What is global justice and who decides? Civil society and victim responses to the international criminal court's first investigations

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 496-520

  Glasius, Marlies ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; COMPENSATION SYSTEM; CRIME; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; INTERNATIONAL LAW; LEGISLATIVE IMPLEMENTATION; POPULATION SIZE;

EID: 68249098025     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0075     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Kofi Annan, Secretary-General, United Nations, Statement at the Ceremony Celebrating the Adoption of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (18 July 1998), available at http://www.un.org/icc/speeches/718sg.htm.
2. William R. Pace, Convenor, Statement for the World Federalist Movement on Behalf of the Coalition for an International Criminal Court (17 July 1998), available at http://www.un.org/icc/speeches/n717wfm.htm.
3. MARLIES GLASIUS, THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY ACHIEVEMENT (2006).
4. Id. at 2-5.
5. Alex de Waal, Sudan and the International Criminal Court: A guide to the Controversy, OPENDEMOCRACY.NET, 14 July 2008, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/sudan-and-the-international- criminal-court-a-guide-to-the-controversy.
6. For a more extensive discussion of findings from the fieldwork in the Central African Republic, see Marlies Glasius, "We Ourselves: We Are Part of the Functioning": The ICC, Victims, and Civil Society in the Central African Republic, 108 AFRICAN AFF. 49 (2009).
7. Press Release, Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC (ICC OTP), Communications Received by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC (16 July 2003).
8. Press Release, ICC OTP, Prosecutor Receives Referral of the Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (19 Apr. 2004).
9. Prosecutor v. Dyilo, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges 153 (29 Jan. 2007).
10. Dyilo, Decision on the Consequences of Non-disclosure of Exculpatory Materials Covered by Article 54(3)(e) Agreements and the Application to Stay the Prosecution of the Accused, Together with Certain Other Issues Raised at the Status Conference on 10 June 2008 (13 June 2008).
11. Dyilo, The Situation in Democratic Republic of the Congo (18 Nov. 2008).
12. ICC OTP, Combined Factsheet: Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (7 Feb. 2008).
13. Press Release, ICC OTP, Warrant of Arrest Against Bosco Ntaganda Unsealed (29 Apr. 2008).
14. Press Release, ICC, President of Uganda Refers Situation Concerning the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the ICC (29 Jan. 2004).
15. Press Release, ICC OTP, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Opens an Investigation into Northern Uganda (29 July 2004).
16. Situation in Uganda, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/05, Decision on the Prosecutor's Application for Unsealing of the Warrants of Arrest ¶ 22 (13 Oct. 2005).
17. Situation in Uganda, Prosecutor v. Kony, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/05, Decision to Terminate the Proceedings against Raska Lukwiya (11 July 2007). Vincent Otti has almost certainly died after an altercation with Kony in late 2007, but at the time of writing the ICC has not acknowledged his death.
18. INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP (ICG), NORTHERN UGANDA: THE ROAD TO PEACE, WITH OR WITHOUT KONY, Africa Report No. 146 (10 Dec. 2008).
19. Grace Matsiko, I'm Ready to Surrender - Odhiambo, THE DAILY MONITOR (Kampala), 6 Feb. 2009, available at http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish/news/I-m-ready-to-surrender-Odhiambo- 79562.shtml.
20. ICC OTP, Background: Situation in the Central African Republic (22 May 2007).
21. Press Release, ICC, Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Arrested for Crimes Allegedly Committed in the Central African Republic (24 May 2008).
22. Prosecutor v. Gombo, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08, Warrant of Arrest for Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Replacing the Warrant of Arrest Issued on 23 May 2008, ¶ 10 (10 June 2008).
23. WILLIAM A. SCHABAS, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 57 (2001).
24. TIM ALLEN, TRIAL JUSTICE: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND THE LORD'S RESISTANCE ARMY 29-30 (2005); Kasaija Phillip Apuuli, The ICC Arrest Warrants for the Lord's Resistance Army Leaders and Peace Prospects for Northern Uganda, 4 J. INT'L CRIM. JUST. 179, 181 (2006).
