Role of MRSA reservoirs in the acute care setting

International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 50-77

  Halcomb, Elizabeth J ^a   Griffiths, Rhonda ^b   Fernandez, Ritin ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b New South Wales Centre for Evidence Based Health Care   (Australia)

Author keywords

Infection control; MRSA; Nosocomial infection; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651231213     PISSN: 17441595     EISSN: 17441609     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2007.00096.x     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 362-86.
2. Burd M, Humphreys H, Glynn G et al. Control and the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals in Ireland: North/South Study MRSA Ireland 1999. J Hosp Infect 2003; 53: 297-303.
3. Collingnon P, Nimmo GR, Gottlieb T, Gosbell IB. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Australia. Emerging Infectious Dis 2005; 11: 554-61.
4. Burke J. Infection control: a problem for patient safety. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 651-6.
5. Gastmeier P. Nosocomial infection surveillance and control policies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 27: 295-301.
6. Farr BM. Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17: 317-22.
7. Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Sax H, Duncan RA, Pittet D. Nursing resources: a major determinant of nosocomial infection? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17: 329-33.
8. Cooper BS, Stone SP, Kibbler CC et al. Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature. Br Med J 2004; 329: 533-40.
9. Asoh N, Masaki H, Watanabe H et al. Molecular characterization of the transmission between the colonization of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus to human and environmental contamination in geriatric long-term care wards. Intern Med 2005; 44: 41-5.
10. Dietze B, Rath A, Wendt C, Martiny H. Survival of MRSA on sterile goods packaging. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49: 255-61.
11. Kumari DN, Haji TC, Keer V, Hawkey PM, Duncanson V, Flower E. Ventilation grilles as a potential source of methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in an orthopaedic ward at a district hospital. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39: 127-33.
12. Schultsz C, Meester HHM, Kranenburg AMH et al. Ultra-sonic nebulizers as a potential source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing an outbreak in a University tertiary care hospital. J Hosp Infect 2003; 55: 269-75.
13. Rampling A, Wiseman S, Davis L et al. Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49: 109-16.
14. Embil JM, McLeod JA, Al-Barrak AM et al. An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment. Burns 2001; 27: 681-8.
15. Griffiths R, Halcomb EJ, Fernendez R. Identification of MRSA Reservoirs in the Acute Care Setting: A Systematic Review (Number 19). ISBN 0 9578276 6 0. Adelaide: South Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Practice and Midwifery, 2002.
16. Halcomb EJ, Fernendez R, Griffiths R. The Efficacy of Patient Isolation for the Control of Nosocomial MRSA in Acute Care Hospitals: A Systematic Review (Number 18). ISBN 0 9578276 5 2. Adelaide: South Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Practice and Midwifery, 2002.
17. Fernendez R, Griffiths R, Halcomb EJ, Chow J. The Infection Control Management of MRSA within the Acute Care Hospital: A Systematic Review (Number 17). ISBN 0 9578276 4 4. Adelaide: South Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Practice and Midwifery, 2002.
18. Clarke M, Oxman A, eds. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook. 4.0 [updated July 1999]. In: Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer Program], Version 4.0. Oxford: The Cochrane Collaboration, 1999.
19. Evans D, Hodgkinson B, Berry J. Vital Signs: A Systematic Review, 1st edn. Adelaide: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery, 1999.
20. Ramritu P, Finlayson K, Mitchell A, Croft G. Identification and Nursing Management of Dysphagia in Individuals with Neurological Impairment: A Systematic Review, 1st edn. Adelaide: Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing and Midwifery, 2000.
21. Anderson KN, Anderson LE, Glanze WD. Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th edn. New York: Mosby, 1994.
22. National Health and Medical Research Council. A Guide to the Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1998.
23. Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon TA, Song F. Systematic review of trials and other studies. Health Technol Assess 1998; 2: 1-310. Accessed June 2005. Available from: http:www. ncchta.org/fullmono/mon219.pdf
24. Devine J, Cooke RP, Wright EP. Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination of ward-based computer terminals a surrogate marker for nosocomial MRSA transmission and handwashing compliance? J Hosp Infect 2001; 48: 72-5.
25. Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Chenevert C, King T. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: possible infection control implications. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 622-7.
26. French GL, Otter JA, Shannon KP, Adams NMT, Watling D, Parks MJ. Tackling contamination of the hospital environment by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a comparison between conventional terminal cleaning and hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination. J Hosp Infect 2004; 57: 31-7.
