Acoustic communication in crocodilians: From behaviour to brain

Biological Reviews

Volumn 84, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 391-411

  Vergne, A L ^a   Pritz, M B ^b   Mathevon, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ JEAN MONNET   (France)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acoustic communication; Archosaurs; Audition; Auditory physiology; Birds; Crocodilians; Dinosaurs; Evolution of communication; Parental care; Reptiles; Sound signals; Vocal production

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ALLIGATOR; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; COURTSHIP; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HATCHING; HEARING; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SOUND DETECTION; SOUND TRANSMISSION; TELENCEPHALON; TERRITORIALITY; VOCALIZATION;

ALLIGATORS AND CROCODILES; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HEARING; VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL;

ARCHOSAURIA; AVES; CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); DINOSAURIA; REPTILIA;

EID: 67749084251     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00079.x     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Alvarez del Toro, M 1968). Breeding the spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus at Tuxtla Gutierrez Zoo. International Zoology Yearbook 9, 35 36.
2. Aubin, T 1991). Why do distress calls evoke interspecific responses? An experimental study applied to some species of birds. Behavioural Processes 23, 103 111.
3. Aubin, T. Jouventin, P 2002). How to identify vocally a kin in a crowd? The penguin model. Advances in the Study of Animal Behavior 31, 243 277.
4. Beach, F. A 1944). Responses of captive alligators to auditory stimulation. The American Naturalist 128, 481 501.
5. st International Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN 32, 181 191.
6. Boord, R. L 1968). Ascending projections of the primary cochlear nuclei and nucleus laminaris in the pigeon. Journal of Comparative Neurology 133, 523 542.
7. Booth, D. T. Thompson, M. B 1991). A comparison of reptilian eggs with those of megapods birds. In Egg incubation (Ed. D. C. Deeming and M. X. J. Ferguson). Cambridge university press, Cambridge.
8. Bradbury, J. W. Vehrencamp, S 1998). Principles of Animal Communication. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
9. Brittan-Powel, E. F. Dooling, R. J 2002). Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, 999 1008.
10. Britton, A. R. C 2001). Review and Classification of Call types of Juvenile Crocodilians and Factors affecting Distress Calls. In Crocodilian Biology and Evolution (Ed. G. C. Grigg, F. Seebacher and C. E. Franklin pp. 364 377. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.
11. Brua, R. B 1996). Impact of embryonic vocalizations on the incubation behaviour of Eared Grebes. Behaviour 133, 145 160.
12. Brua, R. B., Nuechterlein, G. L. Buitron, D 1996). Vocal response of Eared Grebe embryos to egg cooling and egg turning. The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology 113, 525 533.
13. Burger, R. M., Cramer, K. S., Pfeiffer, J. D. Rubel, E. W 2005). Avian Superior Olivary Nucleus Provides Divergent Inhibitory Input to Parellel Auditory Pathways. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 481, 6 18.
14. Campbell, H. W 1973). Observations on the acoustic behavior of crocodilians. Zoologica 58, 1 11.
15. Caroll, R. L 1982). Early Evolution of Reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13, 87 109.
16. Carr, C. Konishi, M 1990). A circuit for detection of interaural time differences in the brain stem of the barn owl. The Journal of Neuroscience 10, 3227 3246.
17. Carr, C. E. Code, R. A 2000). The Central Auditory System of Reptiles. In Comparative hearing: birds and reptiles (Ed. R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 197 248. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
18. Charrier, I., Mathevon, N. Jouventin, P 2001). Mother's voice recognition by seal pups. Nature 412, 873.
19. Chiappe, M. E., Koslov, A. S. Hudspeth, A. J 2007). The Structural and Functional Differentiation of Hair Cells in a Lizard's Basilar Papilla Suggests an Operational Principle of Amniote Cochleas. The Journal of Neuroscience 27, 11978 11985.
20. Christensen-Dalsgaard, J 2007). Directional Hearing in Nonmammalian Tetrapods. In Sound source localization (Ed. A. N. Popper and R. F. Fay pp. 67 123. Springer, New York.