25. Adam Branch, Uganda's Civil War and the Politics of ICC Intervention, 21 ETHICS&INT'L AFF. 179, 181 (2007).
26. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (HRW), DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, ITURI : "COVERED IN BLOOD" ETHNICALLY TARGETED VIOLENCE IN NORTHEASTERN DR CONGO (JULY 2003); STEPHANIE WOLTERS, INST. FOR SEC. STUD., SITUATION REPORT: IS ITURI ON THE ROAD TO STABILITY? AN UPDATE ON THE CURRENT SECURITY SITUATION IN THE DISTRICT (2005).
27. This includes Vincent Otti, whose warrant has not been officially withdrawn although he is generally believed to have died.
28. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 100-01.
29. Branch, supra note 25, at 181; ALLEN, supra note 24, at 53-59.
30. HRW, UPROOTED AND FORGOTTEN: IMPUNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN NORTHERN UGANDA (Sept. 2005).
31. ICC OTP, Statement by the Chief Prosecutor on the Uganda Arrest Warrants, The Hague 7 (14 Oct. 2005); Phil Clark, Law, Politics and Pragmatism: The ICC and Case Selection in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, in COURTING CONFLICT? JUSTICE, PEACE& THE ICC IN AFRICA 42 (Nicholas Waddell&Phil Clark eds., 2008).
32. Branch, supra note 25, at 188-89; ALLEN, supra note 24, at 96-99.
33. AMNESTY INT'L, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: ITURI, A NEED FOR PROTECTION , A THIRST FOR JUSTICE (2003); HRW , UPROOTED AND FORGOTTEN, supra note 30; JUSTICE-PLUS, CYCLES DES VIOLENCES EN ITURI: LA POLITIQUE DE LAXISME ET D'ATTENTISME SACRIFIE DES VIES HUMAINES (2005), available at http://storage.paxchristi.net/AF19F05.pdf.
34. INT'L CTR>. FOR TRANSITIONAL JUST. (ICTJ), SENSIBILISATON À LA CPI EN RDC: SORTIR DU « PROFIL BAS » 12 (Mar. 2007), available at http://www.ictj.org/images/content/6/3/638.pdf.
35. Press Release, Association pour la promotion et la défense de la dignité des victimes (Aprodivi), Transfert A La Haye D'un Des Commandants De FRPI: Le General Germain Katanga (18 Oct. 2008), available at http://www.vrwg.org/Aprodivi/APRODIVI-PR-14%20 Nov%2007-fr.pdf; Désiré Baere, Encore un chef milicien congolais transféré devant la justice internationale, AFRIK.COM, 19 Oct. 2007, available at http://www.afrik.com/ article12722.html; Press Release, Federation International des Ligues de Droits de l'Homme (FIDH), A Second Case Before the International Criminal Court on the Situation in Democratic Republic of Congo: Germain Katanga Transferred to The Hague (19 Oct. 2007). The arrest of Jean-Pierre Bemba may do something to mitigate this complaint, but he has been indicted for crimes in the CAR, not in the DRC, which throws up new problems of selective justice.
36. HRW, The International Criminal Court Trial of Thomas Lubanga, 23 Jan. 2009, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/22/international- criminal-court-trial-thomaslubanga#-Is-Lubanga's-UPC.
37. Press Release, HRW, ICC/DRC: Second War Crimes Suspect to Face Justice in The Hague: Investigation Should Expand to Include Senior Officials in the Region (17 Oct. 2007).
38. Radio Broadcast: Interactive Radio for Justice, Series Programs Archives: 1-20, 2005&2006, transcripts 8, 14, 18, available at http://www.irfj.org/drc/RP/archives1.html.
