Gonadectomy in cats and dogs: A review of risks and benefits

Reproduction in Domestic Animals

Volumn 44, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2009, Pages 29-35

  Reichler, I M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CAT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOG; FEMALE; MALE; ORCHIECTOMY; OVARIECTOMY;

ANIMALS; CATS; DOGS; FEMALE; MALE; ORCHIECTOMY; OVARIECTOMY;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 67651236788     PISSN: 09366768     EISSN: 14390531     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01437.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (102)

1. Angioletti A, De Francesco I, Vergottini M, Battocchio ML, 2004: Urinary incontinence after spaying in the bitch: incidence and oestrogen-therapy. Vet Res Commun 28 (Suppl 1 153 155.
2. Arnold S, 1997: Urinary incontinence in castrated bitches. 2. Diagnosis and treatment. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 139, 319 324.
3. Arnold S, Arnold P, Hubler M, Casal M, Rüsch P, 1989: Urinary incontinence in castrated bitches: incidence and breed disposition. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 131, 259 263.
4. Awad SA, Downie JW, Kiruluta HG, 1978: Alpha-adrenergic agents in urinary disorders of the proximal urethra. Part I. Sphincteric incontinence. Br J Urol 50, 332 335.
5. Backus RC, Cave NC, Keisler DH, 2007: Gonadectomy and high dietary fat but not high dietary carbohydrate induce gains in body weight and fat of domestic cats. Br J Nutr 98, 641 650.
6. Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Strandberg JD, Ewing LL, 1986: Effect of age, castration, and testosterone replacement on the development and restoration of canine benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 9, 295 302.
7. Blendinger C, Blendinger K, Bostedt H, 1995a: Urinary incontinence in castrated female dogs. 2. Therapy. Tierarztl Prax 23, 402 406.
8. Blendinger C, Blendinger K, Bostedt H, 1995b: Urinary incontinence in spayed bitches. 1. Pathogenesis, incidence and disposition. Tierarztl Prax 23, 291 299.
9. Bostock DE, 1986: Canine and feline mammary neoplasms. Br Vet J 142, 506 515.
10. Brodey RS, Roszel JF, 1967: Neoplasms of canine uterus vagina and vulva - a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151, 1294.
11. Bryan JN, Keeler MR, Henry CJ, Bryan ME, Hahn AW, Caldwell CW, 2007: A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. Prostate 67, 1174 1181.
12. B.S.A.V.A., 1975: Congress report. Sequelae of bitch sterilization: regional survey. Vet Rec 96, 371 372.
13. Caney SM, Holt PE, Day MJ, Rudorf H, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, 1998: Prostatic carcinoma in two cats. J Small Anim Pract 39, 140 143.
14. Carpenter J, Andrews L, Holsworth J, 1987: Tumors and tumor-like lesions. In: Holzworth J (ed Diseases of the Cat. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 406 411.
15. Cooley DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, Glickman NW, Glickman LT, Waters DJ, 2002: Endogenous gonadal hormone exposure and bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11, 1434 1440.
16. Craig LE, 2001: Physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 13 cats. Vet Pathol 38, 92 97.
17. Davidson EB, Moll HD, Payton ME, 2004: Comparison of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Surg 33, 62 69.
18. Devitt CM, Cox RE, Hailey JJ, 2005: Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227, 921 927.
19. Dixon RM, Mooney CT, 1999: Canine serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies in health, hypothyroidism and non-thyroidal illness. Res Vet Sci 66, 243 246.
20. Dixon RM, Reid SW, Mooney CT, 1999: Epidemiological, clinical, haematological and biochemical characteristics of canine hypothyroidism. Vet Rec 145, 481 487.
21. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R, Hibbard HH, Klauber MR, 1968: Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. II. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J Natl Cancer Inst 40, 307 318.
22. Edney AT, Smith PM, 1986: Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 118, 391 396.
23. Fettman MJ, Stanton CA, Banks LL, Hamar DW, Johnson DE, Hegstad RL, Johnston S, 1997: Effects of neutering on bodyweight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats. Res Vet Sci 62, 131 136.
24. Fischer HR, Norton J, Kobluk CN, Reed AL, Rooks RL, Borostyankoi F, 2004: Surgical reduction and stabilization for repair of femoral capital physeal fractures in cats: 13 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224, 1478 1482.