21. Colbert, E. H 1946). The eustachian tube in the Crocodilia. Copeia, 12 14.
22. Colbert, E. H., Cowles, R. B. Bogert, C. H 1946). Temperature tolerances in the American alligator and their bearing on the habits, evolution and extinction of the dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 86, 327 374.
23. Conley, J. W. Parks, T. N 1986). Origin of the ascending auditory projections to the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis in the chicken. Brain Research 367, 96 113.
24. Coombs, J 1982). Juvenile specimens of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Paleontology 25, 89 107.
25. Cooper, W. E., Janalee, P., Caldwell, V. L. J., Pérez-Mellado, V. Baird, T. A 2002). Food-chemical discrimination and correlated evolution between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination in lacertiform lizards. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 655 663.
26. st Working meeting of Crocodile Specialists, vol. 32, pp. 359 362. IUCN Gland, Switzerland, New York.
27. Deraniyagala, P. E. P 1939). The Tetrapod Reptiles of Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, (Colombo Museum Natural History Series) 1, 1 412.
28. Diefenback, C. D. C 1975). Thermal preferences and thermoregulation on Caiman crocodilus. Copeia 3, 530 540.
29. Dooling, R. J., Lohr, B. Dent, M 2000). Hearing in birds and reptiles. In Comparative hearing: birds and reptiles (Ed. R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 308 360. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
30. Dooling, R. J. Saunders, J. C 1975). Hearing in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus): absolute thresholds, critical ratios, frequency difference limens, and vocalizations. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 88, 1 20.
31. Driver, P. M 1965). 'Clicking' in the egg-young of nidifugous birds. Nature 206, 315.
32. Driver, P. M 1967). Notes on the clicking of avian egg-young, with comments on its mechanisms and function. Ibis 109, 434 437.
33. Evans, R. M 1988). Embryonic vocalizations as care soliciting signals, with particular reference to the American White Pelican. In Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, pp. 1467 1475. H. Ouellet National Museum of Natural Science, Ottawa, Ontario.
34. Evans, R. M 1989). Egg temperatures and parental behavior during the transition from incubation to brooding in the American White Pelican. The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology 106, 26 33.
35. Ferguson, M. W. J 1982). The structure and composition of the eggshell and embryonic membranes of Alligator mississipiensis. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 36, 99 152.
36. Ferguson, M. W. J 1985). Biology of the reptilia. In Reproductive Biology and Embryology of the Crocodilians, vol. 14 (Ed. C. Gans, F. Billet and P. F. A. Maderson pp. 329 491. Development Wiley, New York.
37. Fischer, F. P 1992). Quantitative analysis of the innervation of the chicken basilar papilla. Hearing Research 61, 167 178.
38. Fischer, F. P 1994). General pattern and morphological specializations of the avian cochlea. Scanning Microscopy 8, 351 364.
39. Fischer, F. P., Köppl, C. Manley, G. A 1988). The basilar papilla of the barn owl Tyto alba: A quantitative morphological SEM analysis. Hearing Research 34, 87 102.
40. Frankenberg, E. (1982). Vocal behaviour of the mediterranean house gecko Hemidactylus turcicus. Copeia 1982, 770 775.
41. Galeotti, R. S., Pellitteri, D. R. Fasola, M 2004). Female preference for fast-rate, high-pitched calls in hermann's tortoises Testudo hermanni. Behavioral Ecology 1, 16.
42. Garrick, L. D. Garrick, R. A 1978). Temperature influences on hatchling Caiman crocodilus distress calls. Physiological Zoology 51, 105 113.
43. Garrick, L. D. Lang, J. W 1977). Social signals and behaviors of adult alligators and crocodiles. American Zoologist 17, 225 239.
44. Garrick, L. D., Lang, J. W. Herzog, H. A 1982). Social signals of adult American alligators. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 160, 53 192.
45. Gleich, O 1989). Auditory primary afferents in the starling: correlation of function and morphology. Hearing Research 37, 255 268.
46. Gleich, O., Dooling, R. J. Manley, G. A 2005). Audiogram, body mass, and basilar papilla length: correlations in birds and predictions for extinct archosaurs. Naturwissenschaften 92, 595 598.
