Human papillomavirus vaccines and anal carcinoma

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 57-63

  Franceschi, Silvia ^a   De Vuyst, Hugo ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER   (France)

Author keywords

Anal intraepithelial lesion; Anal squamous cell carcinoma; Epidemiology; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; ANUS CARCINOMA; ANUS INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSPLASIA; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 11; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 18; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 6; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MALE HOMOSEXUAL; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; UTERINE CERVIX DYSPLASIA; VACCINATION; VAGINA DISEASE; VIRUS INFECTION; VULVA DISEASE; WART VIRUS;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; ANUS NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS 16; HUMANS; MALE; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 67849090088     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32831b9c81     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of carcinogenic risks to Humans Volume90: Human Papillomaviruses. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
2. Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol.IX. IARC Scientific Publications No. 160. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
3. This IARC publication presented cancer incidence data on 300 populations from 225 cancer registries all over the world for which good quality data are available. Eleven percentage of the world population was covered, with, however, low coverage from the African (1%), South/Central American and Asian (both 4%) regions. The website http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ provides multiple useful options for analysis of cancer incidence across the world.
4. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer 2004; 101:281-288.
5. Frisch M, Melbye M, Moller H. Trends in incidence of anal cancer in Denmark. BMJ 1993; 306:419-422. (Pubitemid 23045549)
6. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:3030-3044.
7. Fenger C, Frisch M, Marti MC, et al. Tumours of the anal canal. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics. Tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press; 2000. pp. 147-155.
8. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, et al. Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer.NEngl J Med 1987; 317:973-977.
9. Grulich AE, Tvan Leeuwen M, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosupressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007; 370:59-67. This meta-analysis comparing risks for cancer in persons with HIV/AIDS with those immunodepressed owing to solid organ transplantations shows that an extensive range of cancers occurred at increased risk, with similar patterns in both groups. Rates of cancers associated with infectious agents were notably increased. The authors warned that these cancers might become important complications in longterm HIV infection.
10. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer 2004; 101:270-280.
11. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1500-1510. (Pubitemid 30757423)
12. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, et al. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002. AIDS 2006; 20:1645-1654.
13. Dal Maso L, Franceschi S, Polesel J, et al. Risk of cancer in persons with AIDS in Italy, 1985-1998. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:94-100.
14. Grulich AE, Li Y, McDonald A, et al. Rates of non-AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV infection before and after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS 2002; 16:1155-1161. (Pubitemid 34533854)
15. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:425-432. (Pubitemid 40528605)
16. Newnham A, Harris J, Evans HS, et al. The risk of cancer in HIV-infected people in southeast England: a cohort study. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:194-200. (Pubitemid 40188455)
17. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:728-736. The largest analysis of cancer incidence trends among HIV-infected persons in the United States, this study reports marked increases in the incidence of several non- AIDS defining cancers in HIV-infected persons. Conversely, AIDS-defining cancers have decreased since the HAART era. This should alert HIV caregivers for the prevention or early detection of non-AIDS-defining cancers, especially those that are HPV-related.
18. Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Grabar S, et al. Marked increase in the incidence of invasive anal cancer among HIV-infected patients despite treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22:1203-1211. This large, nationwide French prospective cohort study among HIV-infected individuals demonstrated that anal cancer incidence has risen since the introduction of HAART. This applied to all HIV-transmission categories, but the absolute risk was higher in MSM around the age of 40 years. The authors conclude that HAART increases survival but does not prevent anal cancers in these patients. Overall 2-year survival rate of HIV-infected persons with anal cancer was similar to that in the general population.
19. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated squamous cell cancer of the anus: epidemiology and outcomes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:474-479. This large retrospective cohort study, including 1184 US veterans with new diagnosis of anal carcinoma between 1998 and 2004 found that 15% were associated with HIV infection and that the latter were on average younger and more likely to be men and African-American, compared with HIV-negative veterans with anal carcinoma. Survival of persons with anal carcinoma was similar for both groups. HIV testing in persons diagnosed with anal carcinoma and application of standard treatment regimens in the HIV infected were advocated. (Pubitemid 351171702)
20. D'Souza G, Wiley DJ, Li X, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of anal cancer in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48:491-499.
21. Heard I, Palefsky JM, Kazatchkine MD. The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. Antivir Ther 2004; 9:13-22. (Pubitemid 38313943)
22. Barr E, Sings HL. Prophylactic HPV vaccines: new interventions for cancer control. Vaccine (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.056.
