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Elder, D. P.; Teasdale, A.; Lipczynski, A. M. Control and analysis of alkyl esters of alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids in novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). J.Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 46, 1.
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The Carcinogenic Potency Database, For databases, see, National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm? objectid)72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540 (accessed March 29, 2009).
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Mayer, J.; Cheeseman, M. A.; Twaroski, M. L. Structure-activity relationship analysis tools: Validation and applicability in predicting carcinogens. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 50 (1), 50.
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European Medicines Evaluation Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on the limits of genotoxic impurities. CPMP/SWP/5199/02, June 28, 2006 London. http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/ swp/519902en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
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Müller, L.; Mauthe, R. J.; Riley, C. M.; Andino, M. M.; De Antonis, D.; Beels, C.; DeGeorge, J.; De Knaep, A. G. M.; Ellison, D.; Fagerland, J. A.; Frank, R.; Fritschel, B.; Galloway, S.; Harpur, E.; Humfrey, C. D. N.; Jacks, A. S.; Jagota, N.; Mackinnon, J.; Mohan, G.; Ness, D. K.; O-Donovan, M. R.; Smith, M. D.; Vudathala, G.; Yotti, L. A rationale for determining, testing, and controlling specific impurities in pharmaceuticals that possess potential for genotoxicity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2006, 44 (3), 198.
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Beels, C.6
DeGeorge, J.7
De Knaep, A.G.M.8
Ellison, D.9
Fagerland, J.A.10
Frank, R.11
Fritschel, B.12
Galloway, S.13
Harpur, E.14
Humfrey, C.D.N.15
Jacks, A.S.16
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Mackinnon, J.18
Mohan, G.19
Ness, D.K.20
O-Donovan, M.R.21
Smith, M.D.22
Vudathala, G.23
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more..
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accessed March 29,2009
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http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/health/23recall.html?-r)1&scp) 1&sq)viracept&st)cse (accessed March 29, 2009).
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accessed March 29,2009
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http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Viracept/Viracept- H-164-Z-109-AR.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
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accessed March 29, 2009
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http://www.emea.europa.eu/Inspections/docs/4471408en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
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Prior to the discovery of batches of nelfinavir mesylate that were contaminated with ethyl mesylate, toxicological data were not available to establish a threshold dose response for ethyl mesylate. Roche subsequently conducted extensive toxicological studies on ethyl mesylate, and on the basis of these data calculated that the permitted threshold dosage in humans was 370 times higher than the highest level of ethyl mesylate found in those batches of nelfinavir mesylate: http://www.roche-hiv.com/portal/eipf/pb/hiv/Roche-HIV/2008? paf-pageId)re7283195&paf-gear-id)20000003&paf-dm)full&faq-mode) detailed&doc-id)re7300002/re71700003/re73300004/re731001/faq/FAQ-00983. headline (accessed March 29, 2009); http://www.aids2008.org/Pag/Abstracts.aspx? AID)16184 (accessed March 29, 2009)
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Prior to the discovery of batches of nelfinavir mesylate that were contaminated with ethyl mesylate, toxicological data were not available to establish a threshold dose response for ethyl mesylate. Roche subsequently conducted extensive toxicological studies on ethyl mesylate, and on the basis of these data calculated that the permitted threshold dosage in humans was 370 times higher than the highest level of ethyl mesylate found in those batches of nelfinavir mesylate: http://www.roche-hiv.com/portal/eipf/pb/hiv/Roche-HIV/2008? paf-pageId)re7283195&paf-gear-id)20000003&paf-dm)full&faq-mode) detailed&doc-id)re7300002/re71700003/re73300004/re731001/faq/FAQ-00983. headline (accessed March 29, 2009); http://www.aids2008.org/Pag/Abstracts.aspx? AID)16184 (accessed March 29, 2009)
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After reviewing the toxicological data, the EMEA concluded that monitoring patients that had been inadvertently exposed to high levels of ethyl mesylate in these batches of nelfinavir mesylate was not necessary, accessed March 29,2009
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After reviewing the toxicological data, the EMEA concluded that monitoring patients that had been inadvertently exposed to high levels of ethyl mesylate in these batches of nelfinavir mesylate was not necessary. http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Viracept/38225608en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
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Acetamide is non-mutagenic (negative in Ames assay) and thus is not a genotoxin. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified acetamide as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on rodent toxicity data and thus is controlled to a threshold level of ≤5 μg/day, (accessed May 5,2008)
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Acetamide is non-mutagenic (negative in Ames assay) and thus is not a genotoxin. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified acetamide as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on rodent toxicity data and thus is controlled to a threshold level of ≤5 μg/day,http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol71/053-acetamide.html (accessed May 5,2008)
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According to the FDA-s EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the U.S.) database (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/«dms/eafus.html),"The EAFUS list of substances contains ingredients added directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or listed or affirmed as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)."In this table acetamide is listed in the EAF category, meaning "There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search." (Accessed May 19,2008)
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According to the FDA-s EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the U.S.) database (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/«dms/eafus.html), "The EAFUS list of substances contains ingredients added directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or listed or affirmed as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)." In this table acetamide is listed in the EAF category, meaning "There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search." (Accessed May 19, 2008)
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The Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association Expert Panel, an independent organization, has included acetamide in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, with the average maximum use level of 5 ppm for baked goods, (accessed 5/20/08).
