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Volumn 131, Issue 13, 2009, Pages 4729-4743

Slow hydrogen atom transfer reactions of oxo- and hydroxo-vanadium compounds: The importance of intrinsic barriers

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMS; EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS; FREE RADICAL REACTIONS; HYDROGEN; KETONES; LABELS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PHENOLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; RATE CONSTANTS; RUTHENIUM; RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; VANADIUM ALLOYS;

EID: 67749118152     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja808698x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (206)
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    • Because of the fluxional 1H NMR spectra of 2a and 2b, rates can only be measured above 310 K (where the lines are sharper) or below 280 K (where the peaks are decoalesced). Above 330 K, the reactions become too fast to measure by NMR.
    • Because of the fluxional 1H NMR spectra of 2a and 2b, rates can only be measured above 310 K (where the lines are sharper) or below 280 K (where the peaks are decoalesced). Above 330 K, the reactions become too fast to measure by NMR.
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    • The following references report BDE difference between tBu3PhOH and tBu2(MeO)ArOH: (a) Jackson, R. A.; Hosseini, K. M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun 1992, 78, 5-787.
    • The following references report BDE difference between tBu3PhOH and tBu2(MeO)ArOH: (a) Jackson, R. A.; Hosseini, K. M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun 1992, 78, 5-787.
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    • Lucarini, M.; Pedrielli, P.; Pedulli, G. F. J. Org. Chem. , 1996, 61, 9259-9263. The average ΔBDE is 3.1 0.4 kcal mol-1; assuming that the ΔBDFE is equal to the ΔBDE gives a BDFE for tBu2MeOPhOH of 73.9 kcal mol-1.
    • (d) Lucarini, M.; Pedrielli, P.; Pedulli, G. F. J. Org. Chem. , 1996, 61, 9259-9263. The average ΔBDE is 3.1 ( 0.4 kcal mol-1; assuming that the ΔBDFE is equal to the ΔBDE gives a BDFE for tBu2MeOPhOH of 73.9 kcal mol-1.
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    • pKa converted from DMSO to CH3CN following Kutt, A.; Kaljurand, I.; Sooväli, L.; Vlasov, V. M.; Yagupolskii, L. M.; Koppel, I. A. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 2829-2838.
    • (b) pKa converted from DMSO to CH3CN following Kutt, A.; Kaljurand, I.; Sooväli, L.; Vlasov, V. M.; Yagupolskii, L. M.; Koppel, I. A. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 2829-2838.
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    • E1/2 vs Cp2Fe+/ Cp2Fe in CH3CN from Niyazymbetov, M. E.; Evans, D. H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 7, 1333-1338.
    • (c) E1/2 vs Cp2Fe+/ Cp2Fe in CH3CN from Niyazymbetov, M. E.; Evans, D. H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1993, 7, 1333-1338.
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    • Solution BDFEs are also discussed in ref 66.
    • (d) Solution BDFEs are also discussed in ref 66.
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    • In similar oxidations by metal coordination complexes, we have found that the production of anthrone or xanthone depends on the rate of trapping of the benzylic radical.27,28,56b,c This trapping may be slow due to the low oxidizing power of the vanadium(VI)- hydroxide species (discouraging radical rebound), and due to the high intrinsic barrier to oxidation in this system. With slow trapping of R·, the reactions proceed to form anthracene or bixanthenyl.
    • (a) In similar oxidations by metal coordination complexes, we have found that the production of anthrone or xanthone depends on the rate of trapping of the benzylic radical.27,28,56b,c This trapping may be slow due to the low oxidizing power of the vanadium(VI)- hydroxide species (discouraging radical rebound), and due to the high intrinsic barrier to oxidation in this system. With slow trapping of R·, the reactions proceed to form anthracene or bixanthenyl.
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    • BDEs were converted to BDFEs following ref 29b.
    • BDEs were converted to BDFEs following ref 29b.
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    • Two other transition structures for 1c, 2c, with Ci and Cs symmetry, were also located. They were computed to be respectively 6.9 and 6.7 kcal/mol higher in enthalpy than the C2 transition structure. Thus, the transition structure that involves two molecules of the same chirality is computed to be considerably lower in energy than either of the two transition structures that involve molecules of opposite chirality
    • Two other transition structures for 1c + 2c, with Ci and Cs symmetry, were also located. They were computed to be respectively 6.9 and 6.7 kcal/mol higher in enthalpy than the C2 transition structure. Thus, the transition structure that involves two molecules of the same chirality is computed to be considerably lower in energy than either of the two transition structures that involve molecules of opposite chirality.
