Protection of minority communities in Kosovo: Legally ahead of european standards-practically still a long way to go

Review of Central and East European Law

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 451-490

  Lantschner, Emma ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Communities; Education for minority communities; Effective participation; Kosovo; Non discrimination; Reconciliation; Use of languages

Indexed keywords

EID: 68349135617     PISSN: 09259880     EISSN: 15730352     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157303508X339706     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Gail Warrander and Verena Knaus, Kosovo (Bradt, Chalfont St. Peter, 2007). See the product description for the book available at .
2. Art.4(1), "Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-Government", UNMIK/REG/2001/9, adopted 15 May 2001 (hereinafter "Constitutional Framework"). All UNMIK regulations are reproduced at .
3. Selatin Kllokoqi et al., "Country Specific Report: Kosova. The Role of Human and Minority Rights in the Process of Reconstruction and Reconciliation for State and Nation-Building: Kosova", report compiled under the framework of the FP6 project "Human and Minority Rights in the Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflicts", February 2008, 33, available at .
4. "Law on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Communities and their Members in Kosovo", Law No.03/L-047, signed 13 March 2008 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package) (hereinafter "Law on Communities"). The laws published as part of the Ahtisaari Package are avaikble from the website of the Official Gazette of Kosovo (Gazeta Zyrtare e Kosoves), at , as well as on the website of the Kosovo Assembly at .
5. Emphasis added.
6. All figures are from Statistical Office of Kosovo, "Series 4: Population Statistics. Demographic Changes of the Kosovo Population 1948-2006", February 2008, 7. The estimations of the Statistical Office of Kosovo, referred to by Joseph Marko in 2006, still gave a different picture, with 88% Kosovo Albanians, roughly 7% Kosovo Serbs and about 5% of other communities. See Joseph Marko, "Independence without Standards Kosovo's Interethnic Relations Since 1999", 5 European Yearbook of Minority Issues (2005/06), 219-241, at 227
7. ACFC, "Commentary on the Effective Participation of Persons Belonging to National Minorities in Cultural, Social and Economic Life and in Public Affairs", 27 February 2008, para. 30.
8. Ibid.
9. "Law on the Kosovo Population and Housing Census", Law No. 2003/16, signed 11 July 2003, Gazeta Zyrtare e Kosoves (2003) No.15; Regulation on the Promulgation of the Law on the Kosovo Population and Housing Census, UNMIK/REG/2004/53, adopted 9 December 2004.
10. The test census was conducted in Prishtina, Prizren, Gjilan, Kacanik, Skenderaj and Novo Brdo.
11. Erlis Selimaj, Kosovo to Hold Census in 2006, Southeast European Times, 30 December 2005.
12. ACFC, Opinion on the Implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in Kosovo, ACFC/OP/I(2005)004, adopted 25 November 2005, paras. 28-33 (hereinafter "ACFC Opinion on Kosovo").
13. Committee of Ministers, Resolution on the Implementation of the Framework Convention "Provisional Institutions of Self-Government shall observe and ensure internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including those rights and freedoms set forth in: [⋯] (g) The European Charter for Regional or Minority for the Protection of National Minorities in Kosovo (Republic of Serbia), ResCMN(2006)9, adopted 21 June 2006.
14. Ibid.
15. Arben Hajrullahu, "Kosovo", in Emma Lantschner, Joseph Marko and Antonija PetričuŠić (eds.), European Integration and its Effects on Minority Protection in South Eastern Europe (Nomos, Baden-Baden, 2008), 341-358, at 341. This edited volume provides a comparative and up-to-date analysis of minority protection standards at the level of Southeast European countries as well as at the European level.
16. "Kosovo Population Census Next Year", New Kosova Report, 18 July 2008, reproduced at .
17. Art.3(2), Constitutional Framework. For further reference to the Constitutional Framework, see Arben Hajrullahu and Michaela Salamun, "Der Verfassungsrahmen für die Provisorische Selbstverwaltung in Kosova", 51(1-3) Südosteuropa (2002), 122-150.
18. "Law on Anti-Discrimination", Law No.2004/3, signed 19 Februar y 2004, Gazeta Zytare e Kosoves (2007) No.14;
19. Regulation on the Promulgation of the Anti-Discrimination Law adopted by the Assembly of Kosovo, UNMIK Regulation 2004/32, adopted 20 August 2004.
20. Ambassador Werner Wnendt, Head of the OSCE Mission in Kosovo, and Agim Çeku, Prime Minister of Kosovo, "Foreword", in OSCE Mission in Kosovo, Implementing the Anti-Discrimination Law. A Challenge for Kosovo (OSCE, Prishtina, 2007), 5.
