Mixed up in power politics and the Cold War: The Americans, the ICFTU and Singapore's labour movement, 1955-1960

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 323-351

  Long, S R Joey ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; LABOR RELATIONS; POLITICAL POWER; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; WAR;

ASIA; BENELUX; EURASIA; EUROPE; NETHERLANDS; NORTH AMERICA; SINGAPORE [SOUTHEAST ASIA]; SOUTHEAST ASIA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 67749137227     PISSN: 00224634     EISSN: 14740680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022463409000174     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Peter Weiler, 'The United States, international labor, and the Cold War: The breakup of the World Federation of Trade Unions', Diplomatic History, 5, 1 (1981): 1-22.
2. Refer to Edward Taborsky, 'The class struggle, the proletariat, and the developing nations', Review of Politics, 29, 3 (1967): 370-86
3. Robert W. Cox, 'Labor and transnational relations', International Organization, 25, 3 (1971): 554-84.
4. Leong Yee Fong, 'The impact of the Cold War on the development of trade unionism in Malaya (1948-57)', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 23, 1 (1992): 60-73.
5. Yeo Kim Wah, Political development in Singapore, 1945-55 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1973), pp. 232-3. The quotation is from p. 232.
6. Jim Baker, The eagle in the Lion City: America, Americans and Singapore (Singapore: Landmark Books, 2005), p. 200.
7. For example, refer to the treatment of Singapore's labour unions in John Drysdale, Singapore: Struggle for success (Singapore: Times Books International, 1984), pp. 175-6, 182-5
8. Lee Ting Hui, The open united front: The Communist struggle in Singapore, 1954-1966 (Singapore: South Seas Society, 1996), pp. 62-3, 79-92, 126-32, 135-7, 206-9.
9. See also Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore: Times Editions, 1998).
10. Refer to T.N. Harper, 'Lim Chin Siong and the "Singapore Story"', in Comet in the sky: Lim Chin Siong in history, ed. Tan Jing Quee and K. S. Jomo (Kuala Lumpur: INSAN, 2001), pp. 3-55
11. C.J. W.-L. Wee, 'The vanquished: Lim Chin Siong and a progressivist national narrative', in Lee's lieutenants: Singapore's old guard, ed. Lam Peng Er and Kevin Y.L. Tan (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1999), pp. 169-90
12. Liew Kai Khiun, 'The anchor and the voice of 10,000 waterfront workers: Jamit Singh in the Singapore Story (1954-63)', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 35, 3 (2004): 459-78
13. Liew Kai Khiun, 'Labour formation, identity, and resistance in HM dockyard, Singapore (1921-1971)', International Review of Social History, 51, 3 (2006): 415-39.
14. For Burma, refer to John Cady, The United States and Burma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
15. For Cambodia, refer to Kenton Clymer, The United States and Cambodia, 1870-1969: From curiosity to confrontation (London: Routledge, 2004).
16. For Indonesia, refer to George and Audrey Kahin, Subversion as foreign policy: The secret Eisenhower and Dulles debacle in Indonesia (New York: The New Press, 1995).
17. For Laos, refer to Timothy Castle, At war in the shadow of Vietnam: U.S. military aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955-1975 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
18. For Malaya/Malaysia, refer to Pamela Sodhy, The US-Malaysian nexus: Themes in superpower-small state relations (Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia, 1991).
19. For the Philippines, refer to Nick Cullather, Illusions of influence: The political economy of United States-Philippines relations, 1942-1960 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
20. For Thailand, refer to Daniel Fineman, A special relationship: The United States and military government in Thailand, 1947-1958 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997).
21. For Vietnam, refer to David Anderson, Trapped by success: The Eisenhower administration and Vietnam, 1953-1961 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
22. The century-long American presence in Singapore has been examined by Baker, Eagle in the Lion City.
23. Refer to T.N. Harper, 'Globalism and the politics of authenticity: The creation of a diasporic public sphere in Singapore', Sojourn, 12, 2 (1997): 261-92
24. Harper, 'Lim Chin Siong and the "Singapore Story"', in Comet in the sky: Lim Chin Siong in history, pp. 6-13
25. Sunil Amrith, 'Asian internationalism: Bandung's echo in a colonial metropolis', Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6, 4 (2005): 557-69.
