Sympathy in mind (1876-1900)

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 265-287

  Lanzoni, Susan ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOETHICS; EMOTION; EMPATHY; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; HUMAN; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; PUBLICATION; REVIEW;

BIOETHICAL ISSUES; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PERIODICALS AS TOPIC; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 68249103945     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: 10863222     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jhi.0.0031     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. William James, "What is an Emotion," Mind9, no. 34 (1884): 188-205.
2. On developments in physiological psychology, see: Roger Smith, "The Background of Physiological Psychology in Natural Philosophy," History of Science11 (1973): 75-123; Otniel Dror, "The Affect of Experiment: The Turn to Emotions in Anglo-American Physiology, 1900-1940," Isis90, no. 2 (June 1999): 205-237.
3. H.M. Stanley, "Feeling and Emotion," Mind11, no. 41 (1886): 66-76, 69. Respondents and critics included: Edmund Gurney, "What is an Emotion," Mind9, no. 35 (1884): 421-26; David Irons, "The Physical Basis of Emotion: A Reply," Mind4, no. 13 (1895): 92-99; Alexander F. Shand, "Character and the Emotions," MindNew Series, 5, no. 18 (1896). For a thorough history of these debates see Thomas Dixon, From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 213-30.
4. Darwin, Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 213.
5. Alexander F. Shand, "Character and the Emotions," 214; G. F. Stout, Alexander Faulkner Shand 1858-1936, The Proceedings of the British Academy (London: Humphrey Milford Amend House, E.C., 1937), 6; Dixon, From Passions to Emotions, 204-30; Jill Morawski, "Educating the Emotions: Academic Psychology, Textbooks, and the Psychology Industry, 1890-1940" in Joel Pfister and Nancy Schnog, eds. Inventing the Psychological: Towards a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 231.
6. On literary understanding of sympathy see Elizabeth Deeds Ermarth, "George Eliot's Conception of Sympathy," Nineteenth-Century Fiction40, no. 1 (1985): 23-42; Suzy Anger, Victorian Interpretation(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005); Audrey Jaffe, Scenes of Sympathy: Identity and Representation in Victorian Fiction(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000); Adela Pinch, Strange Fits of Passion: Epistemologies of Emotion, Hume to Austen(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996).
7. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 60, 79, 84.
8. Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), 157-66; Paul S. White, "The Experimental Animal in Victorian Britian," in Thinking: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism with Animals, eds L. Daston and Gregg Mitman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 59-81; Susan Lederer, Subjected to Science: Human Experimen- tation in America before the Second World War(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 27-50.
9. F. H. Saunders, G. Stanley Hall, "Pity," American Journal of Psychology11, no. 4 (1900): 534-91.
10. Historians have made connections between a discourse on sympathy and notions of humanity and human rights: Samuel Moyn, "Empathy in History, Empathizing with Humanity," History and Theory45 (2006), 397-415;
11. Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History(New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2007). A small selection of the voluminous literature on eighteenth-century sentimentalism and sympathy includes: G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992);
12. David Marshall, The Surprising Effects of Sympathy: Marivaux, Diderot, Rousseau and Mary Shelley(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988);
13. Anne C. Vila, Enlightenment and Pathology: Sensibility in the Literature and Medicine of Eighteenth Century France(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998);
14. Jessica Riskin, Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
15. R. S. Crane, "Suggestions Toward a Genealogy of the 'Man of Feeling,' " English Literary History1, no. 3 (1934): 205-30, 207.
16. Editor, "Prefatory Words," Mind1, no. 1 (1876): 5. Francis Neary, "George Croom Robertson and Mind," in Psychology in Britian: Historical Essays and Personal Reflections, eds. G. C. Bunn, A. D. Lovie and G. D. Richards (Leicester: British Psychological Society Books, 2001), 54-71.
17. J. A. Passmore, "G.F. Stout's Editorship of 'Mind' (1892-1920)," MindNew Series, 85, no. 337 (1976): 17-36, 23. Neary, 67.
18. See Robert Whytt, Observations on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of those Disorders which have been commonly called Nervous Hypochondriac, or Hysteric, to which are prefixed some remarks on the Sympathy of the Nerves(Edinburgh: Printed for T. Becket, P. Du Hondt, London; J. Balfour, Edinburgh, 1765); Ruth Leys, From Sympathy to Reflex: Marshall Hall and his Opponents(New York: Garland, 1990); Herbert Spencer, "The Physical Conditions of Consciousness," Mind12, no. 48 (1887): 489-515, 494.
19. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions, 215; Sophie Bryant, Short Studies in Character(London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co, 1894), 19.
20. Samuel Alexander used the term sympathy in his review of Lipps's Raumaesthetikin MindNew Series 8, no. 29 (1899): 84-91, 84. A brief description of Lipps's "Aesthet- ische Einfü hlung" published in Zeitschrift fü r Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorganeappears in MindNew Series 9, no. 36 (1900): 562-63, and referred to sympathetische Einfü hlungas cosentient sympathy.
