A biomechanical comparison of back and front squats in healthy trained individuals

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 284-292

  Gullett, Jonathan C ^a   Tillman, Mark D ^a   Gutierrez, Gregory M ^a   Chow, John W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Compressive force; EMG activity; Knee extensor moment; Tibiofemoral joint

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; KNEE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WEIGHT BEARING; WEIGHT LIFTING;

ADULT; BIOMECHANICS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; KNEE JOINT; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; POSTURE; PROBABILITY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; WEIGHT LIFTING; WEIGHT-BEARING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 68249136848     PISSN: 10648011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818546bb     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Aldred, HE. Sports Injuries Sourcebook, Health Reference Series Detroit: Omnigraphics, Inc., 1999.
2. Andrews, JG, Hay, JG, and Vaughan, CL. Knee shear forces during a squat exercise using a barbell and a weight machine. In: Biomechanics VIII B.H. Matsui and K. Kobayashi, eds. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1983. pp. 923-927.
3. Ariel, BG. Biomechanical analysis of the knee joint during deep knee bends with heavy loads. In: Biomechanics IV R. Nelson and C. Morehouse, eds. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974. pp. 44-52.
4. Aune, AK, Nordsletten, L, Skjeldal, S, Madsen, JE, and Ekeland, A. Hamstrings and gastrocnemius cocontraction protects the anterior cruciate ligament against failure: an in vivo study in the rat. J Orthop Res 13: 147-150, 1995.
5. Baechle, TR and Earle, R. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (2nd ed.). Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2000. pp. 366-369.
6. Broer, MR and Houtz, SJ. Patterns of Muscular Activity in Selected Sport Skills Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publishing, 1967. pp. 8-11.
7. Chow, JW. Knee joint forces during isokinetic knee extensions-a case study. Clin Biomech 14: 329-338, 1999.
8. Cook, AR. Arthritis Sourcebook, Health Reference Series Detroit: Omnigraphics, Inc., 1999. pp. 55-59, 63-69, 274-275.
9. Delavier, F. Strength Training Anatomy Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2001. pp. 79-82.
10. Draganich, LE and Vahey, JW. An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament strain induced by quadriceps and hamstrings forces. J Orthop Res 8: 57-63, 1990.
11. Escamilla, RF. Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 127-141, 2001.
12. Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS, Lowry, TM, Barrentine, SW, and Andrews, JR. A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 984-998, 2001.
13. Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS, Zheng, N, Barrentine, SW, Wilk, K, and Andrew, JR. Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 556-569, 1998.
14. Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS, Zheng, N, Lander, JE, Barrentine, SW, Andrews, JR, Bergemann, BW, and Moorman, CT 3rd. The effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 1552-1566, 2001.
15. Escamilla, RF, Zheng, N, Fleisig, GS, Lander, JE, Barrentine, SW, Cutter, GR, and Andrews, JR. The effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: S156, 1997.
16. Garhammer, J. Sports Illustrated Strength Training New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1986. pp. 114-177.
17. Hamner, DL, Brown, CH Jr, Steiner, ME, Hecker, AT, and Hayes, WC. Hamstring tendon grafts for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: biomechanical evaluation of the use of multiple strands and tensioning techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81: 549-557, 1999.
18. Hatfield, FC. Power: A Scientific Approach Chicago: Contemporary Books Inc., 1989. pp. 155-170.
19. Jackson, KM. Fitting of mathematical functions to biomechanical data. IEEE Trans Biomech Eng 26: 122-124, 1979.
20. Li, G, Rudy, TW, Sakane, M, Kanamori, A, Ma, CB, and Woo, SL-Y. The importance of quadriceps and hamstrings muscle loading on knee kinematics and in-situ forces in the ACL. J Biomech 32: 395-400, 1999.
21. Longe, JL. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (2nd ed., vol. 4). Detroit: Gale Group, 2002. pp. 2412-2415.
22. Lutz, GE, Palmitier, RA, An, KN, and Chao, EY. Comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces during open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75: 732-739, 1993.
23. McCaw, ST and Melrose, DR. Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 428-436, 1999.
24. More, RC, Karras, BT, Neiman, R, Fritschy, D, Woo, SL, and Daniel, DM. Hamstrings-an anterior cruciate ligament protagonist: an in vitro study. Am J Sports Med 21: 231-237, 1993.
25. Palmitier, RA, An, KN, Scott, SG, and Chao, EY. Kinetic chain exercise in knee rehabilitation. Sports Med 11: 402-413, 1991.
26. Pincivero, DM, Aldworth, C, Dickerson, T, Petry, C, and Shultz, T. Quadricep-hamstring EMG activity during functional, closed kinetic chain exercise to fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 81: 504-509, 2000.
27. Russell, PJ and Phillips, SJ. A preliminary comparison of front and back squat exercises. Res Q Exerc Sport 60: 201-208, 1989.
28. Salem, GJ, Salinas, R, and Harding, V. Bilateral kinematic and kinetic analysis of the squat exercise after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84: 1211-1216, 2003.
29. Stuart, MJ, Meglan, DA, Lutz, GE, Growney, ES, and An, KN. Comparison of intersegmental tibiofemoral joint forces and muscle activity during various closed kinetic chain exercises. Am J Sports Med 24: 792-799, 1996.
30. Toutoungi, DE, Lu, TW, Leardini, A, Catani, F, and O'Connor, JJ. Cruciate ligament forces in the human knee during rehabilitation exercises. Clin Biomech 15: 176-187, 2000.
31. Vaughan, CL, Davis, BL, and O'Connor, JC. Dynamics of Human Gait (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Kiboho Publishers, 1999. pp. 15-43.
32. Wilk, KE, Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS, Barrentine, SW, Andrews, JR, and Boyd, ML. A comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces and electromyographic activity during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Am J Sports Med 24: 518-527, 1996.