39. Lisa Clifford, ICC North Kivu Probe Urged, AFR. REP. No. 145 (INST. FOR WAR&PEACE REPORTING: 29 Nov. 2007, available at http://www.iwpr.net/?p= acr&s=f&o=341009&apc-state=henh.
40. Press Release, Redress, War Victims in DRC Shocked at ICC Decision to Release Lubanga (3 July 2008); Xan Rice, Court Orders Release of Congo War Crimes Suspect Thomas Lubanga, GUARDIAN.CO.UK, 3 July 2008, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/03/congo.warcrimes.
41. ICC OTP, BACKGROUND: SITUATION IN THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (22 May 2007).
42. See FIDH, REPORT OF AN INTERNATIONAL FACT-FINDING MISSION: FORGOTTEN, STIGMATISED: THE DOUBLE SUFFERING OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES (Oct. 2006), for detailed evidence.
43. ICC OTP, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, supra note 41.
44. Nancy Snauwaert, Comprehensive Peace Accord Signed, HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP TEAM CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, News bulletin No. 65 (16-23 June 2008), available at http://hdptcar.net/blog/2008/06/ 23/news-bulletin-65-16-23-june-2008/.
45. HRW , STATE OF ANARCHY: REBELLION AND ABUSES AGAINST CIVILIANS (14 Sept. 2007).
46. Glasius, supra note 6, at 56.
47. Interview, Mathias Morouba, President, Obervatoire Centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme (OCDH), Bangui, Cent. Afr. Rep. (14 Sept. 2007); Interview, Bernadette Sayo Nzale, President, Organisation pour la Compassion et le Développement des Familles en Détresse, Bangui (14 Sept. 2007); Interview 6, Female rape victim, widowed, Bangui (15 Sept. 2007); Interview 7, Female rape victim infected with HIV/Aids, Bangui (15 Sept 2007); Interview 9, Young female rape victim, overcome mental breakdown, Bangui (18 Sept. 2007); Interview 13, Male rape and looting victim, Bangui (15 Sept. 2007).
48. Interview 4, Female rape victim, Bangui (18 Sept. 2007); Interview 5, Young female rape victim, Bangui (15 Sept. 2007); Interview 10, Male rape victim, Bangui (15 Sept. 2007).
49. ICC Press Release, Warrant of Arrest Unsealed Against Five LRA Commanders (14 Oct. 2005).
50. Prosecutor v. Dyilo, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, at 6-7 (29 Jan. 2007).
51. AMNESTY INT'L, supra note 33; HRW, COVERED IN BLOOD, supra note 26; JUSTICE-PLUS, supra note 33.
52. See, e.g., Joint Letter from ASF, Cent. for Just.&Reconciliation, DRC Coalition for the ICC, FIDH, HRW, REDRESS, and the Women's Initiative for Gender Just., to Luis Moreno Ocampo, Chief Prosecutor, ICC, on the Narrow Scope of the Charges Brought Against Mr. Lubanga (31 July 2006), available at http://www.vrwg.org/Publications/02/DRC%20joint%20letter%20english%201-8-2006. pdf.
53. Géraldine Mattioli&Anneke van Woudenberg, Global Catalyst for National Prosecutions? The ICC in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in COURTING CONFLICT ?, supra note 31, at 56.
54. HRW , STATE OF ANARCHY, supra note 45, at 71 n.119.
55. ICTJ, SENSIBILISATON À LA CPI, supra note 34.
56. Interview with Karine Bonneau, Dir. of Int'l Justice, FIDH, in Paris, Fr. (6 Aug. 2007).
57. FIDH, CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE: OVERCOMING TABOOS, ENDING STIGMATISATION, FIGHTING IMPUNITY (29 Oct. 2007), available at http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Note-crimes-sexuels-EN.pdf; Aprodivi, supra note 35.