47. Gleich, O., Franz, P. F., Köppl, C. Manley, G. A 2004). Hearing Organ Evolution and Specialization: Archosaurs. In Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System (Ed. G. A. Manley, A. N. Popper and R. Fay). Springer-Verlag, New York.
48. Gleich, O. Manley, G. A 2000). The hearing organ of birds and Crocodilia. In Comparative hearing: birds and reptiles (Ed. R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 70 138. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
49. Gorzula, S. J 1978). An ecological study of Caiman crocodilus inhabiting savana lagoons in the Venequelan Guyana. Oecologia 35, 21 34.
50. Grothe, B., Carr, C. E., Casseday, J. H., Fritzsch, B. Köppl, C 2004). The Evolution of Central Pathways and Their Neural Processing Patterns. In Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System (Ed. G. A. Manley, A. N. Popper and R. R. Fay pp. 289 359. Springer-Verlag, New York.
51. Gummer, A. W., Smolders, J. W. T. Klinke, R 1989). Mechanics of a single-ossicle ear. II. The collumella footplate of the pigeon. Hearing Research 39, 15 26.
52. Hauser, M 1996). The Evolution of Communication. MIT Press, Cambridge.
53. Henson, G. W. J 1974). Comparative anatomy of the middle ear. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol. V/I : Auditory System (Ed. W. D. Keidel and W. D. Neff pp. 40 110. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
54. Henry, K. S. Lucas, J. R 2008). Coevolution of auditory sensitivity and temporal resolution with acoustic signal space in three songbirds. Animal Behaviour 76, 1659 1671.
55. Herzog, H. A. Burghardt, G. M 1977). Vocalization in juvenile crocodilians. Herpetologica 44, 294 303.
56. Higgs, D. M., Brittan-Powel, E. F., Soares, D., Souza, M. J., Carr, C. E., Dooling, R. J. Popper, A. N 2002). Amphibious auditory responses of the American alligator Alligator mississipiensis. Journal of Comparative Physiology 188, 217 223.
57. Hopson, J. A 1975). The evolution of cranial display features in hadrosaurian dinosaurs. Paleobiology 1, 21 43.
58. Hotta, T 1971). Unit responses from the nucleus angularis in the pigeon's medulla. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 40, 415 424.
59. Huber, G. C. Crosby, E. C 1926). On the thalamic and tectal nuclei and fiber paths in the brain of the American Alligator. Journal of Comparative Neurology 40, 97 227.
60. Hubl, L. Schneider, H 1979). Temperature and auditory thresholds: Bioacoustic studies in the frogs Rana r. ridibunda, Hyla a. arborea and Hyla a. savignyi (Anura, Amphibia). Journal of Comparative Physiology 130, 17 27.
61. Hunt, R. H 1975). Maternal behavior in the Morelet's crocodile Crocodylus moreleti. Copeia 44, 763 764.
62. Hunt, R. H. Watanabe, M 1982). Observations on maternal behavior of the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Journal of Herpetology 16, 235 239.
63. Impekoven, M 1973). The response of incubating laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to calls of hatching chicks. Behaviour 46.
64. Jarvis, E. D., Güntürkün, O., Bruce, L. L., Csillag, A., Karten, H. J., Kuenzel, W., Medina, L., Paxinos, G., Perkel, D. J., Shimizu, T., Striedter, G. F., Wild, J. M., Ball, G. F., Dugas-Ford, J., Durand, S., Hough, G., Husband, S., Kubikova, L., Lee, D. W., Mello, C. V., Powers, A., Siang, C., Smulders, T. V., Wada, K., White, S. A., Yamamoto, K., Yu, J., Reiner, A. Butler, A. B 2005). Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 151 159.
65. Joanen, T. McNease, L. (1970). A telemetric study of nesting female alligators on Rockefeller Refuge, Louisiana. Proceedings, Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 24, 175 193.
66. Joanen, T. McNease, L 1972). A telemetric study of nesting female alligators on Rockefeller Refuge, Louisiana. Proceedings, Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 26, 252 275.
