Smoking and Sleep Disorders;Tabaco y trastornos del sueño

Archivos de Bronconeumologia

Volumn 45, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 449-458

  Balaguer, Catalina ^a   Palou, Alexander ^a   Alonso Fernández, Alberto ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

Author keywords

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome; Smoking; Snoring

Indexed keywords

AGE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATION; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDER; SMOKING; SNORING;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS; SAMPLING STUDIES; SEX FACTORS; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; SMOKING; SNORING; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 68049101281     PISSN: 03002896     EISSN: 15792129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2009.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Enright P.L., Newman A.B., Wahl P.W., Manolio T.A., Haponik E.F., and Boyle P.J. Prevalence and correlates of snoring and observed apneas in 5,201 older adults. Sleep 19 (1996) 531-538
2. Gislason T., Almqvist M., Eriksson G., Taube A., and Boman G. Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome among Swedish men - an epidemiological study. J Clin Epidemiol 41 (1988) 571-576
3. Larsson L.G., Lindberg A., Franklin K.A., and Lundback B. Gender differences in symptoms related to sleep apnea in a general population and in relation to referral to sleep clinic. Chest 124 (2003) 204-211
4. Lindberg E., Taube A., Janson C., Gislason T., Svardsudd K., and Boman G. A 10-year follow-up of snoring in men. Chest 114 (1998) 1048-1055
5. Gottlieb D.J., Yao Q., Redline S., Ali T., and Mahowald M.W. Does snoring predict sleepiness independently of apnea and hypopnea frequency?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 1512-1517
6. Guilleminault C., Stoohs R., and Duncan S. Snoring (I). Daytime sleepiness in regular heavy snorers. Chest 99 (1991) 40-48
7. Janson C., Hillerdal G., Larsson L., Hultcrantz E., Lindholm C.E., Bengtsson H., et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in nonapnoeic snorers: improvement after UPPP. Eur Respir J 7 (1994) 845-849
8. Hu F.B., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., et al. Snoring and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 308-313
9. Elmasry A., Janson C., Lindberg E., Gislason T., Tageldin M.A., and Boman G. The role of habitual snoring and obesity in the development of diabetes: a 10-year follow-up study in a male population. J Intern Med 248 (2000) 13-20
10. Franklin K.A., Holmgren P.A., Jonsson F., Poromaa N., Stenlund H., and Svanborg E. Snoring, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and growth retardation of the fetus. Chest 117 (2000) 137-141
11. Durán-Cantolla J., and González M.N. Documento de consenso nacional sobre el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas obstructivas durante el sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 41 Supl 4 (2005) 12-29
12. Duran J., Esnaola S., Rubio R., and Iztueta A. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 685-689
13. Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., Skatrud J., Weber S., and Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1230-1235
14. Alonso-Fernández A., García-Río F., Racionero M.A., Pino J.M., Ortuño F., Martínez I., et al. Cardiac rhythm disturbances and ST-segment depression episodes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and its mechanisms. Chest 127 (2005) 15-22
15. Alonso-Fernández A., García-Río F., Arias M.A., Mediano O., Pino J.M., Martínez I., et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea-hypoapnoea syndrome reversibly depresses cardiac response to exercise. Eur Heart J 27 (2006) 207-215
16. Arias M.A., García-Río F., Alonso-Fernández A., Mediano O., Martínez I., and Villamor J. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects left ventricular diastolic function: effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in men. Circulation 112 (2005) 375-383
17. Marín J.M., Carrizo S.J., Vicente E., and Agustí A.G. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365 (2005) 1046-1053
18. Parra O., Arboix A., Bechich S., García-Eroles L., Montserrat J.M., and Quintó L. Influencia de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño sobre la supervivencia de pacientes con primer episodio de ictus o accidente isquémico transitorio. Arch Bronconeumol 36 (2000) 8
19. Terán-Santos J., Jiménez-Gómez A., and Cordero-Guevara J. The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 847-851