  • 139
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    • For these calculations , the relativistic, compact effective potential typically rapid at and basis set of Stevens, Basch, Krauss, and Jasien64b was used for ruthenium, and 6-31G(d) was used for all of the other atoms.
    • (a) For these calculations , the relativistic, compact effective potential typically rapid at and basis set of Stevens, Basch, Krauss, and Jasien64b was used for ruthenium, and 6-31G(d) was used for all of the other atoms.
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    • Calculations on the isolated molecules were performed on the doublet states of the ruthenium-hydroxy species and on the triplet states of the ruthenium-oxo species, because the quartet state was found to be lowest for both the hydrogen-bonded complexes and the transition structures
    • Calculations on the isolated molecules were performed on the doublet states of the ruthenium-hydroxy species and on the triplet states of the ruthenium-oxo species, because the quartet state was found to be lowest for both the hydrogen-bonded complexes and the transition structures.
  • 142
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    • BDFEs are used, rather than the more common BDEs, because recent studies of metal-mediated hydrogen-transfer reactions have shown that entropies of reaction (ΔS?) can be large in magnitude and should not be ignored.9,66b
    • (a) BDFEs are used, rather than the more common BDEs, because recent studies of metal-mediated hydrogen-transfer reactions have shown that entropies of reaction (ΔS?) can be large in magnitude and should not be ignored.9,66b
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    • These reactions are different from H-transfer reactions of metal hydrides; see, for instance: (a) Choi, J.; Pulling, M. E.; Smith, D. M.; Norton, J. R J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4250-4252.
    • These reactions are different from H-transfer reactions of metal hydrides; see, for instance: (a) Choi, J.; Pulling, M. E.; Smith, D. M.; Norton, J. R J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4250-4252.
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    • (f) Song, J.-S.; Bullock, R. M.; Creutz, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9862-9864. Creutz, C.; Song, J.-S.; Bullock, R. M. Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 47-54.
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    • (b) Crans, D. C.; Smee, J. J. In ComprehensiVe Coordination Chemistry II: From Biology to Nanotechnology; McCleverty, J. A., Meyer, T. J., Eds.; Elsevier Pergamon: Boston, 2004; Vol. 4, pp 175-239.
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    • For example, VV(O)(OH)2+(aq) is estimated to have a pKa of-1.5 but has not been observed, and hydrolysis of VIVO2+ does not give dioxo species72d,e.
    • (c) For example, VV(O)(OH)2+(aq) is estimated to have a pKa of-1.5 but has not been observed, and hydrolysis of VIVO2+ does not give dioxo species72d,e.
  • 160
  • 161
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    • See also refs 20-24
    • (f) See also refs 20-24.
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    • E1/2 for the one-electron oxidation of xanthene is 1.15 V in DMSO: Chen, J.; Lu, Y.; Zhu, X.; Mu, L J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6108-6114.
    • E1/2 for the one-electron oxidation of xanthene is 1.15 V in DMSO: Chen, J.; Lu, Y.; Zhu, X.; Mu, L J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6108-6114.
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    • E1/2 for TEMPOH0/+· in MeCN is 0.71 ( 0.02 V (converted from Ag/AgNO3 to FeCp2 0/+ by subtracting 0.088 V): Semmelhack, M. F.; Chou, C. S.; Cortes, D. A J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4492-4494.
    • E1/2 for TEMPOH0/+· in MeCN is 0.71 ( 0.02 V (converted from Ag/AgNO3 to FeCp2 0/+ by subtracting 0.088 V): Semmelhack, M. F.; Chou, C. S.; Cortes, D. A J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4492-4494.
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    • Irreversible oxidation of hydroquinone in MeCN occurs at 0.73 V (converted from SCE to FeCp2 0/+ by subtracting 0.40 V): Parker, V. D. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1969, 716-717.
    • Irreversible oxidation of hydroquinone in MeCN occurs at 0.73 V (converted from SCE to FeCp2 0/+ by subtracting 0.40 V): Parker, V. D. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1969, 716-717.
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    • (a) The pKa values of xanthene and dihydroanthracene are reported as 30.1 in: Bordwell, F. G.; Cheng, J.; Ji, G.; Satish, A. V.; Zhang, X, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9790-9795.
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    • The above pKa's in DMSO can be converted to a pKa in CH3CN following: Wayner, D. D. M.; Parker, V. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 287-294.