67. Keppler, C., Schermuly, L. Klinke, R 1994). The course and morphology of efferent fibres in the papilla basilaris of the pigeon (Columba livia). Hearing Research 74, 259 264.
68. Klinke, R. Pause, M 1980). Discharge properties of primary auditory fibres in Caiman crocodilus: comparisons and contrasts to the mammalian auditory nerve. Experimental Brain Research 38, 137 150.
69. Klump, G. M 2000). Sound localization in birds. In Comparative hearing: birds and reptiles (Ed. R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 249 307. Springer-Verlag, New York.
70. Konishi, M 1970). Comparative neurophysiological studies of hearing and vocalization in song birds. Journal of comparative physiology 66, 257 272.
71. Köppl, C. Carr, C. E 2003). Computational Diversity in the Cochlear Nucleus Angularis of the Barn Owl. The Journal of Neurophysiology 89, 2313 2329.
72. Köppl, C., Gleich, O. Manley, G. A 1993). An auditory fovea in the barn owl cochlea. Journal of Comparative Physiology 171, 695 704.
73. Köppl, C., Gleich, O., Schwabedissen, G., Siegl, E. Manley, G. A 1998). Fine structure of the basilar papilla of the emu: implications for the evolution of avian hair-cell types. Hearing Research 126, 99 112.
74. Köppl, C. Manley, G. A 1997). Frequency representation in the emu basilar papilla. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, 1574 1584.
75. Kuba, H., Yamada, R., Fukui, I. Ohmori, H 2005). Tonotopic Specialization of Auditory Coincidence Detection in Nucleus Laminaris of the Chick. The Journal of Neuroscience 25, 1924 1934.
76. Kubke, M. F. Carr, C. E 2005). Development of Sound Localization. In Sound Source Localization (Ed. R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 178 237. Springer, Chicago, USA.
77. Ladich, F., Collin, S., Moller, P. Kapoor B. G 2006). Communication in Fishes. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.
78. Larsen, O. N 2004). Does the environment constrain avian sound localization? Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 76, 267 273.
79. Leake, P. A 1974). Central projections of the statoacoustic nerve in Caiman crocodilus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 10, 170 196.
80. Leake, P. A 1977). SEM observations of the cochlear duct in Caiman crocodilus. Scanning Electron Microscopy Journal 2, 437 444.
81. Lee, D. S 1968). Possible communication between eggs of the American alligator. Herpetologica 24, 88.
82. Magnusson, W. E 1980). Hatching and creche formation by Crocodylus porosus. Copeia 1980, 359 362.
83. Manley, G. A 1970). Frequency sensitivity of auditory neurons in the Caiman cochlear nucleus. Zeitschrift fuer Vergleichende Physiologie 66, 251 266.
84. Manley, G. A. (1990). Perpherical Hearing Mechanisms in Reptiles and Birds. Springer-Verlag, New York.
85. Manley, G. A., Brix, J. Kaiser, A 1987). Developmental stability of the tonotopic organization of the chick's basilar papilla. Science 237, 655 656.
86. Manley, G. A. Gleich, O 1992). Evolution and specialization of function in the avian auditory periphery. In The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing (Ed. D. B. Webster, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 405 420. Springer-Verlag, New York.
87. Manley, G. A., Haeseler, C. Brix, J 1991). Innervation patterns and spontaneous activity of afferent fibres to the lagenar macula and apical basilar papilla of the chick's cochlea. Hearing Research 56, 211 226.
88. Manley, G. A., Meyer, B., Fisher, F. P., Schwabedissen, G. Gleich, O 1996). Surface morphology of the basilar papilla of the tuffed duck Aythya fuligula and the domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. Journal of Morphology 227, 197 212.
89. Manley, J 1971). Single unit studies in the midbrain auditory area of Caiman. Zeitschrift fuer Vergleichende Physiologie 71, 255 261.
90. Marler, P 1961). The logical analysis of animal communication. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1, 295 317.