26. Parenthetically, the public record can also be misleading. A column in The Straits Times ('Jaganathan says "no" to U.S. aid', 7 Apr. 1956) reported a local unionist emphatically stating he would accept no financial aid from anti-communist labour organisations in the United States. But as the declassified documents reveal and this article shows, money did change hands.
27. Robert Black to Alan Lennox-Boyd, 20 June 1955, CO 1030/366, The National Archives, London, UK (hereafter TNA).
28. James Low, 'Kept in position: The Labour Front-alliance government of Chief Minister David Marshall in Singapore, April 1955-June 1956', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 35, 1 (2004): 46-50.
29. Marshall was elected into office in Apr. 1955.
30. Frank Wisner to Nelson Rockefeller, 1 June 1955, Foreign relations of the United States, 1955-1957, vol. 22 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1989), p. 736 (hereafter FRUS with year and volume number)
31. William Anderson to US Department of State (hereafter DOS), 21 June 1955, Record Group 59 (hereafter RG 59), 746F.00/6-2155, National Archives, College Park, Maryland, USA (hereafter NACP).
32. Anderson to DOS, 19 Aug. 1955, RG 59, 746F.00/8-1955, NACP.
33. Eric Kocher to DOS, 14 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 746F.00/10-1455, NACP.
34. Refer to [Fang Zhuangbi], [The plenipotentiary from the Malayan Commun ist Party: Memoirs of Fang Zhuangbi] (Selangor: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, 2006), who notes, nonetheless, that the underground had been critically enfeebled by local security forces.
35. Harper, 'Lim Chin Siong', p. 13.
36. See General Secretary's Report, ICFTU, Asian Regional Conference, 28-31 May 1951, ICFTU Papers, Folder 1236, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands (hereafter IISH)
37. William Langdon to DOS, 14 June 1950, RG 59, 846F.06/6-1450, NACP.
38. Langdon to DOS, 6 Sept. 1950 and 5 Oct. 1950, RG 59, 846F.062/9-650 and 846F.00/10-550 respectively, NACP.
39. D. Mungat Memoranda, 4 and 28 Feb. 1951, ICFTU Papers, Folder 1236, IISH.
40. A. Bland Calder to DOS, 13 Nov. 1950, RG 59, 846F.06/11-1350, NACP.
41. Langdon to DOS, 15 Jan. 1951, RG 59, 846F.06/1-1551, NACP.
42. See Langdon to DOS, 21 Sept. 1950 and 15 Jan. 1951, RG 59, 846F.06/ 9-2150 and 846F.06/1-1551 respectively, NACP;
43. John Goodyear to DOS, 2 Oct. 1951, RG 59, 846F.06/10-251, NACP
44. Yeo, Political development, p. 232.
45. Operations Coordinating Board Outline Plan, 27 Feb. 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957, 22: 792-3.
46. George Thomson to J.J. Halsema, 5 Feb. 1951, attachment to Langdon to DOS, 27 Feb. 1951, RG 59, 846F.062/2-2751, NACP.
47. Langdon to DOS, 27 Feb. 1951, RG 59, 846F.062/2-2751, NACP.
48. Goodyear to DOS, 2 Oct. 1951, RG 59, 846F.06/10-251, NACP.
49. Ralph McGuire to DOS, 17 Nov. 1953, RG 59, 846F.06/11-1753, NACP.
50. See ibid.
51. Philip Clock to DOS, 11 Dec. 1953, RG 59, 846F.06/2-1153, NACP; and H.A. Bulpitt to W.H. Braine, 2 Sept. 1955, LAB 13/1121, TNA.
