Engineering ignorance: The problem of gender equity in engineering

Frontiers

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 89-106

  Franzway, Suzanne ^a   Sharp, Rhonda ^a   Mills, Julie E ^a   Gill, Judith ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 68149132174     PISSN: 01609009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/fro.0.0039     Document Type: Article

References (72)

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2. For example, Sylvia Walby, Patriarchy at Work (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986);
3. Maria Mies, Patriarchy And Accumulation of a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour, 2nd edition (London: Zed Books, 1998);
4. and Raewyn Connell, Gender and Power: Society, The Person and Sexual Politics (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987).
5. See, for example, Ann Game and Rosemary Pringle, Gender at Work (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1983);
6. Harriet Bradley, Men's Work, Women's Work: A Sociological History of the Sexual Division of Labour in Employment (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989),
7. and Nancy Folbre and Michael Bittman, Family Time: The Social Organisation of Care (London: Routledge, 2004).
8. For feminist critiques as well as documentation of useful examples, see Cynthia Cockburn, Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change (London: Pluto Press, 1983);
9. Claire Williams, Blue, White and Pink Collar Workers in Australia: Technicians, Bank Employees and Flight Attendants (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1988);
10. and Marilyn Lake, Getting Equal: The History of Australian Feminism (St. Leonards: Allen and Unwin, 1999).
11. Barbara Pocock, The Work/Life Collision: What Work is Doing to Australians and What To Do About It (Sydney: Federation Press, 2003).
12. Judy Wajcman, Managing Like a Man: Women and Men in Corporate Management (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
13. Judy Fudge and Rosemary Owens, "Precarious work, women, and the new economy: The challenge to legal norms," in Precarious Work, Women, and the New Economy, Judy Fudge and Rosemary Owens, eds. (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006), 3-28;
14. and Rosemary Pringle, Sex and Medicine. Gender, Power and Authority in the Medical Profession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
15. Department of Education Science and Training (DEST), Higher Education Statistics Collections, 2000-2006 (Australia).
16. ASEE (American Society of Engineering Education), "Engineering by the Numbers" (2006), http://www.asee.org/publications/profiles/upload/ 2006ProfileEng.pdf (accessed April 8, 2008).
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18. CCWEST Canadian Coalition of Women in Engineering, Science, Trades and Technology, "Women in SETT" (2006), http://www.ccwestt.org/Stats.asp (accessed July 1, 2007).
19. DEST, Higher Education Statistics Collections.
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21. Mary Ayre, "Women Engineers: The Continuing Crusade," in Transactions of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering: Transforming Engineering: Case Studies of Cultural and Organisational Change (vol. GE25), Pam Roberts, ed., (Canberra: IE Australia, 2001), 1-33.
22. CAWMSET (Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science), "Land of Plenty Diversity as America's Competitive Edge in Science, Engineering and Technology" (2000), http://www.nsf.gov/ publications/pub-summ.jsp?ods-key=cawmset0409 (accessed July 1, 2007).
23. APESMA (Association of Professional Engineers Scientists and Managers Australia) "Women in the Professions Survey Report 2007," http://www.apesma.asn.au/women/survey-report.asp (accessed September 11, 2007).
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27. UK Resource Centre for Women in Science, "University Students' Statistics."
28. CCWEST, "Women in SETT."
29. Wendy Bastalich et al., "I had this real feeling that it was a boys club" (paper presented at the Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference Australian Association for Engineering Education and 9th Australasian Women in Engineering Forum, Melbourne, AU, 2003);
30. Judith S. McIlwee and Greg R. Robinson, Women in Engineering: Gender, Power and Workplace Culture (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992);
31. and Gloria Miller, "Frontier Masculinity in the Oil Industry: The Experience of Women Engineers," Work and Organization 11, no. 1 (2004): 47-73.
32. Julie Evetts, "Managing the Technology But Not the Organization: Women and Career in Engineering," Women in Management Review 13, no. 8 (1998): 283-290;
