Why travel motivation and socio-demographics matter in managing a national park

Koedoe

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Saayman, Melville ^a   Saayman, Andrea ^a  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Addo Elephant National Park; Conservation and tourism; Socio demographics; Travel behaviour; Travel motivation

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION STATUS; ECONOMIC IMPACT; NATIONAL PARK; PARK MANAGEMENT; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURIST DESTINATION; TRAVEL BEHAVIOR;

ADDO ELEPHANT NATIONAL PARK; AFRICA; EASTERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 68049085586     PISSN: 00756458     EISSN: 20710771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v51i1.381     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Asteriou, D. & Hall, S.G. 2007. Applied econometrics: A modern approach. Revised edition. Hampshire & New York: Palgrave.
2. Backman, K.F., Backman, S.J., Uysal, M. & Sunshine, K.M. 1995. Event tourism: An examination of motivations and activities. Festival Management and Event Tourism 3(1), 15-24.
3. Baker, D.A. & Crompton, J.L. 2000. Quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Annals of Tourism Research 27 (3), 785-804.
4. Bansal, H. & Eislet, H.A. 2004. Exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning. Tourism Management 25, 387-396.
5. Beerli, A., Josefa, J.D. & Martin, D. 2003. Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis - a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Gran Canaria: University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
6. Cai, L.A., Hong, G. & Morrison, A.M. 1995. Household expenditure patterns for tourism products and services. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 4(4), 15-40.
7. Cottrell, M. & Gaubert, P. 2003. Efficient estimators: The use of neural networks to construct pseudo panels. Proceedings of the conference WSOM 2003, Kitakiushu, Japan.
8. Downward, P.M. & Lumsdon, L. 2002. Beyond the demand for day-visits. Tourism Economics 9(1), 67-76.
9. Fish, M. & Waggle, D. 1996. Current income versus total expenditure measures in regression models of vacation and pleasure travel. Journal of Travel Research 35(2), 70-74.
10. Gujarati, D.N. 2003. Basic econometrics. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Gyte, D. & Phelps, A. 1998. Patterns of destination repeat business: British tourists in Mallorca, Spain. Journal of Travel Research 28(1), 24-28.
12. Inoue, A. 2008. Efficient estimation and inference in linear pseudo-panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 142, 449-466.
13. Jang, S., Bai, B., Hong, G.S. & O'Leary, J.T. 2004. Understanding travel expenditure patterns: A study of Japanese pleasure travellers to the United States by income level. Tourism Management 25, 331-341.
14. Johnson, R.A. & Wichern, D.W. 2002. Applied multivariate statistical analysis. 5th edn. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
15. Kastenholz, E. 2005. Analysis of determinants of visitor spending for the rural tourist market in North Portugal. Tourism Economics 11(4), 555-569.
16. Kim, H., Borges, M.C. & Chon, J. 2006. Impacts of environmental values on tourism motivations: The case of FICA, Brazil. Tourism Management 27, 957-967.
17. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F. & McDaniel, C. 2002. Marketing. 6th edn. Conneticut: Thompson Learning.
18. Lee, C.K., Lee, Y.K. & Wicks, B.E. 2004. Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Tourism Management 25, 61-70.
19. Letho, X.Y., Cai, L.A., O'Leary, J.T. & Huan, T.C. 2004. Tourism shopping preferences and expenditure behaviours: The case of the Taiwanese outbound market. Journal of Vacation Marketing 10(4), 320-332.
20. Lu, X. & Pas, E.I. 1999. Socio-demographics, activity participation and travel behavior. Transportation Research Part A 33, 1-18.
21. Maree, K. 2007. First steps in research. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.
22. Matas, A. & Raymond, J-L. 2007. Cross-section data, disequilibrium situations and estimated coefficients: Evidence from car ownership demand. Document de Treball, XREAP2007-04: Xarxa de Referéncia en Economia Aplicada.
23. Mok, C. & Iverson, T.J. 2000. Expenditure-based segmentation: Taiwanese tourists to Gaum. Tourism Management 21(3), 299-305.
24. Mumdambi, R. & Baum, T. 1997. Strategic segmentation: An empirical analysis of tourist expenditures in Turkey. Journal of Travel Research 36(1), 29-34.
25. Oh, H.C., Uysal, M. & Weaver, P.A. 1995. Product bundles and market segmentation based on travel motivations: A canonical correlation approach. Hospitality Management 14(2), 123-137.
26. Oppermann, M. 1996. Visitation of tourism attractions and tourist expenditure patterns: Repeat versus first-time visitors. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 1(1): 61-68.
27. QMS (Quantitative Micro Software). 2007. EViews6 User Guide II. Irvine:QMS.
28. Saayman, A. & Saayman, M. 2006. The socio-demographics and visitation patterns of arts festivals in South Africa. Events Management 9(4), 211-222.
29. Saayman, M. & Saayman, A. 2007. Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of visitor spending at the Kruger National Park in South Africa. Paper presented at the first IATE conference, 26-29 October 2007, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
30. Sakai, M.Y. 1988. A micro-analysis of business travel demand. Applied Economics 20(11), 1481-1495.
31. SANParks. 2009. Greater Addo conservation project, available at http://www.sanparks.org/parks/addo/library/documents.php (Accessed 18/05/2009).
32. Schneider, I.E. & Backman, S.J. 1996. Cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations: A study in Jordan. Festival Management and Event Tourism 4(3/4), 139-144.
33. Skuras, D., Simara, E. & Petrou, A. 2005. Rural tourism and visitor expenditure for local food products. Regional Studies 40(7), 767-779.
34. SPSS Inc. 2007. SPSS 16.0 for Windows®. SPSS Inc.
35. Swanson, K.K. & Horridge, P.E. 2006. Travel motivations as souvenir purchase indicators. Tourism Management 27, 671-683.
36. Tao, C.H., Eagles, P.F.J. & Smith, S.L.J. 2004. Profiling Taiwanese ecotourists using a self-definition approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12(2), 149-168.
37. Van der Merwe, P. & Saayman, M. 2008. Travel motivations of tourists visiting Kruger National Park. Koedoe 50(1), 154-159.
38. Van der Merwe, P., Saayman, M. & Krugell, W.F. 2006. The determinants of the spending of biltong hunters. Paper presented at the second Australian Wildlife Tourism Conference in Western Australia, 13-15 August, Fremantle, Australia.
39. Walker, C., Scott-Melnyk, S. & Sherwood, K. 1996. Reggae to Rachmaninoff: How and why people participate in arts and culture. Washington DC: Urban Institute.
40. Wilkie, W.L. 1994. Consumer behavior. 3rd edn. New York: Wiley.
41. Wooldridge, J.M. 2002. Econometric analysis of cross-section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
42. Uysal, M., McDonald, C.D. & Martin, B.S. 1994. Australian visitors to US national parks and natural areas. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 6(3), 18-24.