메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 786-791

Controlling the genotoxins ethyl chloride and methyl chloride formed during the preparation of amine hydrochloride salts from solutions of ethanol and methanol

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 68349133339     PISSN: 10836160     EISSN: 1520586X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/op9000737     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (42)
  • 1
    • 68349136660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory Highlights for January to August 2007
    • Robinson, D. Regulatory Highlights for January to August 2007. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 797.
    • (2007) Org. Process Res. Dev. , vol.11 , pp. 797
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 2
    • 68349142935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory Highlights for 2006 to March 2007
    • Robinson, D. Regulatory Highlights for 2006 to March 2007. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 311.
    • Org. Process Res. Dev. , vol.2007 , Issue.11 , pp. 311
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 3
    • 65949108606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to Assessment, testing decisions, and analytical determination of genotoxic impurities in drug substances
    • Pierson, D. A.; Olsen, B. A.; Robbins, D. K.; Devries, K. M.; Varie, D. L. Approaches to Assessment, Testing Decisions, and Analytical Determination of Genotoxic Impurities in Drug Substances. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2009, 13, 285.
    • (2009) Org. Process Res. Dev. , vol.13 , pp. 285
    • Pierson, D.A.1    Olsen, B.A.2    Robbins, D.K.3    Devries, K.M.4    Varie, D.L.5
  • 4
    • 0038046371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dangers of the Unknown
    • Laird, T. Dangers of the Unknown. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2003, 7, 225.
    • (2003) Org. Process Res. Dev. , vol.7 , pp. 225
    • Laird, T.1
  • 5
    • 35548997155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An impact analysis of the application of the threshold of toxicological concern concept to pharmaceuticals
    • Delaney, E. J. An impact analysis of the application of the threshold of toxicological concern concept to pharmaceuticals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 49 (2), 107.
    • (2007) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 107
    • Delaney, E.J.1
  • 6
    • 35448953073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the risk assessment of potentially genotoxic impurities in pharmaceutical drug substances
    • Humfrey, C. D. N. Recent Developments in the Risk Assessment of Potentially Genotoxic Impurities in Pharmaceutical Drug Substances. Toxicol. Sci. 2007, 100 (1), 24.
    • (2007) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.100 , Issue.1 , pp. 24
    • Humfrey, C.D.N.1
  • 7
    • 49249125564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating impurities in pharmaceutical products: A atolerability of risk approach?
    • Bouder, F. Regulating impurities in pharmaceutical products: a tolerability of risk approach? Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2008, 1, 241.
    • (2008) Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.1 , pp. 241
    • Bouder, F.1
  • 8
    • 36849014367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control and analysis of alkyl esters of alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids in novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
    • Elder, D. P.; Teasdale, A.; Lipczynski, A. M. Control and analysis of alkyl esters of alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids in novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). J.Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 46, 1.
    • (2008) J.Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , vol.46 , pp. 1
    • Elder, D.P.1    Teasdale, A.2    Lipczynski, A.M.3
  • 9
    • 33846820291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in QSAR toxicity screening of pharmaceutical impurities and other FDA regulated products
    • Kruhlak, N. L.; Contrera, J. F.; Benz, R. D.; Matthews, E. J. Progress in QSAR toxicity screening of pharmaceutical impurities and other FDA regulated products. AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. 2007, 59, 43.
    • (2007) AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 43
    • Kruhlak, N.L.1    Contrera, J.F.2    Benz, R.D.3    Matthews, E.J.4
  • 10
    • 33646089419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residues of genotoxic alkyl mesylates in mesylate salt drug substances: Real or imaginary problems?
    • Snodin, D. J. Residues of genotoxic alkyl mesylates in mesylate salt drug substances: Real or imaginary problems? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2006, 45, 79.
    • (2006) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.45 , pp. 79
    • Snodin, D.J.1
  • 11
    • 68349124968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Carcinogenic Potency Database, For databases, see, National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens (accessed March 29, 2009)
    • The Carcinogenic Potency Database, For databases, see, National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm? objectid)72016262-BDB7-CEBA-FA60E922B18C2540 (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 12
    • 33846833901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological overview of impurities in pharmaceutical products
    • Jacobson-Kram, D.; McGovern, T. Toxicological overview of impurities in pharmaceutical products. AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. 2007, 59, 38.