58. Interview with Brigid Inder, Executive Dir., Women's Initiative for Gender Justice, in London, Eng. (14 Aug. 2007).
59. Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prosecutor v. Dyilo, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, Request Submitted Pursuant to Rule 103(1) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence for Leave to Participate as Amicus Curiae in the Article 61 Confirmation Proceedings (7 Sept. 2006).
60. ICC OTP, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, supra note 41.
61. Interview Sayo Nzale, supra note 47; Victim Interviews, supra notes 47, 58.
62. FIDH, CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE, supra note 57; Inder Interview, supra note 58.
63. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 103.
64. Id.; PHUONG PHAM ET AL., ICTJ AND HUMAN RIGHTS CTR., UNIV. OF CAL., BERKELEY, FORGOTTEN VOICES: A POPULATION- BASED SURVEY ON ATTITUDES ABOUT PEACE AND JUSTICE IN NORTHERN UGANDA (2005).
65. ICC OTP, REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS (June 2000-2006) (12 Sept. 2006).
66. See ICG, supra note 18, for an analysis of the Juba peace process and its demise.
67. Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation, Republic of Uganda-The Lord's Resistance Army/Movement, § 2, 29 June 2007, available at http://northernuganda.usvpp.gov/uploads/images/OGyYvXLxG4ke9KST0jh-7w/ agendaitem3-296.pdf.
68. Id. at 2.1.
69. Id. at 5.3.
70. INT'L BAR ASS'N-HUMAN RIGHTS INST. (IBA-HRI), ICC MONITORING AND OUTREACH PROGRAMME: SECOND OUTREACH REPORT 18 (May 2007)
71. Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation, supra note 67, at 2.4.
72. See, e.g., GREATER N. WOMEN'S VOICES FOR PEACE NETWORK, UGANDAN WOMEN'S COAL. FOR PEACE AND WOMEN'S INITIATIVES FOR GENDER JUST., POSITION PAPER: VIEWS OF WOMEN FROM NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN UGANDA ON THE PEACE TALKS: MECHANISMS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND RECONCILIATION (2007), available at http://www.iccnow.org/documents/WIGJ- ViewsOfWomenUganda-aug07.pdf; Ugandan Coalition for the International Criminal Court, Approaching Nati onal Reconciliation in Uganda; Perspectives on Applicable Justice Systems (2007), available at http://www.iccnow.org/ documents/ApproachingNationalReconciliationInUganda-07aug13.pdf; Press Release, Civil Society Organisations for Peace in Northern Uganda, Community Recommendations on Accountability and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda (Oct. 2007), available at http://www.csopnu.net/ Community%20Recomm%20on%20Agenda%20III%20Press%20 Statement%20Oct%2007.pdf.
73. HRW, MAKING JUSTICE WORK: RESTORATION OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN ITURI, DRC (2004); COALITION CONGOLAISE POUR LA JUSTICE TRANSITIONNELLE, MEMORANDUM SUR LA SITUATION DE LA JUSTICE EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO (2006), available at http://storage.paxchristi.net/AF3F06.pdf.
74. Theodore Kasongo Kamwimbi, The DRC Elections, Reconciliation and Justice, PAMBAZUKA NEWS (27 July 2006), available at http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/36231#comments.
75. COALITION NATIONALE POUR LA COUR PéNALE INTERNATIONALE-RDC, SONDAGE D'OPINION: AFFAIRE PROCUREUR DE LA COUR PéNALE INTERNATIONALE CONTRE THOMAS LUBANGA. RéSULTATS GLOBAUX SUIVIS DES RESULTATS DE L'ITURI (26 May 2006), available at http://www.vrwg.org/Publications/02/ Sondage%20sur%20l'affaire%20Thomas%20Lubanga.pdf.
76. Interactive Radio for Justice, Series Transcripts 1-43, Bunia, DRC 2005-2008, available at http://www.irfj.org/drc/RP/archives1.html, and http://www.irfj.org/drc/RP/archives2. html.
