and fine particle control. Energy and Environmental Research Center Report. Energy and Environmental Research Center; 2001. See also: http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/97/97ps/ps_pdf/PS2B-8.PDF.
112. Hrdlicka T, SwansonW. Demonstration of a full-scale retrofit of the advanced hybrid particulate collector technology-final report. Otter Tail Power Company; 2006. See also: http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/PPII/bibliography/demonstration/environmental/bib_otter.html.
113. Liu L.B., and Xu S.S. Experimental study of hybrid electrostatic-bag type dust collector. J Power Eng 27 (2007) 103-106 [in chinese]
114. Mednikov E.P. Acoustic coagulation and precipitation of aerosols. [Larrick, CV, Trans.] (1965), Consultants Bureau, New York
115. Hoffmann T.L., and Koopmann G.H. Visualisation of acoustic particle interaction and agglomeration: theory and experiments. J Acoust Soc Am 99 (1996) 2130-2141
116. Song, L. Modelling of acoustic agglomeration of fine aerosol particles. Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State University; 1990.
117. Gallego-Juarez J.A., De Sarabia E.R.F., Rodriguez-Corral G., Hoffmann T.L., Galvez-Moraleda J.C., Rodriguez-Maroto J.J., et al. Application of acoustic agglomeration to reduce fine particle emissions from coal combustion plants. Environ Sci Technol 33 21 (1999) 3843-3849
118. Yao G., Zhao B., and Shen X.-L. Experimental Study and numerical analysis of the acoustic agglomeration effectiveness of inhalable particles of burned coal. J Eng Therm Energy Power 21 (2006) 175-178 [in chinese]
119. 10 from coal combustion. 973 Program workshop on PM formation and control; 2007 [in chinese].
120. Sheng C.D., and Shen X.L. Simulation of acoustic agglomeration processes of poly-disperse solid particles. Aerosol Sci Technol 41 1 (2007) 1-13
121. Christofides P.D., Li M.H., and Mädler L. Control of particulate processes: recent results and future challenges. Powder Technol 175 (2007) 1-7
122. Prakash K., and Biswas P. Analytical expressions of the collision frequency function for aggregation of magnetic particles. J Aerosol Sci 36 4 (2005) 455-469
123. Nübold H., Poppe T., and Rost M. Magnetic aggregation: II. Laboratory and microgravity experiments. ICARUS 165 1 (2003) 195-214
124. Li Y.W., Zhao C.S., and Wu X. Theoretical and experimental study on coal-fired PM10 aggregation in magnetic field. J Eng Therm Energy Power 22 2 (2007) [in chinese]
125. Li Y.W., Zhao C.S., and Wu X. Aggregation mechanism of fine fly ash particles in uniform magnetic field. Korean J Chem Eng 24 2 (2007) 319-327
126. Byers R.L., and Calvert S. Particle deposition from turbulent streams by means of thermal force. Ind Eng Chem Fundamen 8 2 (1969) 646-655
127. Bachelor G.K., and Shen C. Thermophoretic deposition of particles in gas flowing over cold surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 107 1 (1985) 21-37
128. Romay F.J., Takagaki S.S., and Pui D.Y.H. Thermophoretic deposition of aerosol particles in turbulent pipe flow. J Aerosol Sci 29 (1998) 943-959
129. Lee B.U., Byun D.S., Bae G.N., and Lee J.H. Thermophoretic deposition of ultrafine particles in a turbulent pipe flow: simulation of ultrafine particle behaviour in an automobile exhaust pipe. J Aerosol Sci 37 12 (2006) 1788-1796
130. 2.5 thermophoretic deposition efficiency in turbulent gas flowing over tube surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 289 1 (2005) 36-41
131. Yang R.C., Zhou T., Liu R.L., Zhao L., and Liu J.G. Investigation on dynamic characteristics of inhaled particles in temperature field. J Eng Thermophys 28 2 (2007) 259-261 [in chinese]
132. Kanazawa S., Ohkubo T., Nomoto Y., and Adachi T. Submicron particle agglomeration and precipitation by using a bipolar charging method. J Electrostat 29 3 (1993) 193-209
133. Wilkins, J, Wilkinson, L, Li, DF. Emission reductions at a Chinese power station. In: The 11th international conference on electrostatic precipitation, Hangzhou; 2008. p. 215-22.
134. Xiang X.D., Chen B.Z., and Colbeck I. Bipolar charged aerosol agglomeration and collection by a two-zone agglomerator. J Environ Sci China 13 3 (2001) 276-279
135. Tan B.H., Wang L.Z., and Zhang X.R. The effect of an external DC electric field on bipolar charged aerosol agglomeration. J Electrostat 65 2 (2007) 82-86
136. Liu, Z, Mi, JC, Li, SQ. Development of an novel agglomerator for fine particulate. National high technology research and development program, No. 2007AA05Z300.