    • (2007) AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 38
    • Jacobson-Kram, D.1    McGovern, T.2
  • 13
    • 37449006161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationship analysis tools: Validation and applicability in predicting carcinogens
    • Mayer, J.; Cheeseman, M. A.; Twaroski, M. L. Structure-activity relationship analysis tools: Validation and applicability in predicting carcinogens. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 50 (1), 50.
    • (2007) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 50
    • Mayer, J.1    Cheeseman, M.A.2    Twaroski, M.L.3
  • 14
    • 68349126788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Medicines Evaluation Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on the limits of genotoxic impurities. CPMP/SWP/5199/02 June 28 2006 London.(accessed March29, 2009)
    • European Medicines Evaluation Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on the limits of genotoxic impurities. CPMP/SWP/5199/02, June 28, 2006 London. http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/ swp/519902en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 15
    • 33846833903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for the investigation and control of process-related impurities in drug substances
    • Argentine, M. D.; Owens, P. K.; Olsen, B. A. Strategies for the investigation and control of process-related impurities in drug substances. AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. 2007, 59, 12.
    • (2007) AdV. Drug Delivery Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 12
    • Argentine, M.D.1    Owens, P.K.2    Olsen, B.A.3
  • 17
    • 68349137373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed March 29,2009
    • http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/health/23recall.html?-r)1&scp) 1&sq)viracept&st)cse (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 18
    • 68349137374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed March 29,2009
    • http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Viracept/Viracept- H-164-Z-109-AR.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 19
    • 68349157131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed March 29, 2009
    • http://www.emea.europa.eu/Inspections/docs/4471408en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 20
    • 68349145978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prior to the discovery of batches of nelfinavir mesylate that were contaminated with ethyl mesylate, toxicological data were not available to establish a threshold dose response for ethyl mesylate. Roche subsequently conducted extensive toxicological studies on ethyl mesylate, and on the basis of these data calculated that the permitted threshold dosage in humans was 370 times higher than the highest level of ethyl mesylate found in those batches of nelfinavir mesylate: http://www.roche-hiv.com/portal/eipf/pb/hiv/Roche-HIV/2008? paf-pageId)re7283195&paf-gear-id)20000003&paf-dm)full&faq-mode) detailed&doc-id)re7300002/re71700003/re73300004/re731001/faq/FAQ-00983. headline (accessed March 29, 2009); http://www.aids2008.org/Pag/Abstracts.aspx? AID)16184 (accessed March 29, 2009)
    • Prior to the discovery of batches of nelfinavir mesylate that were contaminated with ethyl mesylate, toxicological data were not available to establish a threshold dose response for ethyl mesylate. Roche subsequently conducted extensive toxicological studies on ethyl mesylate, and on the basis of these data calculated that the permitted threshold dosage in humans was 370 times higher than the highest level of ethyl mesylate found in those batches of nelfinavir mesylate: http://www.roche-hiv.com/portal/eipf/pb/hiv/Roche-HIV/2008? paf-pageId)re7283195&paf-gear-id)20000003&paf-dm)full&faq-mode) detailed&doc-id)re7300002/re71700003/re73300004/re731001/faq/FAQ-00983. headline (accessed March 29, 2009); http://www.aids2008.org/Pag/Abstracts.aspx? AID)16184 (accessed March 29, 2009)
  • 21
    • 68349141095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • After reviewing the toxicological data, the EMEA concluded that monitoring patients that had been inadvertently exposed to high levels of ethyl mesylate in these batches of nelfinavir mesylate was not necessary, accessed March 29,2009
    • After reviewing the toxicological data, the EMEA concluded that monitoring patients that had been inadvertently exposed to high levels of ethyl mesylate in these batches of nelfinavir mesylate was not necessary. http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Viracept/38225608en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 22
    • 68349137372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetamide is non-mutagenic (negative in Ames assay) and thus is not a genotoxin. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified acetamide as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on rodent toxicity data and thus is controlled to a threshold level of ≤5 μg/day, (accessed May 5,2008)
    • Acetamide is non-mutagenic (negative in Ames assay) and thus is not a genotoxin. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified acetamide as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) based on rodent toxicity data and thus is controlled to a threshold level of ≤5 μg/day,http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol71/053-acetamide.html (accessed May 5,2008)
  • 23
    • 68349128069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to the FDA-s EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the U.S.) database (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/«dms/eafus.html),"The EAFUS list of substances contains ingredients added directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or listed or affirmed as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)."In this table acetamide is listed in the EAF category, meaning "There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search." (Accessed May 19,2008)
    • According to the FDA-s EAFUS (Everything Added to Food in the U.S.) database (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/«dms/eafus.html), "The EAFUS list of substances contains ingredients added directly to food that FDA has either approved as food additives or listed or affirmed as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)." In this table acetamide is listed in the EAF category, meaning "There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search." (Accessed May 19, 2008)
  • 24
    • 68349160296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association Expert Panel, an independent organization, has included acetamide in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, with the average maximum use level of 5 ppm for baked goods, (accessed 5/20/08).