52. See 'Obituaries', The Washington Post, 18 July 1995.
53. The quotation is from Walter Robertson to Robert Murphy, 29 July 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/7-2955, NACP. See also Mungat Memorandum, Aug. 1955, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3772, IISH
54. Robert Murphy to James Carey, 2 Aug. 1955, RG 59, 511.46F3/8-255, NACP
55. George Weaver to W.B. Campbell, 16 Aug. 1955, George L.-P. Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 23, Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA [hereafter WPRL]
56. C. Thayer White to DOS, 10 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 846F.06/10-1055, NACP.
57. Mungat Memorandum, Aug. 1955, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3772, IISH.
58. George Weaver, 'Report', Oct. 1955, attachment to Philip Sullivan to Kenneth Young, 19 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/10-1955, NACP
59. 'Report on the Singapore Labor Movement', undated, attachment to George Weaver to J.H. Oldenbroek, 27 Oct. 1955, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3772, IISH.
60. Weaver, 'Report', Oct. 1955, attachment to Sullivan to Young, 19 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/10-1955, NACP.
61. Ibid.
62. Memorandum of conversation involving Weaver, Young, Sullivan, Rockwood Foster and Rufus Smith, 24 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 846F.06/10-2455, NACP.
63. See Irvin Lippe to DOS, 28 Nov. 1955 RG 59, 846F.06/11-2855, NACP
64. John Foster Dulles to United States Consulate-General in Singapore (hereafter USCGS), 1 Dec. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/12-155, NACP.
65. Lippe to DOS, 28 Nov. 1955, RG 59, 846F.06/11-2855, NACP.
66. O.H. Morris to A.M. Mackintosh and H. Bourdillon, 16 Nov. 1955, CO 1030/ 367, TNA.
67. See also, A. M. Mackintosh to Robert Black, 17 Nov. 1955, CO 1030/367, TNA.
68. J.D. Higham to A.M. Mackintosh, 2 Dec. 1955, CO 1030/367, TNA.
69. Elbridge Durbrow to John Foster Dulles, 6 Dec. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/ 12-655, NACP.
70. Durbrow to DOS, 23 Dec. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/12-2355, NACP.
71. Nicholas Feld to John Foster Dulles, 3 Mar. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/3-356, NACP.
72. Lippe to DOS, 24 Apr. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/4-2456, NACP.
73. See Lippe to DOS, 28 June 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/6-2856, NACP
74. John Holdridge to DOS
75. Sept. 1957, RG 59, 846F.052/9-2657, NACP.
76. Refer to Memorandum of conversation involving Weaver, Young, Sullivan, Foster and Smith, 24 Oct. 1955, RG 59, 846F.06/10-2455, NACP
77. Thomas Bavin, 'Singapore - Present situation', 24 Jan. 1956, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3772, IISH
78. White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/9-1456, NACP.
79. See Lippe to DOS, 7 Feb. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/2-757, NACP.
80. The quotation is from White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/ 9-1456, NACP
81. see also Lippe to DOS, 3 Nov. 1955, 28 Nov. 1955, and 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/11-355, 846F.06/11-2855, and 846F.06/3-857 respectively, NACP.
82. Lippe to DOS, 28 June 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/6-2856, NACP.
83. Lippe to DOS, 3 Nov. 1955 and 28 June 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/11-355 and 846F.062/6-2856 respectively, NACP.
84. Lippe to DOS, 28 June 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/6-2856, NACP;
85. George Weaver, 'Report on the Singapore Trade Union Congress', 19 July 1956, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 26, WPRL.
86. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
87. Lippe to DOS, 24 May 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/5-2457, NACP.
88. Lippe to DOS, 28 June 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/6-2856, NACP
89. Weaver, 'Report on the Singapore Trade Union Congress', 19 July 1956, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 26, WPRL.
90. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
91. White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/9-1456, NACP.
92. See 'Report on the Singapore labor movement', no date, attachment to Weaver to Oldenbroek, 27 Oct. 1955, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3772, IISH.
93. 'Labour situation and possible future developments', no date, attachment to Black to Mackintosh, 28 Feb. 1956, CO 1030/367, TNA.