91. Marler, P 1969). Tonal quality of bird sounds. In Bird Vocalizations (Ed. R. A. Hinde pp. 5 18. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
92. Marler, P. Slabbekoorn, H 2004). Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.
93. Martin, S 2008). Global diversity of crocodiles (Crocodilia, Reptilia) in freswater. Hydrobiologia 595, 587 591.
94. McIlhenny, E. A 1935). The alligator's life history. The Christopher Publishing House, Boston.
95. Meng, Q., Liu, J., Varricchio, D. J., Huang, T. Gao, C 2004). Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur. Nature 431, 145 146.
96. Meyer, A. Zardoya, R 2003). Recent Advances in the (Molecular) Phylogeny of Vertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 311 338.
97. Monsivais, P., Yang, L. Rubel, E. W 2000). GABAergic inhibition in nucleus magnocellularis: implications for phase locking in the avian auditory brainstem. The Journal of Neuroscience 20, 2954 2963.
98. Naifeh, K. H., Huggins, S. E., Hoff, H. E., Huggins, T. W. Norton, R. E 1970). Respiratory pattern in crocodilians reptiles. Respiratory Physiology 9, 31 42.
99. Narins, P., Feng, A., Fay, R. Popper, A 2006). Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians
100. Neill, W. T 1971). The last of the ruling reptiles -Alligators, Crocodiles and their Kin. Columbia University Press 9, 1 486.
101. Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Chiappe, L. M. Dashzeveg, D 1995). A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378, 774 776.
102. Ofsie, M. S. Cotanche, D. A 1996). Distribution of nerve fibers in the basilar papilla of normal and sound-damaged chick cochlea. Journal of Comparative Neurology 370, 281 294.
103. Okanoya, K. Dooling, R. J 1985). Colony differences in auditory thresholds in the canary. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78, 1170 1176.
104. Okanoya, K. Dooling, R. J 1987). Hearing in Passerine and Psittacine birds: a comparative study of masked and absolute auditory thresholds. Journal of Comparative Psychology 101, 7 15.
105. Oppenheim, R. W 1972). Prehatching and hatching behaviour in birds: A comparative study of altricial and precocial species. Animal Behaviour 20, 644 655.
106. Parks, T. N. Rubel, E. W 1975). Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: organization of projections from nucleus magnocellularis to nucleus laminaris. Journal of Comparative Neurology 164, 435 448.
107. Pinheiro, M. S., Silva, A. E. Santos, S. A 2001). Observations on the thermal selection of the Pantanal caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) hatchlings (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 61, 323 327.
108. Pooley, A. C 1962). The Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus. Notes on the incubation period and growth rate of juveniles. Lammergeyer 2, 1 55.
109. Pooley, A. C 1974). Parental care in the Nile crocodile. Lammergeyer 21, 43 45.
110. Pritz, M. B 1974a). Ascending connections of a midbrain auditory area in a crocodile Caiman crocodilus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 153, 179 198.
111. Pritz, M. B 1974b). Ascending connections of a thalamic auditory area in a crocodile Caiman crocodilus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 153, 199 214.
112. Pritz, M. B 1975). Anatomical identification of a telencephalic visual area in crocodiles: ascending connection of nucleus rotundus in Caiman crocodilus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 164, 323 338.
113. Pritz, M. B. Stritzel, M. E. (1992). A second auditory area in the non-cortical telencephalon of a reptile. Brain Research 569, 146 151.
114. Pritz, M. B. Stritzel, M. E 1999). Anatomical identification of a telencephalic somatosensory area in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 43, 107 127.
115. Reagan, S. R. (2000). American alligator nesting ecology in impounded marsh habitat, Louisiana Sate University and Agricutural and Mechanical College.
116. Retzius, G 1884). Das Gehörorgan der Säugethiere. In Das Gehörorgan der Reptilien, der Vögel und der Säugethiere, vol. II. Samson and Wallin, Stockholm.
117. Rogers, S 1999). Allosaurus, Crocodiles, and Birds: Evolutionary Cues From Spiral Computed Tomography of an Endocast. The Anatomical Record (New Anatomy) 257, 162 173.
118. Romero, G. A 1983). Distress call saves a Caiman Caiman crocodilus hatchling in the Venezuelan Llanos. Biotropica 15, 71.