    • The Flavor and Extracts Manufacturers Association Expert Panel, an independent organization, has included acetamide in the GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) list, with the average maximum use level of 5 ppm for baked goods. http://members.ift.org/NR/rdonlyres/B9066605-9760-4E67-82BA-B2AA8D343020/ 0/0805gras22-complete.pdf (accessed 5/20/08).
  • 26
    • 22244450327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of genotoxicity data to support clinical trials or positive genetox findings on a candidate pharmaceutical or impurity....now what?
    • Jacobson-Kram, D.; Jacobs, A. Use of Genotoxicity Data to Support Clinical Trials or Positive Genetox Findings on a Candidate Pharmaceutical or Impurity....Now What? Int. J. Toxicol. 2005, 24, 129
    • (2005) Int. J. Toxicol. , vol.24 , pp. 129
    • Jacobson-Kram, D.1    Jacobs, A.2
  • 27
    • 33747890096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities in drug substances and products
    • McGovern, T.; Jacobson-Kram, D. Regulation of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities in drug substances and products. Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 790.
    • (2006) Trends Anal. Chem. , vol.25 , pp. 790
    • McGovern, T.1    Jacobson-Kram, D.2
  • 28
    • 68349142930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For instance, the EMEA recently stated that "the absence of a structural alert based on a well-performed [software] assessment will be sufficient to conclude that the impurity is of no concern with respect to genotoxicity, (accessed March 29, 2009)
    • For instance, the EMEA recently stated that "the absence of a structural alert based on a well-performed [software] assessment will be sufficient to conclude that the impurity is of no concern with respect to genotoxicity."http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/swp/43199407en.pdf (accessed March 29, 2009).
  • 29
    • 68349150341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further draft guidelines have recently been proposed by the FDA, (accessed January 27,2009)
    • Further draft guidelines have recently been proposed by the FDA: http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/component/main?main)DocumentDetail&o) 09000064807ddb80 (accessed January 27, 2009).
  • 32
    • 68349133051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • O-Neil, M. J., Ed.,Merck & Co., Inc.: Whitehouse Station, NJ
    • O-Neil, M. J., Ed. The Merck Index, 13th ed.; Merck & Co., Inc.: Whitehouse Station, NJ; 2001; p 431.
    • (2001) The Merck Index, 13th Ed. , pp. 431
  • 33
    • 33846103790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoalkyl sulfates as alkylating agents in water alkylsulfatase rate enhancements and the "energy-rich" nature of sulfate half-esters
    • Wolfenden, R.; Yuan, Y. Monoalkyl sulfates as alkylating agents in water, alkylsulfatase rate enhancements, and the "energy-rich" nature of sulfate half-esters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 83.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.104 , pp. 83
    • Wolfenden, R.1    Yuan, Y.2
  • 38
    • 53349098836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control and analysis of alkyl and benzyl halides and other related reactive organohalides as potential genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
    • Elder, D. P.; Lipczynski, A. M.; Teasdale, A. Control and analysis of alkyl and benzyl halides and other related reactive organohalides as potential genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48, 497.
    • (2008) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , vol.48 , pp. 497
    • Elder, D.P.1    Lipczynski, A.M.2    Teasdale, A.3
  • 40
    • 68349142929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No extended drying studies or residual solvent assays were carried out for these batches. All large-scale batches had residual solvent levels well below the ICH guidelines
    • No extended drying studies or residual solvent assays were carried out for these batches. All large-scale batches had residual solvent levels well below the ICH guidelines.
  • 41
    • 68349133049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature cycling of the suspension, as suggested by a reviewer, was not examined as treatment to reduce MeCl in isolated 2 HCl. We thank the reviewer for this suggestion
    • Temperature cycling of the suspension, as suggested by a reviewer, was not examined as treatment to reduce MeCl in isolated 2 HCl. We thank the reviewer for this suggestion.
  • 42
    • 68349141091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O and MeCl
    • 2O and MeCl.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.