94. See Feld to Dulles, 3 Mar. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/3-356, NACP
95. White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/9-1456, NACP.
96. White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/9-1456, NACP.
97. Lippe to DOS, 24 Apr. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/4-2456, NACP.
98. The quotations are from Lippe to DOS, 9 Aug. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/ 8-956, NACP.
99. See also, Weaver to Thomas Posey, 7 Aug. 1956, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 15, WPRL.
100. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
101. Refer to Memorandum of conversation between Mapara and Lippe, 7 Dec. 1955, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 13 Dec. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/12-1355, NACP
102. Durbrow to DOS, 23 Dec. 1955, RG 59, 846F.062/12-2355, NACP.
103. Refer to Memorandum of conversation involving K.C. Thomas and Lippe, 15 May 1957, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 16 May 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/ 5-1657, NACP.
104. Lippe to DOS, 24 Apr. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/4-2456, NACP.
105. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/3-856, NACP.
106. Lippe to DOS, 4 May 1956, RG 59, 746F.MAY DAY/5-456, NACP.
107. Ibid.
108. Memorandum of conversation involving Lim Yew Hock and Holdridge, 16 Oct. 1956, attachment to Durbrow to DOS, 22 Oct. 1956, RG 59, 746F.00/ 10-2256, NACP. Lim Yew Hock had assumed the chief ministry after David Marshall resigned in June 1956.
109. White to DOS, 14 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.06/9-1456, NACP.
110. Ibid.
111. See Durbrow to Dulles, 6 Sept. 1956 and 22 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/ 9-656 and 846F.062/9-956 respectively, NACP
112. Weaver to Walter Reuther, 6 Sept. 1956, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 12 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-1256, NACP.
113. Weaver to Reuther, 6 Sept. 1956, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 12 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-1256, NACP.
114. Durbrow to Dulles, 6 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-656, NACP.
115. Durbrow to Dulles, 9 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-956, NACP.
116. See also, Lippe to DOS, 12 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-1256, NACP.
117. Lippe to DOS, 12 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-1256, NACP.
118. See Victor Reuther, Assistant to UAW President Walter Reuther, to J.H. Oldenbroek, ICFTU General Secretary, 2 Oct. 1956, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 13, WPRL.
119. Memorandum of conversation, 26 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-2656, NACP.
120. See also, Dulles to USCGS, 28 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/9-2856, NACP.
121. Eric Kocher Memorandum, 1 Oct. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/10-156, NACP.
122. See also, Dulles to USCGS, 1 Oct. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/10-156, NACP.
123. Durbrow to Dulles, 7 Nov. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/11-756, NACP.
124. Herbert Hoover to USCGS, 15 Nov. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/11-1556, NACP
125. Weaver to Bavin, 30 Nov. 1956, attachment to Oliver Peterson to DOS, 31 Dec. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-3156, NACP.
126. See Bavin to Oldenbroek, 10 Dec. 1956, attachment to Peterson to DOS, 31 Dec. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-3156, NACP
127. Durbrow to Dulles, 12 Dec. 1956; and 20 Dec. 1956; RG 59, 846F.062/ 12-1256 and 846F.062/12-2056 respectively, NACP.
128. See Durbrow to Dulles, 20 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-2056, NACP
129. Peterson to DOS, 31 Dec. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-3156, NACP.
130. See Durbrow to Dulles, 2 Jan. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/1-257, NACP
131. White to DOS, 3 Jan. 1957, RG 59, 746.00(W)=1-357, NACP
132. Sterling Cottrell to Dulles, 28 Jan. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/1-2857, NACP.
133. Lippe to DOS, 7 Feb. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/2-757, NACP.
134. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
135. For disparaging remarks articulated by the PAP unions, see White to DOS, 10 Sept. 1956, RG 59, 746F.00(W)/9-1056, NACP.
