Framing and reframing in invasion biology

Configurations

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 93-115

  Keulartz, Jozef ^a   Van der Weele, Cor ^a  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 68249087463     PISSN: 10631801     EISSN: 10806520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/con.0.0043     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Mac Margolis, "Bioinvaders: The Next Plague," Newsweek International, January 15, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16500197/site/ newsweek/.
2. "Its impenetrable stands displace virtually all other vegetation, and its dense root mat oozes substances poisonous to other plants. Its airborne secretions are poisonous to humans and cause severe respiratory and skin irritation. Conservationists have tried to burn it out, but it is fire-adapted and spreads by burning. Its inner bark is a wet, insulating sponge, while its outer bark is dry, and its leaves are laced with a flammable oil. Although it sucks up water four times as fast as the native sawgrass, it burns with explosive force. Several days after a devastating fire, the tree sprouts new growth and rains millions of seeds onto burnt land. They germinate in only three days, and seedlings may reach six feet in their first year" (Kristin Shrader-Frechette, "Non-Indigenous Species and Ecological Explanation," Biology and Philosophy 16 [2001]: 508).
3. Mark A. Davis, "Invasion Biology 1958-2005: The Pursuit of Science and Conservation," in Conceptual Ecology and Invasion Biology: Reciprocal Approaches to Nature, ed. Marc W. Cadotte, Sean M. McMahon, and Tadashi Fukami (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2006), p. 55.
4. Ibid.
5. Margolis, "Bioinvaders" (above, n. 1).
6. Martin Enserink, "Predicting Invasions: Biological Invaders Sweep In," Science 285 (1999): 1834-1836.
7. Margolis ("Bioinvaders" [above, n. 1]), points out that the burden of bioinvasion falls unevenly across the world: "The human toll is often devastating to the poorest nations, where a failed crop can start a famine. Implacable exotic pests like the cassava mealybug, gray leaf spot and witchweed claim up to half the harvests in the poorest countries."
8. J. A. McNeely, "Nature vs. Nurture: Managing Relationships between Forests, Agroforestry, and Wild Biodiversity," Agroforestry Systems 61 (2004): 155-165.
9. Jane Braxton Little, "What To Do About a Nasty Fish," High Country News 29:12 (1997).
10. The plan failed, because some of the pike probably survived in tributary streams above the lake. The voracious invaders were rediscovered in 1999 and now again threaten California's multimillion-dollar Chinook salmon and steelhead fisheries. Late in the summer of 2007, ten years after their first effort, government biologists deployed lethal doses of fish poison once again, only this time most of Portola's residents accepted the plan (see Alastair Bland, "Pick Your Poison: Protests Over Pike-killing Plan Are Muted This Time," Sacramento News & Review, December 14, 2006. http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/Content?oid=254411).
11. Michael E. Soulé, "The Onslaught of Alien Species, and Other Challenges in the Coming Decades," Conservation Biology 4 (1990): 235.
12. Mark Woods, "Strangers in a Strange Land: The Problem of Exotic Species," Environmental Values 10 (2001): 163-191.
13. Thembela Kepe, Munyaradzi Saruchera, and Webster Whande, "Poverty Alleviation and Biodiversity Conservation: A South African Perspective," Oryx 38 (2004): 143-145.
14. Mark Sagoff, "What's Wrong with Exotic Species?" Report of the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, 1999. Daniel Simberloff believes that critics such as Sagoff have introduced a red herring and tend to ignore the ecological and economic impacts of bioinvasion; see Simberloff, "Confronting Introduces Species: A Form of Xenophobia?" Biological Invasions 5 (2003): 179-192.
15. Kim Todd, "Botanically Correct: A New Language Is Needed to Win the Day for Native Species." 2002. http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article? article-id=3468.