20. Baldwin C.M., Griffith K.A., Nieto F.J., O'Connor G.T., Walsleben J.A., and Redline S. The association of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with quality of life in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep 24 (2001) 96-105
21. Lavie P., Herer P., Peled R., Berger I., Yoffe N., Zomer J., et al. Mortality in sleep apnea patients: a multivariate analysis of risk factors. Sleep 18 (1995) 149-157
22. Roure N., Mediano O., Durán-Cantolla J., García R.F., De la Peña M., Capote F., et al. Diferencias en las variables clínicas y polisomnográficas entre varones y mujeres en pacientes con síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 685-688
23. Sánchez A., Schwartz A.R., Sánchez P.L., Fernández J.L., Ramos J., Martín-Herrero F., et al. Marcadores hemodinámicos e inflamatorios del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño e hipoxemia nocturna. Efectos del tratamiento nasal con presión positiva continua de la vía aérea nasal. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 531-539
24. Moro J.A., Almenar L., Fernández-Fabrellas E., Ponce S., Blanquer R., and Salvador A. Disfunción miocárdica silente en pacientes con síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño. Valor del índice de rendimiento miocárdico. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 418-423
25. Alonso Álvarez M.L., Terán S.J., Cordero Guevara J.A., Navazo Eguia A.I., Ordax C.E., Masa Jiménez J.F., et al. Fiabilidad de la poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria para el diagnóstico del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 318-323
26. Martínez-García M.A., Soler-Cataluna J.J., Roman-Sánchez P., Amorós C., Quiles L., Chiner-Vives E., et al. Eficacia de un plan de formación en atención primaria sobre el síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 15-21
27. Ciftci B., Ciftci T.U., and Guven S.F. Polisomnografía partida y polisomnografía de toda la noche: comparación entre la primera y la segunda partes de la noche. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 3-7
28. Jurado G.B., Redel M.J., Muñoz C.L., Fernández Marín M.C., Muñoz G.E., Martín Pérez M.A., et al. Coste-eficiencia y grado de satisfacción de la poligrafía domiciliaria en pacientes con síntomas de apnea del sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 605-610
29. Vidal S., Ferrer M., Masuet C., Somoza M., Martínez Ballarín J.I., and Monasterio C. Valores de la versión española del cuestionario del impacto funcional del sueño (FOSQ) en sujetos sanos y en pacientes con apnea obstructiva del sueño. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 256-261
30. Masa Jiménez J.F., Barbé I.F., Capote G.F., Chiner V.E., Díaz D.A., Durán C.J., et al. Recursos y demoras en el diagnóstico del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño (SAHS). Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 188-198
31. Masa Jiménez J.F., Corral P.J., García L.E., and Montserrat J.M. 2006: Año de la Apnea del Sueño. Análisis de las publicaciones en Archivos de Bronconeumologia. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 611-620
32. Peppard P.E., Young T., Palta M., Dempsey J., and Skatrud J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA 284 (2000) 3015-3021
33. Young T., Skatrud J., and Peppard P.E. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA 291 (2004) 2013-2016
34. Dempsey J.A., Skatrud J.B., Jacques A.J., Ewanowski S.J., Woodson B.T., Hanson P.R., et al. Anatomic determinants of sleep-disordered breathing across the spectrum of clinical and nonclinical male subjects. Chest 122 (2002) 840-851
35. Ruiz C.A., Pinedo A.R., Miranda J.A., and Bermúdez J.A. Año SEPAR 2007: año para la prevención y el control del tabaquismo. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 423-424
36. Villanueva Serrano S.J., Granda Orive J.I., Benavent R.A., Río F.G., Zurian J.C., and Arroyo A.A. Análisis de la red de colaboración científica sobre tabaquismo entre centros sanitarios españoles a través del Science Citation Index (1999-2003). Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 378-385
37. Granda-Orive J.I., García R.F., Aleixandre B.R., Valderrama Zurian J.C., Jiménez Ruiz C.A., Solano R.S., et al. Producción española en tabaquismo a través del Science Citation Index (1999-2003). Situación en el contexto mundial y de la Unión Europea. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 212-218
38. Riesco Miranda J.A. Efectos no respiratorios del tabaco. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 477-478