136. T.M. Cowan to A. Greenhough, 15 Mar. 1957, CO 859/1146, TNA.
137. N. Lewis to K.H. Simpson, 31 May 1957, CO 859/1146, TNA.
138. K.H. Simpson to E.M. Hyde-Clarke, London, 3 July 1957, CO 859/1146, TNA.
139. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
140. Memorandum of conversation, 17 Apr. 1957, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 10 May 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/5-1057, NACP.
141. Memorandum of conversation, 25 Oct. 1957, attachment to Holdridge to DOS, 29 Oct. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/10-2957, NACP.
142. See Durbrow to Dulles, 20 Dec. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-2056, NACP; Dulles to USCGS, 28 Dec. 1956, RG 59, 846F.062/12-2056, NACP; and Durbrow to Dulles, 2 Jan. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/1-257, NACP.
143. See Robert Murphy to George Meany, 19 Feb. 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/2-1957, NACP; Lim Yew Hock to Weaver, 19 Mar. 1957, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 27, WPRL; and Action taken on OCB Plan, 31 July 1957, RG 59, 611.46F/ 7-3157, NACP.
144. For a critical assessment of Jaganathan's personality and impact on the labour movement, see 'Labour situation and possible future developments', no date, attachment to Black to Mackintosh, 28 Feb. 1956, CO 1030/367, TNA.
145. Lippe to DOS, 8 Mar. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/3-857, NACP.
146. K.H. Simpson to E.M. Hyde-Clarke, 3 July 1957, CO 859/1146, TNA.
147. Cottrell to DOS, 26 June 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/6-2657, NACP.
148. Holdridge to DOS, 20 Aug. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/8-2057, NACP.
149. Memorandum of conversation, 15 May 1957, attachment to Lippe to DOS, 16 May 1957, RG 59, 846F.062/5-1657, NACP. See also Lippe to DOS, 7 Feb. 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/2-757, NACP.
150. Memorandum of conversation involving Weaver, Cottrell, Holdridge and R. Katrosh, 23 Sept. 1957, attachment to Holdridge to DOS, 26 Sept. 1957, RG 59, 846F.052/9-2657, NACP.
151. Holdridge to DOS, 27 Feb. 1958, RG 59, 846F.062/2-2758, NACP.
152. Holdridge to DOS, 27 Feb. 1958, RG 59, 846F.062/2-2758, NACP.
153. Lippe to DOS, 21 Jan. 1958, RG 59, 846F.062/1-2158, NACP.
154. Weaver to Lim Yew Hock, 5 Nov. 1957, attachment to Weaver to Charles Millard, 26 Nov. 1957, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH.
155. See Weaver to Jay Krane, 4 Mar. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH. The US consulate-general's positive sentiments toward Weaver were expressed in Lippe to DOS, 21 Jan. 1958, RG 59, 846F.062/1-2158, NACP.
156. For the views of the British, see A.M. Mackintosh to Selwyn Lloyd, 30 Aug. 1958, LAB 13/1204, TNA.
157. Cowan to Greenhough, 22 Feb. 1958, CO 859/1146, TNA.
158. Holdridge to DOS, 27 Feb. 1958, RG 59, 846F.062/2-2758, NACP.
159. See Weaver to Lim Yew Hock, 5 Nov. 1957, attachment to Weaver to C.H. Millard, 26 Nov. 1957, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH.
160. G. Kandasamy to Weaver, 30 Nov. 1957, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 2, WPRL.
161. See Weaver to Lim Yew Hock, 5 Nov. 1957, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 27, WPRL; Kandasamy to Weaver, 4 Feb. 1958, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 2, WPRL; Jay Krane to Weaver, 4 Feb. 1958, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 3, WPRL; and Mapara to Millard, 18 Apr. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH.
162. John Holdridge to DOS, 18 Mar. 1958, RG 59, 846F.06/3-1858, NACP.
163. See also, Joseph Soares to Mapara, 11 Mar. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
164. Millard to Kandasamy, 28 Mar. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
165. See Kandasamy to Millard, 12 Apr. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH. For the ICFTU's scepticism toward Kandasamy,
166. see Mapara to Millard, 18 Apr. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH.