77. Sayo Nzale Interview, supra note 47.
78. COALITION FOR THE INT'L CRIM. CT., CICC REPORT ON THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY OF STATES PARTIES, 28 Nov.-3 Dec. 2005, 26-27 JAN. 2006 (28 Jan. 2006).
79. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ASSEMBLY OF STATES PARTIES, STRATEGIC PLAN FOR OUTREACH OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (29 Sept. 2006).
80. FIDH, CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE, supra note 57.
81. ICC Outreach Section, Uganda, Press Releases and Calendar of Activities, available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/outreach/o-uganda/ou-pr.html, www.icc-cpi.int/outreach/o-uganda/ou-calendar.html.
82. ICTJ, SENSIBILISATON Á LA CPI, supra note 34.
83. Id. at 15 (author's translation).
84. Morouba Interview, supra note 47; Sayo Nzale Interview, supra note 47.
85. Morouba Interview, supra note 47; Sayo Nzale Interview, supra note 47; Interview with Angele Kinouani, Dir., Human Rights Section, United Nations Mission in Central African Republic (BONUCA), in Bangui, Central African Republic (19 Sept. 2007); Interview 1, Elderly male rape victim, lost wife and two children, in Bangui (15 Sept. 2007); Interview 2, Male rape and mutilation victim, in Bangui (15 Sept. 2008); Interview 13, supra note 47
86. Interview 1, supra note 85.
87. ICC OUTREACH SECTION, ICC OUTREACH REPORT 2008, at 61 (2008).
88. Interview, Mariana Pena, Permanent Representative of the Federation Internationale des Ligues de Droits de l'Homme (FIDH) to the International Criminal Court, The Hague (17 Aug. 2007).
89. See, e.g., ICTJ, SENSIBILISATON À LA CPI, supra note 34, at 19-20; IBA-HRI, supra note 70; FAITH AND ETHICS NETWORK FOR THE ICC (FENICC), AFRICAN FAITH-BASED COMMUNITIES: ADVANCING JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION IN RELATION TO THE ICC (2006).
90. ICTJ, SENSIBILISATON À LA CPI, supra note 34, at 17.
91. HRW , MEMORANDUM FOR THE FIFTH SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY OF STATES PARTIES TO THE ICC 11 (Nov. 2006).
92. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 195.
93. FENICC, supra note 89, at 56; Bonneau Interview, supra note 56; Inder Interview, supra note 58.
94. Interview 1, supra note 85; Interview 3, Middle-aged female rape victim, widowed, in Bangui, Cent. Afr. Rep. (14 Sept. 2007); Interviews 4, 5, 10, supra note 48; Interviews 6, 7, 9 supra note 47; Interview 11, Middle-aged female rape victim, widowed, son with mental health problems, in Bangui, Cent. Afr. Rep. (15 Sept. 2007); Interview 12, Female double rape victim and widowed, in Bangui, Cent. Afr. Rep. (18 Sept. 2007); Interview 14, Teenage girl, lost father while mother raped (14 Sept. 2007).
95. Interview 4, supra note 48.
96. IBA-HRI, supra note 70, at 18.
97. ICC OTP, Report on Prosecutorial Strategy 5 (14 Sept. 2006).
98. See, eg., JUSTICE-PLUS, supra note 33, at 12; HRW, MAKING JUSTICE WORK, supra note 73; ICTJ, SENSIBILISATON À LA CPI, supra note 34, at 14.
99. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 75, 81.
100. Id. at 78.
101. HRW, UPROOTED AND FORGOTTEN, supra note 30.
102. HRW, RENEWED CRISIS IN NORTH KIVU (Oct. 2007). Nkunda was arrested in Rwanda in 2009, and the DRC has requested an arrest warrant for him. Josh Kron, Deal Is Reached on Congo Rebel, N.Y. TIMES, §A, Foreign Desk at 8 (7 Feb. 2009).
103. Federico Borello, A First Few Steps: The Long Road to a Just Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ICTJ OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES 24 (Oct. 2004).