21. "Law on the Use of Languages", Law No.02/L-37, signed 27 July 2006, Gazeta Zytare e Kosoves (2007) No.10; Regulation on the Promulgation of the Law on the Use of Languages adopted by the Assembly of Kosovo, UNMIK Regulation 2006/51, adopted 20 October 2006.
22. Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, adopted 7 April 2008, entered into force 15 June 2008, reproduced at .
23. United Nations, "Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement", S/2007/168/Add.1, 26 March 2007, reproduced at .
24. Marc Weller, "The Kosovo Constitution and Provisions for the Minorities of Kosovo", 6 European Yearbook of Minority Issues (2006/07), 485-527, at 497.
25. Art.1(4), Law on Communities.
26. Weller, op. cit. note 23, 499-500.
27. Arts.2(1), 2(2), 5(1) and 5(2), Law on Communities (with regard to associations).
28. Arts.2(1), 5(7), 5(10), 5(11) and 7(5), Law on Communities.
29. For 15.41%, it was the lack of education facilities (being the second most important reason for departure), while security reasons were interestingly not a particularly prominent factor among Serbs, Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians. UNHCR in Kosovo, "Returns Sustainability Survey", August 2008, on file with the author.
30. Art.9(1-2), Law on Communities.
31. Art.9(4), Law on Communities.
32. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, "Eighth Annual Report 2007-2008 Addressed to the Assembly of Kosovo", 21 July 2008, 67. See, also, Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on Kosovo (Serbia), CCPR/C/UNK/CO/1, 14 August 2006, para. 21.
33. Ibid., 66.
34. Council Directive Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment between Persons Irrespective of Racial or Ethnic Origin, 2000/43/EC, adopted 29 June 2000.
35. Council Directive Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation, 2000/78/EC, adopted 27 November 2000.
36. Only on 2 July 2008 did the European Commission publish a proposal for a directive that provides for protection against discrimination based on religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation in the fields of social security, health, education and access to provision of goods and services.
37. A definition of these terms is given in Art.3 of the Law
38. Art.2(a), Anti-Discrimination Law
39. Art.4, ibid.
40. Art.1(2), Law on Communities (emphasis added).
41. Art.9(3), Anti-Discrimination Law
42. For further details on the law, see Nuno Luzio, "The Anti-Discrimination Law as a Confidence-Building Measure for Kosovo", in OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 19, 26-32, at 27-29.
43. Art.15 of the Race Directive states: "[t]he sanctions, which may comprise the payment of compensation to the victim, must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive."
44. Comprehensive Action Plan for the Implementation of the Anti-Discrimination Law, adopted by the Government of Kosovo on 11 October 2005;
45. Administrative Instruction No.04/2006 on the Implementation of the Anti-Discrimination Law
46. Administrative Instruction No.MPS 2006/05 on tne Organizing and Functioning of the Offices for Receiving Complaints and Requests - Desk Offices.
47. Civil Servants Code of Conduct No.01/2006.
48. Commission Stan Working Document, Kosovo under UJNSCR 1244 2007", Progress Report accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008, Brussels, 6 November 2007,
49. Ibid.
50. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 67;
51. Humanitarian Law Center, "Security Issues, Employment and Application of the Law on the Use of Languages and the Anti-discrimination Law in Kosovo", April 2008, 9;
52. Hajrullahu, op. cit. note 15, 344;
53. and Hilmi Jashari, "Kosovo's Anti-Discrimination Law and the Ombudsperson's Role in it", in OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 19, 22-25, at 25.
54. Human Rights Units were established in 2005 (with the purpose of protecting, advancing and promoting human rights) but became operative only in 2007.
55. Jashari, op. cit. note 48, 25. This has also been the experience of the author when working with members of the Human Rights Units as an expert and trainer on the implementation of the FCNM in Kosovo in 2007.
56. Republic o Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 67.
57. Jashari, op. cit. note 48, 25.
58. According to Matijević, the role of the Ombudsperson should even be strengthened, "since this institution is well established among members of all Kosovo communities". Milica V. Matijević, "An Outline on the Implementation of the Kosovo Anti-Discrimination Law-The Serbian Perspective", in OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 19, 33-39, at 39.
59. Jashari, op. cit. note 48, 22.
60. Ibid., 22.
61. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 67.
62. UNHCR in Kosovo, op. cit. note 28.
63. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, "Feature: Aiming for Better Access to Education for Kosovo's Minorities", 18 January 2008, reproduced at .
64. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, "Parallel Structures in Kosovo 2006-2007", 32-42, at 36, reproduced at
65. Ibid., 34.
66. Committee of Ministers, op. cit. note 13. Also in line with ACFC, "Commentary on Education under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities", 2 March 2006, 16 (hereinafter "Commentary on Education").
67. Annex II, Art.3(1)(b), Ahtisaari Proposal; Art.59(2), Constitution; and Art.8(1), Law on Communities.
68. "Law on Education in the Municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo", No.03/L-068, signed 21 May 2008 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package) (hereinafter "Law on Education").
69. Art.12(2), ibid.
70. According to Art.14 of the Law on Education, the University of North Mitrovica "shall be an autonomous public institution of higher education". The statute enacted by the university regulates its internal organization and governance, as well as procedures and interaction with public authorities. It has to be in accordance with the framework legislation of Kosovo and must be examined by an independent commission. The university has to be funded by the Kosovo budget but, also, can receive funding from the government of the Republic of Serbia. However, such funding "must be transparent and made public".
71. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 44.
72. See, for instance, the comments o the Advisory Committee in its Opinion on Kosovo, paras. 93 and 105.
73. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, "Report on the Education Roundtables", January 2008, on file with the author.
74. Annex II, Art.3(1)(c), Athisaari Proposal; Art.59(3), Constitution of Kosovo; and Art.8(1), Law on Communities.
75. Art.8(10), Law on Communities (emphasis added).
76. Art.59(2), Constitution of Kosovo.
77. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 58.
78. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 68.
79. Author's notes taken during the "Roundtable on Education for the Turkish Community", jointly organized by OSCE, UNMIK, UNICEF and CoE, 23 October 2007, Prizren.
80. The average room at the disposal of one student is allegedly between 0.3 and 0.4 square meters. Ibid.
81. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 44.
82. Author's notes, op. cit. note 74.
83. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 45. For criticism on this issue, see Human Rights Committee, op. cit. note 31, para. 22.
84. MEST, "Strategy for Integration of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo: Education Component 2007-2017", July 2007, reproduced at . This education component was initially part of a broader (still not accomplished) strategy on Roma, but has since been unilaterally adopted by MEST.
85. Ibid., 15.
86. Commission Staff Working Document, op. cit. note 46, 22.
87. Ibid., 18.
88. Ibid., 20.
89. Author s notes, op. cit. note 74.
90. Art.4(1), "Law on Primary and Secondary Education in Kosovo", Law No.2002/2, signed 25 July 2002 (unpublished); Regulation on the Promulgation of the Law on Primary and Secondary Education in Kosovo, UNMIK/REG/2002/19, adopted 31 October 2002. This article is an adaptation of Art.29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is-according to Art.22 of the new Constitution of Kosovo-one of the international instruments that are directly applicable in Kosovo. Already, the Constitutional Framework had listed this Convention under those instruments that needed to be adhered to by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (Art.3(2), Constitutional Framework). On the aims of education see, also, ACFC, op. cit. note 61, 8-9.
91. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 37.
92. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, "Implementation of the Law on the Use of Languages by Kosovo Municipalities", June 2008, 3, reproduced at .
93. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 37-38.
94. Art.1(1)(iv), Language Law.
95. Arts.1(1)(ii) and 2, Language Law.
96. Arts.1(2) and 2(3), Language Law.
97. Art.7, Language Law.
98. Art.2(4), Language Law.
99. Art.8, Language Law.
100. See ACFC, Opinion on Macedonia, paras. 67-68;
101. First Opinion on Romania, para. 49;
102. Second Opinion on Romania, para. 123 (in this latter opinion, the percentages were not commented upon further);
103. First Opinion on Slovakia, para. 36;
104. and Second Opinion on Slovakia, paras. 186-189 (in this latter opinion, the ACFC criticized the criteria used to determine whether or not the 20% threshold had been reached). The ACFC has not yet had an opportunity to comment on the threshold of 20% in Poland. On the Polish minority legislation, see Agnieszka Malicka and Karina Zabielska, "Legal Status of National Minorities in Poland: The Act on National and Ethnic Minorities as well as Regional Language", 5 European Yearbook of Minority Issues (2005/06), 471-502.
105. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 3.
106. Ibid., 4.
107. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31;
108. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 5;
109. Humanitarian Law Center, "Security Issues, Employment and Application of Law on the Use of Languages and the Anti-discrimination Law in Kosovo", April 2008, 27, reproduced at Romano Them, "Third Official Language Crisis in Kosovo-Analysis", 21 April 2008;
110. Commission Staff Working Document, op. cit. note 46, 21. Information in these documents varies, however, with regard to the status of the Turkish language as an official language or a language in official use.