25. Greer KA, Canterberry SC, Murphy KE, 2007: Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog. Res Vet Sci 82, 208 214.
26. Hagman R, 2004. New Aspects of Canine Pyometra. Habilitation Thesis. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae, Suecia.
27. Hawe RS, 1983: What is your diagnosis? Prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182, 1257 1258.
28. Hayes H Jr., Pendergrass T, 1976: Canine testicular tumors: epidemiologic features of 410 dogs. Int J Cancer 18, 482 487.
29. Hayes HM, Milne K, Mandell C, 1981: Epidemiological features of feline mammary carcinoma. Vet Rec 108, 476 479.
30. Hoenig M, Ferguson DC, 2002: Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats. Am J Vet Res 63, 634 639.
31. Holt P, 1985: Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment. J Small Anim Pract 26, 237 246.
32. Houpt KA, Coren B, Hintz HF, Hilderbrant JE, 1979: Effect of sex and reproductive status on sucrose preference, food intake, and body weight of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174, 1083 1085.
33. Howe LM, Slater MR, Boothe HW, Hobson HP, Fossum TW, Spann AC, Wilkie WS, 2000: Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217, 1661 1665.
34. Hubbard BS, Vulgamott JC, Liska WD, 1990: Prostatic adenocarcinoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197, 1493 1494.
35. Jeusette I, Detilleux J, Cuvelier C, Istasse L, Diez M, 2004: Ad libitum feeding following ovariectomy in female Beagle dogs: effect on maintenance energy requirement and on blood metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 88, 117 121.
36. Johnson C, 1991: Diagnosis and treatment of chronic vaginitis in the bitch. Vet Clin North Am 21, 523 531.
37. Joshua JO, 1965: The spaying of bitches. Vet Rec 77, 642 646.
38. Kalz B, 2001. Populationsbiologie, Raumnutzung und Verhalten verwildeter Hauskatzen und der Effekt von Maßnahmen zur Reproduktionskontrolle. Inauguraldissertation, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin.
39. Kanchuk ML, Backus RC, Calvert CC, Morris JG, Rogers QR, 2002: Neutering induces changes in food intake, body weight, plasma insulin and leptin concentrations in normal and lipoprotein lipase-deficient male cats. J Nutr 132 (Suppl 2 1730 1732.
40. Knapp DW, Glickman NW, Denicola DB, Bonney PL, Lin TL, Glickman LT, 2000: Naturally-occurring canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A relevant model of human invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 5, 47 59.
41. Kraft W, 1998: Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine. Eur J Med Res 3, 31 41.
42. Kydd DM, Burnie AG, 1986: Vaginal neoplasia in the bitch - a review of 40 clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract 27, 255 263.
43. Le Roux PH, 1983: Thyroid status, oestradiol level, work performance and body mass of ovariectomised bitches and bitches bearing ovarian autotransplants in the stomach wall. J S Afr Vet Assoc 54, 115 117.
44. Lekcharoensuk C, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, 2001: Epidemiologic study of risk factors for lower urinary tract diseases in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218, 1429 1435.
45. LeRoy BE, Lech ME, 2004: Prostatic carcinoma causing urethral obstruction and obstipation in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 6, 397 400.
46. Levy JK, Crawford PC, Appel LD, Clifford EL, 2008: Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. Am J Vet Res 69, 140 143.
47. Marmor M, Willeberg P, Glickman LT, Priester WA, Cypess RH, Hurvitz AI, 1982: Epizootiologic patterns of diabetes mellitus in dogs. Am J Vet Res 43, 465 470.
48. McCann TM, Simpson KE, Shaw DJ, Butt JA, Gunn-Moore DA, 2007: Feline diabetes mellitus in the UK: the prevalence within an insured cat population and a questionnaire-based putative risk factor analysis. J Feline Med Surg 9, 289 299.
49. McNicholas WT, Wilkens BE, Blevins WE, Snyder PW, MCcabe GP, Applewhite AA, Laverty PH, Breur GJ, 2002: Spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats: 26 cases (1996-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221, 1731 1736.
50. Milne KL, Hayes HM, 1981: Epidemiologic features of canine hypothyroidism. Cornell Vet 71, 3 14.
51. Morris JS, Dobson JM, Bostock DE, O'Farrell E, 1998: Effect of ovariohysterectomy in bitches with mammary neoplasms. Vet Rec 142, 656 658.