104. HRW, MAKING JUSTICE WORK, supra note 73; JUSTICE-PLUS, LA JUSTICE EN ITURI : LES ENTORSES DE PROCEDURE FRAGILISENT LES POURSUITES (2004), available at http://storage.paxchristi.net/ AF49F04. pdf.
105. FIDH, CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE, supra note 42, at 43-56; HRW, STATE OF ANARCHY , supra note 45.
106. FIDH, CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE, supra note 42, at 28-30.
107. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 132-38.
108. FENICC, supra note 89, at 70-75; ALLEN, supra note 24, at 135-38; Interview, Pasteur Josué Binoua, Embassy of Christians Church, Bangui (17 Sept. 2007); Interview, Pasteur Franco Mbaye-Bondoi, Secretary-General of the Evangelical Alliance, Bangui (18 Sept. 2007).
109. ALLEN, supra note 24, at 160-68.
110. Phil Clark, Hybridity, Holism and "Traditional" Justice: The Case of the Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda, 39 GEO. WASH. INT'L L. REV. 765 (2007).
111. HRW , BENCHMARKS FOR ASSESSING POSSIBLE NATIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT CASES AGAINST LRA LEADERS: A HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH MEMORANDUM (May 2007).
112. FIDH, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: JUSTICE IS OVERLOOKED BY THE TRANSITION 17 (June 2004); CHRISTIAN ACTION FOR THE ABOLITION OF TORTURE, SUD-KIVU BRANCH, EASTERN PROVINCE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, CUSTOMARY COURTS IN THE CONGOLESE JUDICIARY SYSTEM: A REFORM FOR BETTER ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE (Sept. 2006), available at http://www.afrimap.org/english/ images/paper/Customary-Jurisdictions-DRCongo-EN. pdf; ACTION AID, MONUC: DDRRR , DDR, MILITARY AND RULE OF LAW REFORM-REDUCING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE 19 (Oct. 2006).
113. PHUONG PHAM ET AL., supra note 64, at 26.
114. Luc Walleyn, Incorporating Victims' Views in Reparation Cases: A Challenge for Lawyers, Speech at Peace Palace Conference: Reparations for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes: Identifying Best Practice and Learning Lessons (1-2 Mar. 2007), available at http://www.redress.org/ PeacePalace/IncorporatingVictimsLW.pdf.
115. Interview 4, supra note 48.
116. PHUONG PHAM ET AL., supra note 64, at 25.
117. Id. at 37.
118. Interviews 1, 2, supra note 85; Interviews 3, 11, 12, supra note 94; Interviews 4, 10, supra note 48; Interviews 7, 9, 13, supra note 47; Interview 8, Male rape victim, in Bangui, Cent. Afr. Rep. (15 Sept 2007).
119. Interview with Andre Laperriere, Director of the Trust Fund for Victims, in The Hague, Neth. (25 Oct. 2007); Anaga Dalal, New Head of Trust Fund for Victims Has Sights Set on the Future, ICC Monitor No. 35 (Coalition for the Int'l Crim. Ct.) Nov. 2007, at 8.
120. Regulations of the Trust Fund for Victims, ICC Assembly of States Parties, 4th plenarymtg., art. 50(a), (3 Dec. 2005).
121. Laperriere Interview, supra note 119.
122. Sayo Nzale Interview, supra note 47; Bonneau Interview, supra note 56.
123. This is not to say the prosecutor's request for an arrest warrant is uncontroversial. See Alex de Waal, supra note 5.
124. WENDY LARNER&WILLIAM WALTERS, GLOBAL GOVERNMENTALITY: GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL SPACES (2004).
125. Branch, supra note 25, at 188.
126. IBA-HRI, supra note 70, at 9.
127. SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE, OUTREACH REPORT 2003-2005, at 13 (2006), cited in IBA-HRI, supra note 70, at 9.