119. Rubel, E. W. Parks, T. N 1975). Organization and development of brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: tonotopic organization of n. magnocellularis and n. laminaris. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 164, 411 433.
120. Saunders, J. C 1985). Auditory structure and function in the bird middle ear: an evaluation by SEM and capacitive probe. Hearing Research 18, 253 268.
121. Saunders, J. C., Duncan, R. K., Doan, D. E. Werner, Y. L 2000). The middle ear of reptiles and birds. In Comparative hearing: birds and reptiles (Ed. R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay and A. N. Popper pp. 70 138. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
122. Sebeok, T. A 1965). Animal communication. Science 147, 1006 1014.
123. Seymour, R. S. Ackerman, R. A 1980). Adaptations to Underground Nesting in Birds and Reptiles. American Zoologist 20, 437 447.
124. Shalter, M. D. Schleidt, W. M 1977). The ability of barn owls Tyto alba to discriminate and localize avian alarm calls. Ibis 119, 22 27.
125. Shine, R 2005). Life-History Evolution In Reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36, 23 46.
126. Smith, E. N 1979). Behavioural and physiological thermoregulation of crocodilians. American Zoologist 19, 239 247.
127. Smolders, J. W. T., Ding-Pfennigdorff, D. Klinke, R 1995). A functional map of the pigeon basilar papilla: correlation of the properties of single unit nerve fibres and their peripherical origin. Hearing Research 92.
128. Smolders, J. W. T. Klinke, R 1984). Effects of temperature on the properties of primary auditory fibres of the spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus. Journal of Comparative Physiology 155, 19 30.
129. Smolders, J. W. T. Klinke, R 1986). Synchronized responses of primary auditory fiber-populations in Caiman crocodilus (L.) to single tones and clicks. Hearing Research 24, 89 103.
130. Soares, D 2002). An ancient sensory organ in crocodilians. Nature 417, 241 242.
131. Soares, D., Simon, J. Carr, C 1999). The cochlear nuclei of the caiman. Society of Neuroscience Abstract 24, 249.
132. Staton, M. A 1978). "Distress calls" of crocodilians. Whom do they benefit? The American Naturalist 112, 327 332.
133. Staton, M. A. Dixon, J. R 1975). Studies on the dry season biology of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus from the Venezuelan llanos. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 35, 237 265.
134. Strutz, J 1981). The origin of centrifugal fibers to the inner ear in Caiman crocodilus: a horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience Letters 27, 95 100.
135. Sueur, J., Aubin, T. Simonis, C 2008). SEEWAVE, a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis. Bioacoustics 18, 213 226.
136. Sullivan, W. E. Konishi, M 1984). Segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear nucleus of the barn owl. The Journal of Neuroscience 4, 1787 1799.
137. Takahashi, T., Carr, C. E., Brecha, N. Konishi, M 1987). Calcium binding protein-like immunoreactivity labels the terminal field of nucleus laminaris of the barn owl. The Journal of Neuroscience 7, 1843 1856.
138. Tasaka, T. Smith, C. A 1971). The structure and innervation of the pigeon's basilar papilla. Journal of Ultrastructural Research 35, 20 65.
139. Ten Donkelaar, H. J 1998). Reptiles. In The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, vol. 2 (Ed. R. Nieuwenhuys, H. J. Ten Donkelaar and C. Nicholson pp. 1315 1520. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
140. Ten Donkelaar, H. J., Bangma, G. C., Barbas-Henry, H. A., De Boer-van, H. R. Wolters, J. G 1987). The brain stem in a lizard Varanus exanthematicus. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology 103, 56 60.
141. Todd, N. P 2007). Estimated source intensity and active space of the American alligator (Alligator Mississippiensis) vocal display. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, 2906 2915.
142. Tullberg, B. S., Ah-King, M. Temrin, H 2002). Phylogenetic reconstruction of parental-care systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London 357, 251 7.
143. Varricchio, D., Jackson, F., Borkowski, J. Horner, J 1997). Nest and egg clutches of the dinosaur Troodon fromosus and the evolution of avian reproductive traits. Nature 385, 247 250.