39. Bellido C.J. Asma y tabaco: una unión inconveniente. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 340-345
40. Cayuela A., Rodríguez-Domínguez S., and Otero R. Deterioro de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en fumadores varones sanos. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 59-63
41. Bellido C.J., Martín Escudero J.C., and Duenas L.A. Consideraciones sobre el uso del cuestionario SF-36 en la medida de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los fumadores. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 176
42. Gómez C.G., Barrueco F.M., Aparicio C., Maderuelo J.A., and Torrecilla G.M. Programa de prevención del tabaquismo en alumnos de enseñanza secundaria. Arch Bronconeumol 45 (2009) 16-23
43. Jiménez-Ruiz C.A., Riesco Miranda J.A., Ramos P.A., Barrueco F.M., Solano R.S., Granda Orive J.I., et al. Recomendaciones para el tratamiento farmacológico del tabaquismo. Propuestas de financiación. Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 213-219
44. Nerin I., Novella P., Beamonte A., Gargallo P., Jiménez-Muro A., and Marqueta A. Resultados del tratamiento del tabaquismo en una unidad especializada. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 669-673
45. Sánchez A.L., and Carreras Castellet J.M. Unidades de tabaquismo por internet. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 1-3
46. Barrueco F.M., Torrecilla G.M., Hernández Mezquita M.A., Jiménez Ruiz C.A., Morales S.A., Alonso D.A., et al. Deshabituación tabáquica. Valor del resultado en la fase de acción sobre el resultado en la fase de consolidación. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 136-142
47. Barrueco M., Gómez C.G., Torrecilla M., Pérez T.A., and Bartolome M.C. Valor de la intervención breve y los tratamientos farmacológicos para dejar de fumar en adolescentes. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 334-339
48. Nerin I., Beamonte A., Gargallo P., Jiménez-Muro A., and Marqueta A. Ganancia ponderal al dejar de fumar y su relación con la ansiedad. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 9-15
49. Hoffstein V. Snoring. Chest 109 (1996) 201-222
50. Skatvedt O. Localization of site of obstruction in snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a comparison of fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy and pressure measurements. Acta Otolaryngol 113 (1993) 206-209
51. Littlefield P.D., and Mair E.A. Snoring surgery: which one is best for you?. Ear Nose Throat J 78 (1999) 861-870
52. Hoffstein V. Apnea and snoring: state of the art and future directions. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 56 (2002) 205-236
53. Marín J.M., Gascón J.M., Carrizo S., and Gispert J. Prevalence of sleep apnoea in the Spanish adult population. Intern J Epidemiol 26 (1997) 381-386
54. Vela-Bueno A., De Iceta M., and Fernández C. Prevalencia de trastornos del sueño en Madrid, España. Gac Sanit 13 (1999) 441-448
55. Zamarrón C., Gude F., Otero O.Y., and Rodríguez-Suárez J.R. Snoring and myocardial infarction: a 4-year follow-up study. Respir Med 93 (1999) 108-112
56. Bloom J.W., Kaltenborn W.T., and Quan S.F. Risk factors in a general population for snoring. Importance of cigarette smoking and obesity. Chest 93 (1988) 678-683
57. Lugaresi E., Cirignotta F., Coccagna G., and Piana C. Some epidemiological data on snoring and cardiocirculatory disturbances. Sleep 3 (1980) 221-224
58. Bearpark H., Elliott L., Grunstein R., Cullen S., Schneider H., Althaus W., et al. Snoring and sleep apnea. A population study in Australian men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 (1995) 1459-1465
59. Stradling J.R., and Crosby J.H. Predictors and prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring in 1001 middle aged men. Thorax 46 (1991) 85-90
60. Teculescu D., Hannhart B., Cornette A., Montaut-Verient B., Virion J.M., and Michaely J.P. Prevalence of habitual snoring in a sample of French males. Role of "minor" nose-throat abnormalities. Respiration 68 (2001) 365-370
61. Young T., Finn L., and Palta M. Chronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 161 (2001) 1514-1519
62. Virkkula P., Hytonen M., Bachour A., Malmberg H., Hurmerinta K., Salmi T., et al. Smoking and improvement after nasal surgery in snoring men. Am J Rhinol 21 (2007) 169-173
63. Torjussen W. Rhinoscopical findings in nickel workers, with special emphasis on the influence of nickel exposure and smoking habits. Acta Otolaryngol 88 (1979) 279-288