    • (b) The above pKa's in DMSO can be converted to a pKa in CH3CN following: Wayner, D. D. M.; Parker, V. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 287-294.
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    • See, for instance, discussions in refs 46b, 79, 95, and 96
    • See, for instance, discussions in refs 46b, 79, 95, and 96.
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    • fxy 82 is usually close to 1
    • fxy 82 is usually close to 1.
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    • Submitted for publication
    • Mader, E. A.; Mayer, J. M. Submitted for publication.
    • Mader, E.A.1    Mayer, J.M.2
  • 181
  • 182
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    • We also performed calculations with the MPW1K functional.89b The energies for all of the steps in Figure 8 computed with MPW1K/ 6-31+G(d,p) were similar to those computed with B3LYP/6-31G(d), except for the hydrogen-transfer step (cfd). The MPW1K calculations gave values about 10 kcal mol-1 higher for the vanadium complex and 7-8 kcal mol-1 higher for the ruthenium complexes. The barrier heights computed with MPW1K were higher than B3LYP values by 12.8 kcal mol-1 for VO2/V(O)OH and by 11.6 and 10.4 kcal mol-1 for RuO(pyrr)/Ru(OH)(pyrr) and RuO(F)/Ru(OH)(F), respectively. Probably through a fortuitous cancellation of errors, the B3LYP barrier heights are in much better agreement with experiment than are the MPW1K barrier heights.
    • (a) We also performed calculations with the MPW1K functional.89b The energies for all of the steps in Figure 8 computed with MPW1K/ 6-31+G(d,p) were similar to those computed with B3LYP/6-31G(d), except for the hydrogen-transfer step (cfd). The MPW1K calculations gave values about 10 kcal mol-1 higher for the vanadium complex and 7-8 kcal mol-1 higher for the ruthenium complexes. The barrier heights computed with MPW1K were higher than B3LYP values by 12.8 kcal mol-1 for VO2/V(O)OH and by 11.6 and 10.4 kcal mol-1 for RuO(pyrr)/Ru(OH)(pyrr) and RuO(F)/Ru(OH)(F), respectively. Probably through a fortuitous cancellation of errors, the B3LYP barrier heights are in much better agreement with experiment than are the MPW1K barrier heights.
  • 184
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    • The V-OH bond of 1c is ∼0.2 Å shorter than a typical RuIII-OH bond [a structure of RuIIIOH(bpy)2(py)2+ has not been reported]: (a) Man, M. L.; Zhu, J.; Ng, S. M.; Zhou, Z.; Yin, C.; Lin, Z.; Lau, C. P. Organometallics 2004, 23, 6214-6220.
    • The V-OH bond of 1c is ∼0.2 Å shorter than a typical RuIII-OH bond [a structure of RuIIIOH(bpy)2(py)2+ has not been reported]: (a) Man, M. L.; Zhu, J.; Ng, S. M.; Zhou, Z.; Yin, C.; Lin, Z.; Lau, C. P. Organometallics 2004, 23, 6214-6220.
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    • VdO bonds62 are ca. 0.16 Å shorter than corresponding RuIVdO bonds [a structure of RuIVO(bpy)2(py)2+ has not been reported]: (a) Che, C.; Lai, T.; Wong, K. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 2289-229, and references therein.
    • VdO bonds62 are ca. 0.16 Å shorter than corresponding RuIVdO bonds [a structure of RuIVO(bpy)2(py)2+ has not been reported]: (a) Che, C.; Lai, T.; Wong, K. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 2289-229, and references therein.
  • 198
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    • In a three-electron π bond, the electron that occupies the antibonding orbital more than cancels the bonding contributed by one of the electrons in the bonding orbital. See, for example: Jorgensen, W. L, Borden, W. T J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 6649
    • In a three-electron π bond, the electron that occupies the antibonding orbital more than cancels the bonding contributed by one of the electrons in the bonding orbital. See, for example: Jorgensen, W. L.; Borden, W. T J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 6649.
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    • See also ref 1
    • (b) See also ref 1.
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    • The emphasis is in the original. This definition of HAT precedes Meyer's different definition (quoted above) in refs 1 and 94
    • Binstead, R. A.; Meyer, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3287- 3297, The emphasis is in the original. This definition of HAT precedes Meyer's different definition (quoted above) in refs 1 and 94.
    • (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.109 , pp. 3287-3297
    • Binstead, R.A.1    Meyer, T.J.2
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