52. Moulton JE, Rosenblatt LS, Goldman M, 1986: Mammary tumors in a colony of beagle dogs. Vet Pathol 23, 741 749.
53. New J, 2006: The Math, Myth and Management of Pet Population: Births and Deaths of Dogs and Cats in the U.S. In: Third International Symposium on Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods for Pet Population Control, Alexandria.
54. Nguyen PG, Dumon HJ, Siliart BS, Martin LJ, Sergheraert R, Biourge VC, 2004: Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats. Am J Vet Res 65, 1708 1713.
55. Obradovich J, Walshaw R, Goullaud E, 1987: The influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. 43 cases (1978-1985). J Vet Intern Med 1, 183 187.
56. Okkens AC, vd Gaag I, Biewenga WJ, Rothuizen J, Voorhout G, 1981: Urological complications following ovariohysterectomy in dogs (author's transl). Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 106, 1189 1198.
57. Okkens AC, Kooistra HS, Nickel RF, 1997: Comparison of long-term effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51, 227 231.
58. Osborne CA, Oliver JE, Polzin DE, 1980: Non-neurogenic urinary incontinence. in: Kirk RW (ed Current Veterinary Therapy. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 1128 1136.
59. Overley B, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH, Sherer D, Sorenmo KU, 2005: Association between ovariohysterectomy and feline mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 19, 560 563.
60. Panciera DL, 1994: Hypothyroidism in dogs: 66 cases (1987-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204, 761 767.
61. Panciera DL, Thomas CB, Eicker SW, Atkins CE, 1990: Epizootiologic patterns of diabetes mellitus in cats: 333 cases (1980-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197, 1504 1508.
62. Patnaik AK, Liu SK, Hurvitz AI, Mcclelland AJ, 1975: Nonhematopoietic neoplasms in cats. J Natl Cancer Inst 54, 855 860.
63. Philibert JC, Snyder PW, Glickman N, Glickman LT, Knapp DW, Waters DJ, 2003: Influence of host factors on survival in dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors. J Vet Intern Med 17, 102 106.
64. Phillips BS, 2002: Mammary Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats. In: 74th Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.
65. Ponglowhapan S, Church DB, Scaramuzzi RJ, Khalid M, 2007: Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and their transcribed genes (mRNA) are present in the lower urinary tract of intact male and female dogs. Theriogenology 67, 353 366.
66. Potter K, Hancock DH, Gallina AM, 1991: Clinical and pathologic features of endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and endometritis in cats: 79 cases (1980-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198, 1427 1431.
67. Prahl A, Guptill L, Glickman NW, Tetrick M, Glickman LT, 2007: Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats presented to veterinary teaching hospitals. J Feline Med Surg 9, 351 358.
68. Priester W, McKay F, 1980: The occurrence of tumors in domestic animals. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 54, 169.
69. Reichler IM, Hubler M, Jöchle W, Trigg TE, Piché CA, Arnold S, 2003: The effect of GnRH analogs on urinary incontinence after ablation of the ovaries in dogs. Theriogenology 60, 1207 1216.
70. Reichler IM, Pfeiffer E, Piché CA, Jöchle W, Roos M, Hubler M, Arnold S, 2004: Changes in plasma gonadotropin concentrations and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during the 12 months following ovariectomy. Theriogenology 62, 1391 1402.
71. Reichler IM, Hung E, Jöchle W, Piché CA, Roos M, Hubler M, Arnold S, 2005: FSH and LH plasma levels in bitches with differences in risk for urinary incontinence. Theriogenology 63, 2164 2180.
72. Reichler IM, Barth A, Piché C, Jöchle W, Roos M, Hubler M, Arnold S, 2006a: Urodynamic parameters and plasma LH/FSH in spayed Beagle bitches before and 8 weeks after GnRH depot analogue treatment. Theriogenology 66, 2127 2136.
73. Reichler IM, Jöchle W, Piché CA, Roos M, Arnold S, 2006b: Effect of a long acting GnRH analogue or placebo on plasma LH/FSH, urethral pressure profiles and clinical signs of urinary incontinence due to Sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches. Theriogenology 66, 1227 1236.
74. Reichler IM, Welle M, Sattler U, Jochle W, Roos M, Hubler M, Barth A, Arnold S, 2007: Comparative quantitative assessment of GnRH- and LH-receptor mRNA expression in the urinary tract of sexually intact and spayed female dogs. Theriogenology 67, 1134 1142.