64. Benninger M.S. The impact of cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke on nasal and sinus disease: a review of the literature. Am J Rhinol 13 (1999) 435-438
65. Wetter D.W., Young T.B., Bidwell T.R., Badr M.S., and Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med 154 (1994) 2219-2224
66. Kauffmann F., Annesi I., Neukirch F., Oryszczyn M.P., and Alperovitch A. The relation between snoring and smoking, body mass index, age, alcohol consumption and respiratory symptoms. Eur Respir J 2 (1989) 599-603
67. Larsson L.G., Lindberg A., Franklin K.A., and Lundback B. Symptoms related to obstructive sleep apnoea are common in subjects with asthma, chronic bronchitis and rhinitis in a general population. Respir Med 95 (2001) 423-429
68. Franklin K.A., Gislason T., Omenaas E., Jogi R., Jensen E.J., Lindberg E., et al. The influence of active and passive smoking on habitual snoring. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 799-803
69. Ekici M., Ekici A., Keles H., Akin A., Karlidag A., Tunckol M., et al. Risk factors and correlates of snoring and observed apnea. Sleep Med 9 (2008) 290-296
70. Hessel N.S., and De Vries N. Diagnostic work-up of socially unacceptable snoring. II. Sleep endoscopy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 259 (2002) 158-161
71. Woodhead C.J., Davies J.E., and Allen M.B. Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults presenting with snoring. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 16 (1991) 401-405
72. Tirosh E., Libon D., and Bader D. The effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on sleep respiratory and arousal patterns in neonates. J Perinatol 16 (1996) 435-438
73. Zhang L., Samet J., Caffo B., and Punjabi N.M. Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture. Am J Epidemiol 164 (2006) 529-537
74. Zhang L., Samet J., Caffo B., Bankman I., and Punjabi N.M. Power spectral analysis of EEG activity during sleep in cigarette smokers. Chest 133 (2008) 427-432
75. Schrand J.R. Is sleep apnea a predisposing factor for tobacco use?. Med Hypotheses 47 (1996) 443-448
76. Lee L.Y., Morton R.F., and Kou Y.R. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on breathing in rats: vagal and nonvagal mechanisms. J Appl Physiol 68 (1990) 955-961
77. Davila D.G., Hurt R.D., Offord K.P., Harris C.D., and Shepard Jr. J.W. Acute effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and sleep-disordered breathing in nonsmokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 (1994) 469-474
78. Gothe B., Strohl K.P., Levin S., and Cherniack N.S. Nicotine: a different approach to treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 87 (1985) 11-17
79. Kashyap R., Hock L.M., and Bowman T.J. Higher prevalence of smoking in patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 5 (2001) 167-172
80. Hoflstein V. Relationship between smoking and sleep apnea in clinic population. Sleep 25 (2002) 519-524
81. Noal R.B., Menezes A.M., Canani S.F., and Siqueira F.V. Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea in adults: population-based study in Southern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 42 (2008) 224-233
82. Blazejova K., Sonka K., Skodova Z., and Nevsimalova S. Prevalence of obesity, hypertension and smoking in patients with the sleep apnea syndrome - comparison with the Czech population. Cas Lek Cesk 139 (2000) 339-342
83. Casasola G.G., Álvarez-Sala J.L., Marqués J.A., Sánchez-Alarcos J.M., Tashkin D.P., and Espinos D. Cigarette smoking behavior and respiratory alterations during sleep in a healthy population. Sleep Breath 6 (2002) 19-24
84. Villa Jr. A., Martínez C.C., Pérez P.G., Cortell A., Gómez-Pastrana D., Álvarez G.D., and González Perez-Yarza E. Guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño en el niño. An Pediatr (Barc) 65 (2006) 364-376
85. O'Brien L.M., Mervis C.B., Holbrook C.R., Bruner J.L., Klaus C.J., Rutherford J., et al. Neurobehavioral implications of habitual snoring in children. Pediatrics 114 (2004) 44-49
86. Urschitz M.S., Guenther A., Eggebrecht E., Wolff J., Urschitz-Duprat P.M., Schlaud M., et al. Snoring, intermittent hypoxia and academic performance in primary school children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 464-468
87. Urschitz M.S., Eitner S., Guenther A., Eggebrecht E., Wolff J., Urschitz-Duprat P.M., et al. Habitual snoring, intermittent hypoxia, and impaired behavior in primary school children. Pediatrics 114 (2004) 1041-1048
88. Salvador J., Villalbí J.R., Nebot M., and Borrell C. Tendencias a la exposición al tabaquismo durante la gestación: Barcelona, 1994-2001. An Pediatr (Barc) 60 (2004) 139-141