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The Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association Expert Panel, an independent organization, has included acetamide in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, with the average maximum use level of 5 ppm for baked goods. http://members.ift.org/NR/rdonlyres/B9066605-9760-4E67-82BA-B2AA8D343020/ 0/0805gras22-complete.pdf (accessed 5/20/08).
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Use of genotoxicity data to support clinical trials or positive genetox findings on a candidate pharmaceutical or impurity....now what?
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Jacobson-Kram, D.; Jacobs, A. Use of Genotoxicity Data to Support Clinical Trials or Positive Genetox Findings on a Candidate Pharmaceutical or Impurity....Now What? Int. J. Toxicol. 2005, 24, 129
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McGovern, T.; Jacobson-Kram, D. Regulation of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities in drug substances and products. Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 790.
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For instance, the EMEA recently stated that "the absence of a structural alert based on a well-performed [software] assessment will be sufficient to conclude that the impurity is of no concern with respect to genotoxicity, (accessed March 29, 2009)
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For instance, the EMEA recently stated that "the absence of a structural alert based on a well-performed [software] assessment will be sufficient to conclude that the impurity is of no concern with respect to genotoxicity."http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/swp/43199407en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
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Further draft guidelines have recently been proposed by the FDA, (accessed January 27,2009)
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Further draft guidelines have recently been proposed by the FDA: http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main)DocumentDetail&o) 09000064807ddb80 (accessed January 27, 2009).
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Butters, M.; Catterick, D.; Craig, A.; Curzons, A.; Dale, D.; Gillmore, A.; Green, S. P.; Marziano, I.; Sherlock, J.-P.; White, W. Critical Assessment of Pharmaceutical Processes: A Rationale for Changing the Synthetic Route. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106 (7), 3002.
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Gillmore, A.6
Green, S.P.7
Marziano, I.8
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Development of a scaleable process for the synthesis of the A2a agonist
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Challenger, S.; Dessi, Y.; Fox, D. E.; Hesmondhalgh, L. C.; Pascal, P.; Pettman, A. J.; Smith, J. D. Development of a Scaleable Process for the Synthesis of the A2a Agonist, UK-371,104. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2008, 12, 575.
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Smith, J.D.7
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a-s of group and counterion: Bastin, R. J.; Bowker, M. J.; Slater, B. J. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2000, 4, 427.
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Mechanism and processing parameters affecting the formation of methyl methanesulfonate from methanol and methanesulfonic acid: An illustrative example for sulfonate ester impurity formation
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Teasdale, A.; Eyley, S. C.; Delaney, E.; Jacq, K.; Taylor-Worth, K.; Lipczynski, A.; Reif, V.; Elder, D. P.; Facchine, K. L.; Golec, S.; Oestrich, R. S.; Sandra, P.; David, F. Mechanism and Processing Parameters Affecting the Formation of Methyl Methanesulfonate from Methanol and Methanesulfonic Acid: An Illustrative Example for Sulfonate Ester Impurity Formation. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2009, 13, 429.
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Control and analysis of alkyl and benzyl halides and other related reactive organohalides as potential genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
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Elder, D. P.; Lipczynski, A. M.; Teasdale, A. Control and analysis of alkyl and benzyl halides and other related reactive organohalides as potential genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48, 497.
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No extended drying studies or residual solvent assays were carried out for these batches. All large-scale batches had residual solvent levels well below the ICH guidelines
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No extended drying studies or residual solvent assays were carried out for these batches. All large-scale batches had residual solvent levels well below the ICH guidelines.
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41
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68349133049
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Temperature cycling of the suspension, as suggested by a reviewer, was not examined as treatment to reduce MeCl in isolated 2 HCl. We thank the reviewer for this suggestion
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Temperature cycling of the suspension, as suggested by a reviewer, was not examined as treatment to reduce MeCl in isolated 2 HCl. We thank the reviewer for this suggestion.
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68349141091
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2O and MeCl
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2O and MeCl.
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