21. Even Lipps used the terms sympathy and Einfü hlunginterchangeably. See T. Lipps, Raumaesthetik und geometrisch-optische Täuschungen (Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1897), 7.
22. Titchener provided the translation in: Edward Titchener's Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the Thought-Processes(New York, The Macmillan Co., 1909), 21-22; See also Gustav Jahoda, "Theodor Lipps and the shift from 'Sympathy' to 'Empathy,' " Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences41, no. 2 (2005): 151-63.
23. Roger Smith, "The Physiology of the Will: Mind, Body and Psychology in the Periodical Literature, 1855-1875," in Science Serialized: Representation of the Sciences in Nineteenth Century Periodicals, eds. Geoffrey Cantor and Sally Shuttleworth (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), 90.
24. Herbert Spencer, "The Comparative Psychology of Man," Mind1, no.1 (1876): 7-20.
25. Ibid., 12-13.
26. Ibid., 19.
27. Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 303, 310.
28. Leslie Stephen, Science of Ethics[1882] (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1991), 257; James Seth, "The Evolution of Morality," Mind14, no. 53 (1889): 36.
29. Lorraine Daston, "Intelligences: Angelic, Animal, Human," in Thinking: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism with Animals, 37-58, 48.
30. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex[1871] (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 76.
31. Ibid., 104.
32. Darwin, Descent of Man, 163, 82.
33. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 81; George W. Stocking Jr., "Lamarckianism in American Social Science, 1890-1915," JHI23, no. 2 (1962): 239-56.
34. Stephen, Science of Ethics, 233.
35. Bain, The Emotions and the Will(London: John W. Parker and Son, West Strand, 1859), 217.
36. Alexander Bain, review of Herbert Spencer's "Data of Ethics," Mind4, no. 16 (1879): 561-69, 566.
37. Sidgwick, "The Theory of Evolution in its Application to Practice," Mind1, no. 1 (1876): 57-67, 54.
38. Ibid., 65.
39. Sidgwick, "The Historical Method," Mind11, no. 42 (1886): 203-19, 212
40. Sidgwick "The Theory of Evolution in its Application to Practice," 66.
41. Sidgwick, Review of "The Science of Ethics" by Leslie Stephen, Mind7, no. 28 (1882): 572-86, 579.
42. Sidgwick, "Review of the "Science of Ethics," 1882, 583.
43. For a useful summary of Sidgwick's objections see Richards, 319-23.
44. H. Sidgwick, "Unreasonable Action," Mind, New Series 2, no. 6 (1893): 174-87, 176.
45. James Seth, "The Evolution of Morality," Mind14, no. 53 (1889): 27-49.
46. Ibid., 45.
47. Ibid., 39, 40, 43.
48. T. H.Green, "Can There be a Natural Science of Man I?" Mind7, no. 25 (1882): 1-29; tions(London: Macmillan and Co., 1891), 469-78; Review of "Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with some of its Applications by Alfred Russel Wallace," Mind14, no. 55 (1889): 448-49.
49. Bain, The Emotions and the Will(1859), 217.
50. Ibid., 216.
51. Ibid., 217.
52. Darwin, "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant," Mind2, no. 7 (1877): 285-94, 285; Neary (2001), 64.
53. Darwin, "A Biographical Sketch of an Infant," 289.
54. Darwin, Descent of Man, 81.
55. Bain, The Emotions and the Will(1859), 211.
56. J. Mark Baldwin, "Imitation: A Chapter in the Natural History of Consciousness" Mind3, no. 9 (1895): 26-55, 38. For more on Baldwin see Richards, 466-68.
57. Baldwin (1895), 39, 52.
58. Ibid., 48.
59. Ruth Leys, "Mead's Voices: Imitation as Foundation; or, the Struggle against Mimesis," in Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences, 1870-1930, ed. Dorothy Ross (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins U Press, 1994), 210-35.
60. Baldwin (1895), 37.
61. Ibid., 44.
62. Bain (1859), 214.
63. Ibid., 220-21.
64. Alexander Bain, "Education as a Science," Mind3, no. 11 (1878): 311.
65. Helen Bosanquet, review of "The Groundwork of Psychology," by G. F.Stout, Mind22 (1904): 422-24, 423.
66. Bernard Bosanquet, "Social Automatism and the Imitation Theory" Mind, New Series, 8, no. 30 (1899): 167-75, 171
67. Sidgwick, "Review of the "Science of Ethics," (1882), 579.
68. Bain, "On some Points in Ethics" Mind8, no. 29 (1883): 49-68, 60.
69. Darwin, The Descent of Man, 86.
70. Stephen, Science of Ethics, 239.
71. F. H. Bradley, "Sympathy and Interest," Mind8, no. 32 (1883): 573-75, 573.
72. Helen Bosanquet, Review of "The Groundwork of Psychology"(1904), 424. On Helen Bosanquet's work on character, see Collini, 91.