89. Kum-Nji P., Meloy L., and Herrod H.G. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure: prevalence and mechanisms of causation of infections in children. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1745-1754
90. González Barcala F.J., Takkouche B., Valdés L., Temes E., Leis R., Cabanas R., et al. Tabaquismo parenteral y función pulmonar en niños y adolescentes sanos. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 81-85
91. Cordoba-García R., García-Sánchez N., Suárez López de Vergara R.G., and Galván F.C. Exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en la infancia. An Pediatr (Barc) 67 (2007) 101-103
92. Franco P., Groswasser J., Hassid S., Lanquart J.P., Scaillet S., and Kahn A. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in arousal in infants. J Pediatr 135 (1999) 34-38
93. Horne R.S., Franco P., Adamson T.M., Groswasser J., and Kahn A. Influences of maternal cigarette smoking on infant arousability. Early Hum Dev 79 (2004) 49-58
94. Fewell J.E., and Smith F.G. Perinatal nicotine exposure impairs ability of newborn rats to autoresuscitate from apnea during hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 85 (1998) 2066-2074
95. Van der Hal A.L., Rodríguez A.M., Sargent C.W., Platzker A.C., and Keens T.G. Hypoxic and hypercapneic arousal responses and prediction of subsequent apnea in apnea of infancy. Pediatrics 75 (1985) 848-854
96. Kahn A., Groswasser J., Sottiaux M., Kelmanson I., Rebuffat E., Franco P., et al. Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas. Pediatrics 93 (1994) 778-783
97. Corbo G.M., Fuciarelli F., Foresi A., and De Benedetto F. Snoring in children: association with respiratory symptoms and passive smoking. BMJ 299 (1989) 1491-1494
98. O'Brien L.M., Holbrook C.R., Mervis C.B., Klaus C.J., Bruner J.L., Raffield T.J., et al. Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 111 (2003) 554-563
99. Ersu R., Arman A.R., Save D., Karadag B., Karakoc F., Berkem M., et al. Prevalence of snoring and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in primary school children in istanbul. Chest 126 (2004) 19-24
100. Kaditis A.G., Alexopoulos E.I., Kalampouka E., Kostadima E., Angelopoulos N., Germenis A., et al. Morning levels of fibrinogen in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Eur Respir J 24 (2004) 790-797
101. Paavonen E.J., Strang-Karlsson S., Raikkonen K., Heinonen K., Pesonen A.K., Hovi P., et al. Very low birth weight increases risk for sleep-disordered breathing in young adulthood: the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults. Pediatrics 120 (2007) 778-784
102. Kuehni C.E., Strippoli M.P., Chauliac E.S., and Silverman M. Snoring in preschool children: prevalence, severity and risk factors. Eur Respir J 31 (2008) 326-333
103. American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS: positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics 89 (1992) 1120-1126
104. Anderson H.R., and Cook D.G. Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax 52 (1997) 1003-1009
105. Savransky V., Nanayakkara A., Li J., Bevans S., Smith P.L., Rodríguez A., et al. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007) 1290-1297
106. Drager L.F., Bortolotto L.A., Figueiredo A.C., Krieger E.M., and Lorenzi G.F. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 (2007) 706-712
107. Barceló A., Miralles C., Barbé F., Vila M., Pons S., and Agustí A.G. Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 16 (2000) 644-647
108. Barceló A., Barbé F., De la Peña M., Vila M., Pérez G., Pierola J., et al. Antioxidant status in patients with sleep apnoea and impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 756-760
109. Dyugovskaya L., Lavie P., and Lavie L. Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 934-939
110. Lavie L., and Lavie P. Smoking interacts with sleep apnea to increase cardiovascular risk. Sleep Med 9 (2008) 247-253
111. Haxhiu M.A., Van Lunteren E., Van de Graaff W.B., Strohl K.P., Bruce E.N., Mitra J., et al. Action of nicotine on the respiratory activity of the diaphragm and genioglossus muscles and the nerves that innervate them. Respir Physiol 57 (1984) 153-169
112. Haxhiu M.A., Van Lunteren E., Mitra J., and Cherniack N.S. Responses to chemical stimulation of upper airway muscles diaphragm in awake cats. J Appl Physiol 56 (1984) 397-403
113. Colrain I.M., Trinder J., and Swan G.E. The impact of smoking cessation on objective and subjective markers of sleep: review, synthesis, and recommendations. Nicotine Tob Res 6 (2004) 913-925