16. Matthew Chew and Manfred Laubichler, "Natural Enemies-Metaphor or Misconception?" Science 301 (2003): 52-53.
17. Brendon Larson, "The War of the Roses: Demilitarizing Invasion Biology," Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3 (2005): 495-500;
18. Brendon Larson, Brigitte Nerlich, and Patrick Wallis, "Metaphors and Biorisks: The War on Infectious Diseases and Invasive Species," Science Communication 26 (2005): 243-268.
19. Herbert W. Schroeder, "The Restoration Experience: Volunteers' Motives, Values, and Concepts of Nature," in Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities, ed. Paul H. Gobster and R. Bruce Hull (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000), p. 262.
20. William Jordan, "The Nazi Connection," Restoration & Management Notes 12 (1994): 113.
21. Ned Hettinger, "Exotic Species, Naturalisation, and Biological Nativism," Environmental Values 10 (2001): 217.
22. William O'Brien, "Exotic Invasions, Nativism, and Ecological Restoration: On the Persistence of a Contentious Debate," Ethics, Place & Environment 9 (2006): 73.
23. See also Jonnah H. Peretti, "Nativism and Nature: Rethinking Biological Invasion," Environmental Values 7 (1998): 183-192.
24. Jozef Keulartz, "Using Metaphors in Restoring Nature," Nature + Culture 2 (2007): 27-49.
25. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 165.
26. Sara Ebenreck, "Opening Pandora's Box: Imagination's Role in Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 18 (1996): 14.
27. Mark Meisner, "Metaphors of Nature: Old Vinegar in New Bottles?" Trumpeter 9 (1992).
28. Donald A. Schön and Martin Rein, Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 207.
29. Don Idhe, Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction (New York: Paragon, 1993).
30. Jozef Keulartz and Cor van der Weele, "Between Nativism and Cosmopolitanism," in New Visions of Nature: Complexity and Authenticity, ed. Martin Drenthen, Jozef Keulartz, and James Proctor (Dordrecht: Springer, in press; pp. not yet assigned).
31. Yrjö Haila, "Beyond the Nature-Culture Dualism," Biology and Philosophy 15 (2000): 167.
32. Eric Higgs has put forward the question whether we should consider ecological restoration as an umbrella practice that incorporates a host of other practices: "Should other 're-' words and activities-reclamation, remediation, rehabilitation, revegetation, and so on-be subsumed under ecological restoration, or are they sufficiently well established for each to warrant its own genus within a broader taxon?";
33. see Higg, Nature by Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), p. 99. In this essay, we have chosen the second option and will deal with all 're-' words and activities on the same level.
34. Davis, "Invasion Biology" (above, n. 3), p. 49.
35. Robert R. Elliot, "Faking Nature," Enquiry 25 (1982): 81-93.
36. William J. Ripple and Robert L. Beschta, "Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?" BioScience 54:8 (2004): 755-766.
37. Irene Klaver, Jozef Keulartz, Henk van den Belt, and Bart Gremmen, "Born to be Wild: A Pluralistic Ethics Concerning Introduced Large Herbivores in the Netherlands," Environmental Ethics 24 (2002): 3-23.
38. Josh C. Donlan and Paul S. Martin, "Role of Ecological History in Invasive Species Management and Conservation," Conservation Biology 18 (2003): 267-269.
39. Davis, "Invasion Biology" (above, n. 3).
40. When he first coined the word "cybernetics" in 1945, Norbert Wiener defined it as "control and communication in the animal and the machine." Wiener brought together two fields of research: on the one hand, he elaborated on the engineering-oriented research into the " servomechanical" nature of control and communication in machines, using the ideas of information flow, noise, feedback, and stability; on the other, he built on what physiologists like Walter Canon had developed under the heading of "homeostasis": a variety of mechanisms in the organism to maintain fixed levels of blood sugar, blood proteins, fat, and calcium, as well as an adequate supply of oxygen, a constant body temperature, and so on.
41. P. J. Taylor, "Technocratic Optimism," Journal of the History of Biology 21 (1988): 213-244.
42. Evelyn Hutchinson, "Circular Systems in Ecology," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 50 (1948): 221-246.