23. Shefer A, Markowitz L, Deeks S, et al. Early experience with human papillomavirus vaccine introduction in the United States, Canada and Australia. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl 10):K68-K75.
24. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, et al. Sustained efficacy up to 4-5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 2006; 367:1247-1255.
25. Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1928-1943. This paper reports 100% protection against vulvar, vaginal or perianal disease including warts associated with HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine types in a randomized controlled trial in women between the ages of 16 and 24 years and who had not been previously infected with these HPV types. (Pubitemid 46740303)
26. The FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1915-1927. This randomized controlled efficacy trial showed 98% protection against HPV16/ 18-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 or worse lesions with the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine in women between 15 and 26 years, not previously infected by these HPV types.
27. Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX, et al. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369:2161-2170. This paper reports an interim analysis on a modified intention-to-treat basis (received at least one vaccine dose) ofa randomized controlled efficacy trial with the HPV16/18 vaccine against high-grade or worse cervical lesions in women 15-25 years old negative for the vaccine types. Efficacy was 90% after amean follow-up of 15 months. (Pubitemid 46977438)
28. Schiller JT, Castellsagué X, Villa LL, Hildesheim A. An update of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like particle vaccine clinical trial results. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl 10):K53-K61.
29. The FUTURE II Study Group. Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like-particle vaccine on risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, grade 3, and adenocarcinoma in situ: a combined analysis of four randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007; 369:1861-1868. A combined analysis including 20 583 women from two phase 2 and two phase 3 randomized trials on the effect of the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine shows an efficacy of 99% on the combined incidence of HPV16/18-related CIN2/3, adenocarcinoma in situ or cervical cancer in women who were not previously infected with HPV16/18. The efficacy against CIN2 or worse caused by vaccine types was 44%, regardless of previous infection with these types.
30. Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2007; 369:1693-1702. This report from a randomized controlled trial with the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine shows a 100% efficacy against high-grade vulvar and vaginal lesions associated with HPV16/18 in women who were not previously infected with these HPV types.
31. Smith JF, Brownlow M, Brown M, et al. Antibodies from women immunized with Gardasil cross-neutralize HPV 45 pseudovirions. Hum Vaccin 2007; 3:109-115. This is the first report showing in-vitro cross-neutralization of nonvaccine type HPV 45 pseudovirions by HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine-induced antibodies. (Pubitemid 47501028)
32. Stanley M. Immunobiology of HPV and HPV vaccines. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:S15-S21. This paper describes the biologic pathways of the HPV infectious cycle, HPV immune-escape mechanisms and host immune response. Mechanisms of protection by prophylactic HPV vaccines are also discussed.
33. Olsson SE, Villa LL, Costa RL, et al. Induction of immune memory following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11/16/18L1virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine.Vaccine 2007;25:4931-4939. This study of the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine shows that administration of a booster dose at 5 years after the primary three-dose vaccination results in a classic anamnestic response, with serum anti-HPV levels that were higher than following the primary vaccination. This suggests a long-lasting protection by the vaccine.
34. Giannini SL, Hanon E, Moris P, et al. Enhanced humoral and memory B cellular immunity using HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine formulated with the MPL/aluminium salt combination (AS04) compared to aluminium salt only. Vaccine 2006; 24:5937-5949. (Pubitemid 44080367)
35. Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Wacholder S, et al. Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 298:743-753. (Pubitemid 47263157)
36. Saslow D, Castle PE, Cox JT, et al. American Cancer Society Guideline for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Use to Prevent Cervical Cancer and Its Precursors. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57:7-28. This is the report of an expert panel by the American Cancer Society, which reviewed existing data on HPV vaccines and formulated recommendations for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions through HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. (Pubitemid 46148088)
37. Wheeler CM, Franceschi S. EUROGIN 2007 roadmap: conclusion. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl 1):A28-A31. This is the report of the2007EUROGINconsensusmeeting on prevention of cervical cancer, focussing on HPV vaccination. Four specific topics were addressed: age of HPVvaccination; is viral status needed before vaccination; screening approaches for vaccinated populations; and monitoring of vaccinated women.
38. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Guidance for the introduction of HPV vaccines in EU countries; 2008. http://ecdc.europa.eu/pdf/ HPV-report.pdf.