144. Vates, G. E., Broome, B. M., Mello, C. V. Nottebohm, F 1996). Auditory pathways of caudal telencephalon and their relation to the song system of adult male zebra finches. Journal of Comparative Neurology 366, 613 642.
145. Vergne, A. L., Avril, A., Martin, S. Mathevon, N 2007). Parent-offspring communication in the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus: do newborns' calls show an individual signature? Naturwissenschaften 94, 49 54.
146. Vergne, A. L. Mathevon, N 2008). Crocodile egg sounds signal hatching time. Current Biology 18, R513 R514.
147. Vignal, C., Mathevon, N. Mottin, S 2004). Audience drives male songbird response to partner's voice. Nature 430, 448 51.
148. Vince, M. A 1964). Social facilitation if hatching in the Bobwhite Quail. Animal Behaviour 117, 531 534.
149. Vince, M. A 1966). Artificial acceleration of hatching in quail embryos. Animal Behaviour 14, 398 400.
150. Vince, M. A 1968). Retardation as a factor in the synchronization of hatching. Animal Behaviour 16, 332 335.
151. Vince, M. A 1969). Embryonic communication, respiration and synchronisation of hatching. In Bird vocalizations-their relations to current problems in biology and psychology (Ed. R. A. Hinde pp. 233 260. Cambridge University Press, London.
152. Von Düring, M., Karduck, A. Richter, H. G 1974). The fine structure and the inner ear in Caiman crocodilus. Z Anat Entwickl-Gesch 145, 41 65.
153. Walker, A. D 1972). New light on the Origin of Birds and Crocodiles. Nature 237, 257 263.
154. Wang, X., Wang, D., Wu, X., Wang, R. Chaolin, W 2007). Acoustic signals of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis): Social communication. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, 2984 2989.
155. Watanabe, M. E 1980). An ethological study of the American alligator Alligator mississipiensis with emphasis on vocalizations and responses to vocalizations. Unpublished PhD thesis. New York University.
156. Weisbach, W. Schwartzkopff, J 1967). Nervöse Antworten auf Schallreiz im Grosshirm von Krokodilen. Naturwissenschaften 54, 650.
157. Weishampel, D. B 1981). Acoustic analyses of potential vocalization in lambeosaurine dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia). Paleobiology 7, 252 261.
158. Wesolowski, T 2004). The origin of parental care in birds: a reassessment. Behavioral Ecology 15, 520 523.
159. Westerberg, B. D. Schwarz, D.W.F 1995). Connections of the superior olive in the chicken. Journal of Otolaryngology 24, 20 30.
160. Wever, E. G 1971). Hearing in the crocodilian. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 68, 1498 1500.
161. Wever, E. G 1978). The Reptile Ear, Princeton, NJ edition. Princeton University Press.
162. Wever, E. G. Vernon, J. A 1957). Auditory responses in the spectacled caiman. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 50, 333 339.
163. Whitehead, P 1987). Respiration by Crocodylus johnstoni embryos. In Widlife Management, Crocodiles and Alligators (Ed. G. J. W. Webb, S. C. Manolis and P. J. Whitehead pp. 473 497. Surrey Beaty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia.
164. Wilson, J. P., Smolders, J. W. T. Klinke, R 1985). Mechanics of the basilar membrane in Caiman crocodilus. Hearing Research 18, 1 24.
165. Woodward, A., Hines, T., Abercrombe, C. Hope, C 1984). Spacing patterns in alligator nests. Journal of Herpetology 18, 8 12.
166. Young, B. A 2003). Snake bioacoustics: Toward a richer understanding of the behavioral ecology of snakes. The Quarterly Review of Biology 78, 303 326.
167. Young, S. R. Rubel, E. W 1983). Frequency-sensitivity projections of individual neurons in chick brainstem auditory nuclei. The Journal of Neuroscience 3, 1373 1378.
168. Zuri, I. Bull, C. M 2000). The use of visual cues for spatial orientation in the sleepy lizard Tiliqua rugosa. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 515 520.