33. McIlwee and Robinson; and Julie Mills et al., "Engineering in Australia: an uncomfortable experience for women," Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 12 (2006): 135-154.
34. Suzanne Franzway, Sexual Politics and Greedy Institutions: Union Women, Commitments and Conflicts in Public and in Private (Sydney: Pluto Press Australia, 2001).
35. Nancy Tuana, "Coming to Understand: Orgasm and the Epistemology of Ignorance," Hypatia 19, no. 1 (2004): 195-232;
36. and Nancy Tuana, "The Speculum of Ignorance: The Women's Health Movement and Epistemologies of Ignorance," Hypatia, 21, no. 3 (2006): 1-19.
37. Pam Roberts and Mary Ayre, "Counting the Losses: The Careers Review of Engineering Women: An Investigation of Women's Retention in the Australian Engineering Workforce." (Canberra: National Women in Engineering Committee, Engineers Australia, 2002).
38. Julie Mills, Wendy Bastalich, Suzanne Franzway, Judith Gill, and Rhonda Sharp, "Engineering in Australia: An Uncomfortable Experience for Women." Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 12 (2006): 135-154.
39. Mills et al.; and Wendy Bastalich, Suzanne Franzway, Judith Gill, Julie Mills, and Rhonda Sharp, "Disrupting Masculinities: Women Engineers and Engineering Workplace Culture," Australian Feminist Studies 22, no. 54 (2007): 385-400.
40. Mills et al.
41. Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women and Modern Machines in America 1870-1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999);
42. and Karen L. Tonso, "'Plotting Something Dastardly': Hiding a Gender Curriculum in Engineering," in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis, ed. (New York: Routledge, 2001).
43. Heather Dryburgh, "Work Hard, Play Hard: Women and Professionalization in Engineering-Adapting to the Culture," Gender & Society 13, no. 5 (1999): 664-682.
44. McIlwee and Robinson; and Miller.
45. Sally L. Hacker, "The Culture of Engineering: Woman, Workplace and Machine," Women's Studies International Quarterly, 4 (1981): 341-354.
46. For example, Robin J. Ely et al., Reader in Gender, Work and Organization (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003);
47. Cockburn, Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change;
48. and Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations (London: Macmillan, 1991).
49. Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
50. McIlwee and Robinson, Women in Engineering.
51. Ibid., 177.
52. Lewis et al.
53. Miller, "Frontier Masculinity in the Oil Industry."
54. Karen L. Tonso, "'Plotting Something Dastardly': Hiding a Gender Curriculum in Engineering."
55. Three hundred and fifty-seven workers (62 women and 295 men) from these organizations (who either had an engineering qualification or were identified by the organization as being engaged in engineering work) initially participated in an electronic survey. The survey aimed to develop a profile of each site in terms of the respondents' levels of satisfaction with their workplace and perceptions of aspects of workplace culture. Individual interviews were conducted with 25 women and 52 men across the three organizations. The research strategy focused on interviewing all members of an engineering team where possible (including engineers and other professionals, technicians, and administrative staff), as well as managers, human resources (i.e. personnel), and the CEO at each organization. A focus group with women engineers was also conducted at each organization, totaling 19 women.
56. Engineers Australia, "The Engineering Profession in Australia: A Statistical Overview" (2006), http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/index. cfm?E56EB9B3-FB1B-BD70-31DC-21C3D280131A (accessed November 4, 2006).
57. Mills et al.
58. Bastalich et al., "Disrupting Masculinities."
59. Le Doeuff, and Tuana, "Coming to Understand."
60. Tuana, "Coming to Understand."
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Tuana, "The speculum of ignorance."
64. Tuana, "The speculum of ignorance."
65. Bastalich et al., "Disrupting Masculinities."
66. Franzway, Sexual Politics and Greedy Institutions.
67. Michele Barrett and Mary McIntosh, The anti-social family (London: Verso, 1982).
68. Tuana, "The speculum of ignorance."
69. Janet Smithson and Elizabeth H. Stokoe, "Discourses of work-life balance: Negotiating 'genderblind' terms in organizations," Gender, Work and Organization 12, no. 2 (2005): 147-168.
70. Cynthia Townley, "Toward a revaluation of ignorance." Hypatia 21, no. 3, (2006): 37-55.
71. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation.
72. Lewis et al. and Miller.