39. Kim JJ, Goldie SJ. Health and economic implications of HPV vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:821-832. This is the first report of a mathematical model that included the possible reduction in other noncervical HPV-related cancers in addition to cervical cancer and anogenital warts in women to estimate the cost-effectiveness of combining cervical cancer screening with HPV16/18 or HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccination. Vaccination of 12-year-old girls was most cost-effective and was compared to adding catch-up vaccination for girls to 18, 21 and 26 years of age. Adding noncervical health benefits increased the cost-effectiveness considerably. Sensitivity analysis using different screening scenarios was done.
40. Einstein MH, Kadish AS, Burk RD, et al. Heat shock fusion protein-based immunotherapy for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106:453-460.
41. Roman LD, Wilczynski S, Muderspach LI, et al. A phase II study of Hsp-7 (SGN-00101) in women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106:558-566. (Pubitemid 47302472)
42. Garcia-Hernandez E, Gonzalez-Sanchez JL, Andrade-Manzano A, et al. Regression of papilloma high-grade lesions (CIN 2 and CIN 3) is stimulated by therapeutic vaccination with MVA E2 recombinant vaccine. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:592-597. (Pubitemid 43756247)
43. Albarran Y, Carvajal A, de la Garza A, Cruz Quiroz BJ, et al. MVA E2 recombinant vaccine in the treatment of human papillomavirus infection in men presenting intraurethral flat condyloma: a phase I/II study. BioDrugs 2007; 21:47-59. (Pubitemid 46232456)
44. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer (in press). This meta-analysis investigated human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in vulvar, vaginal and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN, VAIN, AIN) grades 1-3 and carcinoma from 93 studies, including 29 on anal cancer and precancerous lesions, conducted in four continents and using PCR assays. HPV16 predominated in all HPV-positive carcinoma types. Among AIN2/3, HIV infection was associated with higher HPV prevalence, more multiple-type infections, and a relative under-representation of HPV16. The study concludes that approximately 40% of vulvar, 60% of vaginal and 80% of anal carcinoma may be avoided by prophylactic vaccines against HPV16/18.
45. Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:621-632. (Pubitemid 46986496)
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV and men: CDC fact sheet. http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDfact-HPV-and-men.htm. Accessed September 2008.
47. Palefsky J. Human papillomavirus and anal neoplasia. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2008; 5:78-85. This paper provides an overview of the epidemiology, detection and treatment of anal HPV and HPV-related anal disease in men and supports the importance of anal screening in populations at high risk of anal cancer, that is, men who have sex with men and immunosuppressed persons, including those with HIV infection. The influence of HIV infection is also discussed.
48. Coutlee F, Rouleau D, Petignat P, et al. Enhanced detection and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in anogenital samples with PGMY primers and the Linear array HPV genotyping test. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1998-2006.
49. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, et al. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men: prevalence and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17:320-326. (Pubitemid 28145168)
50. Critchlow CW, Hawes SE, Kuypers JM, et al. Effect of HIV infection on the natural history of anal human papillomavirus infection. AIDS 1998; 12:1177-1184. (Pubitemid 28302420)
51. United States National Institutes of Health. ClinicalTrials.gov.http:// www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Accessed September 2008.
52. Kudjawu Y, Levy-Bruhl D, Celentano LP, et al. The current status of HPV and rotavirus vaccines in national immunisation schedules in the EU: preliminary results of a VENICE survey. Euro Surveill 2007; 12:E070426.
53. Barnabas RV, Laukkanen P, Koskela P, et al. Epidemiology of HPV 16 and cervical cancer in Finland and the potential impact of vaccination: mathematical modelling analyses. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e138. (Pubitemid 43807031)
54. Kim JJ, Andres-Beck B, Goldie SJ. The value of including boys in an HPV vaccination programme: a cost-effectiveness analysis in a low-resource setting. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1322-1328. (Pubitemid 350035812)
55. Palefsky JM, Gillison ML, Strickler HD. Chapter 16: HPV vaccines in immunocompromised women and men. Vaccine 2006; 24 (Suppl 3):S3/140-S3/146.
56. Kroger AT, Atkinson WL, Marcuse EK, Pickering LK. General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55:1-48.
57. Palefsky JM, Berry JM, Jay N, et al. A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat highgrade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS 2006; 20:1151-1155. (Pubitemid 43786103)