43. Chunglin Kwa, "Representation of Nature Mediating between Ecology and Science Policy: The Case of the International Biological Programme," Social Studies of Science 17 (1987): 427.
44. Their 1967 book, The Theory of Island Biogeography, is one of the most frequently cited books in ecology and popular biology.
45. Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette and Earl D. McCoy, Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
46. We may credit the Greenway Movement in the United States with having anticipated the idea of thinking in terms of green networks;
47. see Julius Fabos and Robert Ryan, "An Introduction to Greenway Planning Around the World," Landscape and Urban Planning 76 (2006): 1-6. The movement started off in the mid-1860s when Frederick Law Olmsted and his colleagues began designing park systems in and around cities. These systems were composed of urban parks connected by parkways. After fading from public consciousness during the second third of the previous century, the greenway concept enjoyed a popular revival in the early 1970s, with clear recognition of the ecological importance of the green connections and environmental corridors.
48. Jozef Keulartz, The Struggle for Nature: A Critique of Radical Ecology (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 149.
49. Soulé, "Onslaught of Alien Species" (above, n. 11), p. 233.
50. Ibid., p. 235.
51. Ibid., p. 234.
52. MacArthur's "dissertation work, a study of community structure and niche partitioning among different species of warbler, also yielded a paper for Ecology, which appeared in 1958 and became recognized as a minor classic";
53. see David Quammen, The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions (New York: Scribner, 1996), p. 410.
54. Robert P. McIntosh, The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 137, 265.
55. See also R. Hengeveld, "Mechanisms of Biological Invasions," Journal of Biogeography 15 (1988): 819-828.
56. R. Hengeveld, "Guest Editorial: Biogeographical Ecology," Journal of Biogeography 21 (1994): 350.
57. G. Barker, ed., Ecological Recombination in Urban Areas: Implications for Nature Conservation (Peterborough, UK: English Nature, 2000);
58. Oliver L. Gilbert, "Urban Ecology: Progress and Problems," Journal of Practical Ecology and Conservation Special Series 4 (2005): 5-9.
59. See, for example, Enserink, "Predicting Invasions" (above, n. 6).
60. Ian D. Rotherham, "Invasive Plants-Ecology, History, and Perception," Journal of Practical Ecology and Conservation Special Series 4 (2005): 53;
61. see also Robert R. Crifasi, "Reflections in a Stock Pond: Are Anthropogenically Derived Freshwater Ecosystems Natural, Artificial, or Something Else?" Environmental Management 36 (2005): 625-639.
62. Richard J. Hobbs et al., "Novel Ecosystems: Theoretical and Management Aspects of the New Ecological World Order," Global Ecology and Biogeography 15 (2006): 1-7;
63. see also Valentin Schaefer, "Alien Invasions, Ecological Restoration in Cities and the Loss of Ecological Memory," Restoration Ecology 17 (2009): 171-176.
64. Baker, Ecological Recombination (above, n. 51).
65. James A. Harris et al., "Ecological Restoration and Global Climate Change," Restoration Ecology 14 (2006): 170-176.
66. Keulartz, "Using Metaphors in Restoring Nature" (above, n. 23).
67. David Rapport et al., "Ecosystem Health: The Concept, the ISEH, and the Important Tasks Ahead," Ecosystem Health 5 (1999): 82-90.
68. Sally Eden, "Faking It: The Multiple Meanings of Environmental Restoration Near Twyford Down," Cultural Geographies 9 (2002): 313-333; Donna Ladkin, "Does 'Restoration' Necessarily Imply the Domination of Nature?" Environmental Values 14 (2005): 203-219.
69. William R. Jordan, The Sunflower Forest: Ecological Restoration and the New Communion with Nature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 172.
70. Ibid.
71. Larson, "War of the Roses" (above, n. 17), p. 496.