Long-term effects of the British evacuation of children during World War 2 on their adult mental health

Aging and Mental Health

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 391-404

  Rusby, James S M ^a   Tasker, Fiona ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Affective disorders; Aging; Attachment; Childhood separation; Gender studies; War children

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHILD REARING; CHILD WELFARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOSTER CARE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOOD DISORDER; ORPHANED CHILD; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; REFUGEE; RISK FACTOR; SEX RATIO; UNITED KINGDOM; WAR; AGE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; CHILD PARENT RELATION; FOLLOW UP; INCIDENCE; LIFE EVENT; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OBJECT RELATION; PARENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RESCUE WORK; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY, SEPARATION; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, STRUCTURAL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESCUE WORK; SEX FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TIME; WORLD WAR II;

EID: 67949118943     PISSN: 13607863     EISSN: 13646915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13607860902867750     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
2. Bentler, P.M. (1988). Causal modelling via structural equation systems. In J.R. Nesselroade, & R.B. Cattell (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology. New York: Plenum.
3. Bentler, P.M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software Inc.
4. Bifulco, A., Brown, G.W., & Harris, T.O. (1987). Loss of parent, lack of parental care and adult psychiatric disorder: The Islington study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 12, 115-128.
5. Birtchnell, J., & Kennard, J. (1984). How do experiences of the early separated and the early bereaved differ and to what extent do such differences effect outcome? Social Psychiatry, 19, 163-171.
6. Blatt, S.J., D'Affitti, J.P., & Quinlan, D.M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383-389.
7. Blatt, S.J., & Zuroff, D.C. (1992). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes of depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527-562.
8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol.1, Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.
9. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Vol.2, Separation. London: Hogarth Press.
10. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss: Vol.3, Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
11. Bowlby, J., Miller, E., & Winnicott, D.W. (1939). Evacuation of small children (Letter to the Editor). British Medical Journal, 2, 1202, (16 December 1939).
12. Brown, G.W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock.
13. Brown, G.W., Harris, T., & Bifulco, A. (1986). Long-term effects of early loss of parent. In M. Rutter, C.E. Izzard, & P.B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 251-296). New York: Guilford.
14. Carey-Trefzer, C.J. (1949). The results of a clinical study of war-damaged children who attended the Child Guidance Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London. Journal of Mental Science, 95, 535-559.
15. Chevron, E.S., Quinlan, D.M., & Blatt, S.J. (1978). Sex roles and gender differences in the experience of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 680-683.
16. Dijken, van S. (1998). John Bowlby: His early life. London: Free Association Books.
17. Emslie, C., Hunt, K., & Macintyre, S. (1999). Gender differences in minor morbidity among full time employees of a British university. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 53, 465-475.
18. Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
19. Faravelli, C., Sachetti, E., Ambonetti, A., Conte, G., Pallanti, S., & Vita, A. (1986). Early life events and affective disorder revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 288-295.
20. Fonagy, P. (2003). The development of psychopathology from infancy to adulthood: The mysterious unfolding of disturbance with time. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24, 212-239.
21. Foster, D., Davies, S., & Steele, H. (2003). The evacuation of British children during World War 2: A preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects. Aging and Mental Health, 7, 398-408.
22. Freud, A., & Burlingham, D.T. (1944). Infants without families and reports on the Hampstead Nurseries, 1939-1945 London: Hogarth.
23. Furukawa, T.A., Oguna, A., Hirai, T., Fujihara, S., Kitamura, T., & Takahashi, K. (1999). Early parental separation experiences among patients with bipolar disorder and major depression: A case control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52, 85-91.
24. Goldberg, D., & Huxley, P. (1992). Common mental disorders. London: Routledge.
25. Harris, T., Brown, G.W., & Bifulco, A. (1986). Loss of a parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: The role of lack of adequate parental care. Psychological Medicine, 16, 641-659.
26. Infrasca, R. (2003). Childhood adversities and adult depression: An experimental study on childhood depressogenic markers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 76, 103-111.
27. Isaacs, S., Brown, S.C., & Thouless, R.H. (Eds.) (1941). The Cambridge evacuation survey. London: Methuen.
28. Kessler, R.C., Davis, C.G., & Kendler, K.S. (1997). Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1101-1119.
29. Marcia, J.E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychiatry. New York: Wiley.
30. Office for National Statistics (1998). Simplified list of social class based on occupation. Fareham, UK: ONC.
31. Paikoff, R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent-child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110, 47-67.
32. Parsons, M.L. (1998). I'll take that one: Dispelling the myths of civilian evacuation, 1939-1945. Peterborough: Beckett Karlson.
33. Reiss, D., Hetherington, E.M., Plomin, R., Howe, G.W., Simmens, S.J., Henderson, S.H., et al. (1995). Genetic questions for environmental studies: Differential parenting and psychopathology in adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 925-936.
34. Roy, A. (1981). Role of past loss in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 301-302.
35. Rusby, J.S.M. (2005). Childhood temporary separation: Long-term effects of wartime evacuation in World War 2. Doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College (Boca Raton FL: Dissertation.com
36. Rusby, J.S.M., & Tasker, F. (2008). Childhood temporary separation: Long-term effects of the British evacuation of children during world War 2 on older adults' attachment styles. Attachment and Human Development, 10, 207-221.
37. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
38. Takeuchi, H., Hiroe, T., Kanai, T., Morinobu, S., Kitamura, T., Takahashi, K., et al. (2002). Childhood parental separation experiences and depressive symptomatology in acute major depression. Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53, 215-219.
39. Tennant, C., Hurry, J., & Bebbington, P. (1980). Parent-child separations during childhood: Their relation to adult psychiatric morbidity and to psychiatric referral: Preliminary findings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 31, 324-331.
40. Tennant, C., Hurry, J., & Bebbington, P. (1982). The relation of childhood separation experiences to adult depressive and anxiety states. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 475-482.
41. Titmus, R.M. (1950). Problems of social policy. London: HM Stationery Office.
42. van Dijken, S. (1998). John Bowlby: His early life. London: Free Association Books.
43. Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E., & Sartorius, N. (1974). The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms: An instruction manual for the Present State Examination and CATEGO Programme. London: Cambridge University Press.
44. Winnicott, D.W. (1965). The maturational process and the facilitating environment. London: Hogarth.
45. Wolf, K.M. (1945). Evacuation of children in wartime. In A. Freud, H. Hartman, & E. Kris (Eds.), The Psychoanalytic study of the child (Vol. 1). London: Senate House.