167. See Lippe to DOS, 7 Feb. 1957; and 16 May 1957, RG 59, 846F.06/2-757 and 846F.062/5-1657 respectively, NACP.
168. See Millard to Kandasamy, 18 Nov. 1958
169. Kandasamy to Millard, 1 Dec. 1958, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
170. See J.E. Galsworthy to S.A. Priddle, Singapore, 6 Feb. 1959, LAB 13/ 1266, TNA
171. Graham McKelvey to DOS, 3 Apr. 1959, RG 59, 846F.062=4-359, NACP.
172. J.F. Soares to Weaver, 3 Apr. 1959, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 12, WPRL.
173. See Galsworthy to Priddle, 6 Feb. 1959, LAB 13/1266, TNA
174. T.M. Cowan, 'Labour Review, 1951-1958', 18 Aug. 1958, LAB 13/1204. TNA.
175. W.H. Marsh to A.G. Wallis, 17 Nov. 1958, LAB 13/1266, TNA.
176. For Krane's attempt to bring Weaver back to Singapore, see Krane to Weaver, 14 Nov. 1958, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 3, WPRL.
177. See Weaver to Krane, 21 Nov. 1958, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 3, WPRL;
178. Marsh to C. Marshall, 29 Jan. 1959, CO 859/1146, TNA.
179. See G. Foggon to Walter Hood, 14 Feb. 1959, CO 859/1146, TNA
180. S.A. Priddle, 'Labour Review, September, 1958 - June, 1959', 22 July 1959, LAB 13/1204, TNA.
181. In the 1959 polls organised to elect Singapore's self-governing administration, the PAP won 43 of the 51 seats it contested and entered office.
182. J.F. Soares to O. Becu and J.H. Oldenbroek, 30 June 1959, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3778, IISH.
183. Priddle, 'Labour Review', 22 July 1959, LAB 13=1204, TNA.
184. Soares to Becu and Oldenbroek, 7 Oct. 1959, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
185. Soares to Oldenbroek, 4 May 1960, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
186. Soares to Becu and Oldenbroek, 4 and 18 May 1960, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
187. Soares to Becu and Oldenbroek, 17 May 1960, ICFTU Papers, Folder 3780, IISH.
188. For local expressions of Afro-Asianism during the 1950s, refer to Amrith, 'Asian internationalism', pp. 557-69.
189. Refer to the recent treatment of the issue by Odd Arne Westad, The global Cold War: Third World interventions and the making of our times (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), and the debates it has provoked: 'Global Cold War roundtable', ed. Thomas Maddux, H-Diplo Roundtable Review, 8, 12 (2007): http://ww.h-net.org/ ~diplo=roundtables=PDF=GlobalColdWar-Roundtable.pdf (last accessed on 12 Jan. 2009).
190. On the notion of the 'Black Atlantic', refer to Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
191. For the African American engagement with Asia, refer to George Lipsitz, '"Frantic to join... the Japanese army": The Asia Pacific war in the lives of African American soldiers and civilians', in The politics of culture in the shadow of capital, ed. Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), pp. 324-53.
192. For Weaver's impact on locals, see also Nellie Hoang to Weaver, 14 Dec. 1960, Weaver Papers, Box 4, Folder 6, WPRL. For Asia's impact on Weaver, see Weaver to Loke Wan Tho, 18 Aug. 1958, Weaver Papers, Box 3, Folder 31, WPRL
193. Frank Flori, 'Eyes of world on U.S. civil rights, says official in labor department', Portland Reporter, 12 Mar. 1964, attachment to Memorandum for Weaver, 18 Mar. 1964, Weaver Papers, Box 8, Folder 1, WPRL.
194. Refer to Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore story: 1965-2000 (Singapore: Times Media, 2000), pp. 149-50, 500-2, 543-4
195. 'Speech by Senior Minister at the Tanjong Pagar GRC National Day Dinner', 12 Aug. 1995, National Archives of Singapore.
196. Harper, 'Lim Chin Siong', pp. 25-48.