73. Hiram M. Stanley, "The Psychology of Pity," ScienceNew Series 12, no. 300 (1900): 487-88.
74. James Mark Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development: A Study in Social Psychology(New York: Macmillan̈Co., 1897), 224-25.
75. Baldwin outlined his views on ethics and psychology in "The Genesis of the Ethical Self," Philosophical Review6, no. 3 (1897): 225-41.
76. Stephen, Science of Ethics, 230.
77. Ibid., 237.
78. Ibid., 230.
79. Sidgwick, Review of "Science of Ethics," 578.
80. Bain, Emotions and the Will, 221.
81. Alexander Bain, "The Respective Spheres and Mutual Helps of Introspection and PsychophysicalExperiment in Psychology," Mind2 no.5 (1893): 45; Rick Rylance, Victorian Psychology and British Culture 1850-1880(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 173, 202.
82. Bain, "The Respective Spheres" (1893), 42.
83. Ibid., 48.
84. H. M. Stanley, "Feeling and Emotion" Mind11, no. 41 (1886): 66-76, 69.
85. Hiram Stanley, Studies in the Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling(London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1895), 5.
86. Ibid., 6.
87. Ibid.
88. Sophie Bryant, "Antipathy and Sympathy," Mind4, no. 15 (1895): 365-70, 369.
89. Ibid., 366.
90. Ibid., 370.
91. Ibid., 368.
92. James Sully, "Illusions of Introspection" Mind6, no. 21 (1881): 1-18, 6.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid., 9, 13.
95. Sophie Bryant, "Variety of Extent, Degree and Unity in Self-Consciousness," Mind, New Series 6, no. 21 (1897): 71-89, 86.
96. Ibid., 87.
97. Sully, "Review of Physiological Aesthetics," by Grant Allen, Mind2. no. 7 (1877): 387-92, 392.
98. Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful(Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1999). See also Thomas Huhn, "Burke's Sympathy for Taste," Eighteenth-Century Studies35, no. 3 (2002): 379-93.
99. Sully, "Review of Physiological Aesthetics" (1877), 392.
100. James Sully, "Review of 'L'art au point de vue Sociologique. Éducation et Hérédité. É tude sociologique," by M. Guyau, Mind15, no. 58 (1890): 279-84, 279.
101. Nina Rosenblatt, "Empathy and Anaesthesia: On the Origins of a French Machine Aesthetic," Grey Room2 (2001): 78-97, 83-84.
102. Sully, "Art and Psychology," Mind1, no. 4 (1876): 467-78, 471.
103. Ibid., 469.
104. Sully, "Illusions of Introspection" (1881), 7.
105. Sully, "Art and Psychology" (1876), 473.
106. Bain, Emotions and the Will(1859), 226.
107. Alexander Bain, Practical Essays(London: Longmans, Green,̈Co., 1884), 15-16.
108. H. R. Marshall, "The Field of Aesthetics Psychologically Considered," MindNew Series 1 no. 3 (1892): 358-78, 363; H. R. Marshall, "The Field of Aesthetics Psychologically Considered II: The Differentiation of Aesthetics from Hedonics," MindNew Series 1, no. 4 (1892): 453-69.
109. Marshall, "The Field of Aesthetics Psychologically Considered" (1882), 373.
110. William Smith, "Knowledge" Mind, New Series 4, no. 16 (1895): 489-505, 502.
111. Sully, "Art and Psychology" (1876), 475.
112. Marshall, "The Field of Aesthetics Psychologically Considered II," 461.
113. Ibid., 464.
114. Sully, "Art and Psychology" (1876), 475.
115. Marshall, "The Field of Aesthetics Psychologically Considered II," 467.
116. Bain, "On some Points in Ethics" (1883), 64.
117. Bain, "Is there Such a Thing as Pure Malevolence?" Mind, 8, no. 32 (1883): 562-72.
118. Stephen as cited in Bain, "On some Points in Ethics," 61.
119. Darwin, Descent of Man, 94.
120. See Cynthia Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood(Cambridge Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1989), 40-44.
121. Barbara T. Gates, "Revisioning Darwin with Sympathy: Arabella Buckley," in Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science, eds. Barbara T. Gates and Ann B. Shteir (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 164; Jaffe, Scenes of Sympathy, 17.
122. Sophie Bryant, Short Studies in Character, 120.
123. White, 74.
124. Gertrude Himmelfarb, Victorian Minds(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1968), 215.
125. Darwin, The Descent of Man, 90.
126. G. F.Stout, "Review of Body and Will: Being an Essay Concerning Will in its Metaphysical, Physiological and Pathological Aspectsby Henry Maudsley," Mind9, no. 33 (1884): 135-41, 141.
127. James Sully, "The Gratification Derived from the Infliction of Pain," Mind1, no. 2 (1876): 429-31; F.H.Bradley, "Is there such a thing as Pure Malevolence?" Mind8, no. 31 (1883): 415-18.
128. Bain, "The Gratification Derived from the Infliction of Pain" Mind1, no. 3 (1876): 429-31, 430.
129. Bain, "Is there such a thing as Pure Malevolence," 567.