111. Humanitarian Law Center, Ibid., 22.
112. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 5.
113. ACFC, Opinion on Kosovo, paras. 75-77.
114. See, also, Committee of Ministers, op. cit. note 13.
115. Author s notes taken during a meeting with the Human Rights Unit of the Ministry Public Services, 6 June 2007, Prishtina.
116. Ministry of Public Services, "Work Report of the Ministry of Public Services for the First Trimester of 2008", 16, reproduced at .
117. Commission Staff Working Document, op. cit. note 46, 12.
118. Humanitarian Law Center, op. cit. note 98, 17.
119. See, also, OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 5.
120. Humanitarian Law Center, op. cit. note 98, 19.
121. The respondents were from the Serb, Turkish, Roma, Bosniak and Croat communities. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 5.
122. Ibid., 24.
123. Ibid., 7.
124. Ibid., 27.
125. Ibid., 21.
126. Ibid., 4.
127. Administrative Instruction of the Ministry of Public Services No.2007/01 on Determining Administrative Sanctions for Violation of the Law on Language Use.
128. Administrative Instruction of the Kosovo Government No.2007/03 on the Composition and Competencies of the Language Commission.
129. Balkan Investigative Reporting Unit, "Life in Kosovo Discussed Language Usage", transmission of 10 January 2008, reproduced at . "Life in Kosovo" is a debate show broadcasted weekly by Radio Television Kosovo (RTK) in a joint production with the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN).
130. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 3 and 9.
131. Humanitarian Law Center, op. cit. note 98, 38.
132. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 87, 9.
133. Annex 1, Art.3(2), Ahtisaari Proposal (emphasis added).
134. he Serb deputies boycotted the Assembly in the first month following the declaration of independence but then returned back to parliament. See NATO Parliamentary Assembly Report, "Kosovo and the Future Balkan Security", General Rapporteur: Vitalino Canas (Portugal), 2008, para. 64, reproduved at .
135. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, "Background Report: Human Rights, Ethnic Relations and Democracy in Kosovo, Summer 2007-Summer 2008", 7 September 2008, 16, reproduced at .
136. Art.67(4), Constitution.
137. Art.77(3), Constitution.
138. Art.144(2), Constitution.
139. For a detailed description of the procedure that needs to be followed in the case where a member of parliament claims that any other law (or specific provisions of a law) violate vital interests of the community to which s/he belongs, see Rule 40, Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of Kosovo, 20 May 2005, as amended on 1 June 2006. See, also, UNMIK, "Report to the Human Rights Commission", CCPR/C/UNK/1, 13 March 2006, para. 64.
140. On 23 September 2008, the Minister for Communities and Returns, Boban Stankovic, resigned from office for personal reasons and has been replaced by another member of SLS, SaŠa RaŠić.
141. Art.139(4), Constitution.
142. Art.103(3), Constitution covers the Supreme Court (at least 15% but not fewer than three judges); and Art.103(6), Constitution covers other courts (at least 15% but not fewer than two judges).
143. Art.108(6)(3-4), Constitution.
144. Art.108(2), Constitution.
145. Art.114(3), Constitution.
146. Arts. 125(2), 126(4) and 128(2 and 4), Constitution. See, also, Arts. 61 and 101(1), Constitution.
147. Humanitarian Law Center, op. cit. note 98, 14. Statistics from the end of 2006 on the website of the Kosovo Police Service speak of 10.3% Serb and 5.74% from other minority communities. See .
148. Balkan Insight, "Serbia, UNMIK to Discuss Kosovo Police", 25 August 2008, reproduced at .
149. Marc Weller, op. cit. note 23, 496.
150. Ibid.
151. Annex II, Art.4(3), Ahtisaari Proposal.
152. Ibid.
153. Art.60, Constitution.
154. Art.12, Law on Communities.
155. Art.2, "Statute for the Establishment of the Communities Consultative Council in Kosovo", adopted 15 September 2008 (hereinafter "the CCC Statute").
156. The Offices of the President and of the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Communities and Returns and the Office of the Kosovo Assembly Speaker have permanent representation in the CCC. Art.3(2), CCC Statute.
157. Art.4, CCC Statute.
158. Art.78(1), Constitution.
159. Art.78(2), Constitution.
160. Art.78(4), Constitution.
161. ACFC, Opinion on Kosovo, para. 111.
162. Section 2(2), Administrative Instruction of the Prime Minister No./2005 of 11 August 2005 on Terms of Reference for Human Rights Units.
163. OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 121, 24-25. The OSCE paper reports also on the establishment of twenty-four municipal human rights units.
164. Commission Staff Working Document, op. cit. note 46, 9.
165. Humanitarian Law Center, op. cit. note 98, 7.
166. Annex III, Introduction, Ahtisaari Proposal.
167. Art.5, "Law on Administrative Municipal Boundaries", No.03/L-041, signed 20 February 2008 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package).
168. Art.12, Law on Administrative Municipal Boundaries. See, also, Annex III, Arts.12(4) and 14, Ahtisaari Proposal, which considers a reviewing of municipal boundaries after a population census to be held, according to the proposal, one year after the entry into force of the Settlement.
169. Annex III, Art.13, Ahtisaari Proposal; Art.5(4), Law on Administrative Municipal Boundaries.
170. Arts. 7 and 8, Law on Administrative Municipal Boundaries.
171. Art.124, Constitution.
172. Art.17, "Law on Local Self-Government", Law No.03/L-040, signed 20 February 2008 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package).
173. Art.124(7), Constitution.
174. Arts. 19-23, Law on Local Self-Government.
175. Art.41, "Law on Police", No.03/L-035, signed 20 February 2008 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package).
176. Art.29, Law on Local Self-Government.
177. Art.30, Law on Local Self-Government.
178. Serbian Minister for Kosovo and Metohija, Slobodan Samardzic, quoted in the article Serbian Municipal Assemblies to be Formed in Kosovo-Metohija in Ten Days", posted on the website of the Serb Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija on 26 May 2008, reproduced at .
179. International Crisis Group, "Kosovo's Fragile ransition", Europe Report No.196, 25 September 2008, 24, reproduced at .
180. Obviously, the day was well chosen, 28 June being 'Vidovdan', the celebration day of St. Vitus, when Serbs commemorate the battle of Kosovo Polje of 1389.
181. The majority of seats in this assembly are held by members of the Serbian Radical Party.
182. For an unofficial translation of the Declaration on Fstablishing the Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija", see .
183. Vesna Peric Zimonjic, "Kosovo Serbs set up Rival Assembly", The Independent, 30 June 2008, reproduced at .
184. NATO Parliamentary Assembly Report, op. cit. note 120, para. 63.
185. Art.54(2), Law on Local Self-Government.
186. A rt.55, ibid.
187. Art.61, ibid.
188. Figures from Hajrullahu, op. cit. note 15, 346. He also, however, draws attention to the fact that numerous jobs in Kosovo are "informal" and that many people are economically active but do not consider what they do to be "work". The Labour and Employment Annual Report 2007 of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (Executive Summary, xv, reproduced at ), indicates figures between 39 and 43%. According to the Kosovo Labour Market Information of July 2008, published by the same ministry (at ), there has been an increase of 0.4% in unemployment.
189. UNDP in Kosovo, "Economic Development and Employment", reproduced at .
190. Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, "Annual Report ⋯", op. cit. note 174, 16.
191. Hajrullahu, op. cit. note 15, 346.
192. See also, the data given in Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, "Annual Report", op. cit. note 174, 10-11.
193. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 42.
194. Art.61, Constitution.
195. Decision of the Government of Kosovo on Minority Community Representation, No.5/154, signed 28 June 2005 (published as part of the Ahtisaari Package).
196. Author's notes, op. cit. note 102.
197. Administrative Instruction No.MPS 2006/12 on the Measures for Freezing the Recruitment of Civil Servants in the Public Administration Bodies.
198. See, for example, ACFC, Opinion on Kosovo, para. 114.
199. See, for example, OSCE Mission in Kosovo, op. cit. note 121, 10.
200. Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, "Annual Report", op. cit. note 174, 27.
201. Republic of Kosovo Ombudsperson Institution, op. cit. note 31, 42.
202. Jens Woelk, Francesco Palermo and Joseph Marko, Tolerance through Law. Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston, 2008), xiv.
203. Reply given to the author's question posed during a discussion held at the European Forum Alpbach", Alpbach, Austria, 25 August 2008.
204. Edith Marko-Stöckl, "My Truth, Your Truth-Our Truth The Role of Truth Commissions and History Teaching for Reconciliation", Report on the role of history for reconciliation compiled under the framework of the FP6 project "Human and Minority Rights in the Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflicts", January 2008, 22-23, reproduced at .
205. Presentation by Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, OSCE Secretary General at the Informal Group of Friends Meeting on Co-operation between International Organisations Active on the Ground in Kosovo, 18 July 2008, Brussels, 3, available at .