75. Root MV, Johnston SD, Olson PN, 1997: The effect of prepuberal and postpuberal gonadectomy on radial physeal closure in male and female domestic cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38, 42 47.
76. Ru G, Terracini B, Glickman LT, 1998: Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. Vet J 156, 31 39.
77. Ruckstuhl B, 1978: Urinary incontinence in bitches as a late consequence of castration. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 120, 143 148.
78. Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, Shille V, 1991: Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal, physical, and behavioral development. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198, 1193 1203.
79. Schmidt R, Langham R, 1967: A survey of feline neoplasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151, 1325 1328.
80. Schneider R, Dorn CR, Taylor DO, 1969: Factors influencing canine mammary cancer development and postsurgical survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 43, 1249 1261.
81. Slauterbeck JR, Pankratz K, Xu KT, Bozeman SC, Hardy DM, 2004: Canine ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy increases the prevalence of ACL injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res 429, 301 305.
82. Sorenmo KU, Shofer FS, Goldschmidt MH, 2000: Effect of spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 14, 266 270.
83. Sorenmo K, Goldschmidt M, Shofer F, 2003: Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic carcinoma and correlation with castration status and castration time. Vet Comp Oncol 1, 48 56.
84. Spain CV, 2006: Non-Reproductive Effects of Spaying and Neutering: Effects on Growth, Hip Dysplasia, Immunology and Tumors. In: Third International Symposium on Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods for Pet Population Control, Alexandria.
85. Spain CV, Scarlett J, Cully S, 2002: When to neuter dogs and cats: a survey of New York State Veterinarians' practices and beliefs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38, 482 488.
86. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA, 2004a: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224, 372 379.
87. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA, 2004b: Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224, 380 387.
88. Stein B, 1981: Tumors of the genital tract. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17, 1022 1025.
89. Stöcklin-Gautschi NM (2000). Einfluss der Frühkastration auf die Harninkontinenz und andere Kastrationsfolgen bei der Hündin. Inauguraldissertation, Section for Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Medicine for Small Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University Zurich, Zurich.
90. Stocklin-Gautschi NM, Hassig M, Reichler IM, Hubler M, Arnold S, 2001: The relationship of urinary incontinence to early spaying in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57, 233 236.
91. Stubbs W, Bloomberg M, Scruggs S, Shille V, Lane T, 1996: Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209, 1864 1871.
92. Teske E, Naan EC, Van Dijk EM, Van Garderen E, Schalken JA, 2002: Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased risk in castrated dogs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 197, 251 255.
93. Thacher C, Bradley RL, 1983: Vulvar and vaginal tumors in the dog - a retrospective study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183, 690 692.
94. Thrusfield MV, 1985: Association between urinary incontinence and spaying in bitches. Vet Rec 116, 695.
95. Tjalma R, 1966: Canine bone sarcoma: estimation of relative risk as a function of body size. J Natl Cancer Inst (Bethesda) 36, 1137 1150.
96. Van Goethem B, Schaefers-Okkens A, Kirpensteijn J, 2006: Making a rational choice between ovariectomy and ovariohysterectomy in the dog: a discussion of the benefits of either technique. Vet Surg 35, 136 143.
97. Van Hagen MA, Ducro BJ, Van Den Broek J, Knol BW, 2005: Incidence, risk factors, and heritability estimates of hind limb lameness caused by hip dysplasia in a birth cohort of boxers. Am J Vet Res 66, 307 312.
98. Verstegen-Onclin K, 2006: Non-Reproductive Effects of Spaying and Neutering: Effects on the Urogenital System. In: Third International Symposium on Non-Surgical Contraceptive Methods for Pet Population Control, Alexandria, Virginia.
99. Ware WA, Hopper DL, 1999: Cardiac tumors in dogs: 1982-1995. J Vet Intern Med 13, 95 103.
100. Weaver AD, 1981: Fifteen cases of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Vet Rec 109, 71 75.
101. Wolke R, 1963: Vaginal leiomyoma as a cause of chronic constipation in the car. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143, 1103 1105.
102. Yamagami T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi K, Sugiyama M, 1996: Influence of ovariectomy at the time of mastectomy on the prognosis for canine malignant mammary tumours. J Small Anim Pract 37, 462 464.