27. Bebbington A, Parkin I, James PA, Chichester LJ, Kubiak EM. Patients' case-notes: look but don't touch. J Hosp Infect 2003; 55: 299-301.
28. Bures S, Fishbain JT, Uyehara CFT, Parker JM, Berg BW. Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 2000; 28: 465-71.
29. Guinto CH, Bottone EJ, Raffalli JT, Montecalvo MA, Wormser GP. Evaluation of dedicated stethoscopes as a potential source of nosocomial pathogens. Am J Infect Control 2002; 30: 499-502.
30. Oie S, Kamiya A. Survival of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on naturally contaminated dry mops. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34: 145-9.
31. Rourke C, Bates C, Read RC. Poor hospital infection control practice in venepuncture and use of tourniquets. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49: 59-61.
32. French G, Rayner D, Branson M, Walsh M. Contamination of doctors' and nurses' pens with nosocomial pathogens. Lancet 1998; 351: 213.
33. Bhalla A, Pultz NJ, Gries DM et al. Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25: 164-7.
34. Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K et al. Evaluation of bedmaking-related airborne and surface methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus contamination. J Hosp Infect 2002; 50: 30-5.
35. Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K. Significance of airborne transmission of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in an otolaryngology-head and neck surgery unit. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127: 644-8.
36. Singh D, Kaur H, Gardner WG, Treen LB. Bacterial contamination of hospital pagers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: 274-6.
37. Oie S, Hosokawa I, Kamiya A. Contamination of room door handles by methicillin-sensitive/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2002; 51: 140-3.
38. Oie S, Yanagi C, Matsui H, Nishida T, Tomita M, Kamiya A. Contamination of environmental surfaces by Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatological ward and its preventive measures. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 2005; 28: 120-3.
39. Young JM, Naqvi M, Richards L. Microbial contamination of hospital bed handsets. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33: 170-4.
40. Davies MW, Mehr S, Garland ST, Morley CJ. Bacterial colonization of toys in neonatal intensive care cots. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 18-22.
41. Wright IMR, Orr H, Porter C. Stethoscope contamination in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 65-8.
42. Chaix C, Durand-Zaleski I, Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C. Control of endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a cost-benefit analysis in an intensive care unit. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282: 1745-51.
43. Pettinger A, Nettleman MD. Epidemiology of isolation precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991; 12: 303-7.
44. Preston GA, Larson EL, Stamm WE. The effect of private isolation rooms on patient care practices, colonisation and infection in an intensive care unit. Am J Med 1981; 70: 641-5.
45. Ribner BS, Landry MN, Kidd K, Peninger M, Riddick J. Outbreak of multiply resistant staphylococcus aureus in a paediatric intensive care unit after consolidation with a surgical intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 1989; 17: 244-9.
46. Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing Research: Principles and Methods, 4th edn. Boston, MA: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1991.
47. Roberts K, Taylor B. Nursing Research Processes: An Australian Perspective. South Melbourne: Nelson Australia Pty Ltd, 1998.
48. Allen KD, Anson JJ, Parsons LA, Frost NG. Staffcarriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA 15) and the home environment: a case report. J Hosp Infect 1997; 35: 307-11.
49. Beamer JER, Cox RA. MRSA contamination of a laryngoscope blade: a potential vector for cross infection. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 1010-11.
50. Bernard L, Kereveur A, Durand D et al. Bacterial contamination of hospital physicians' stethoscopes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 626-8.
51. Blythe D, Keenlyside D, Dawson SJ, Galloway A. Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Hosp Infect 1998; 38: 67-9.
52. Brady RRW, Wasson A, Stirling I, McAlister C, Damani NN. Is your phone bugged? The incidence of bacteria known to cause nosocomial infection on health-care workers' mobile phones. J Hosp Infect 2005; 62: 123-5.
53. Breathnach AS, Jenkins DR, Pedler SJ. Stethoscopes as possible vectors of infection by staphylococci. Br Med J 1992; 305: 1573-4.
54. Cefai C, Ashurst S, Owens C. Human carriage of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus linked with pet dog. Lancet 1994; 344: 539-40.
55. Cohen HA, Liora H, Paret G, Lahat E, Kennet G, Barzilai A. Aurioscope earpieces - a potential vector of infection? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 45: 47-50.
56. Cotterill S, Evans R, Fraise AP. An unusual source for an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on an intensive therapy unit. J Hosp Infect 1996; 32: 207-16.
57. Datz C, Jungwirth A, Dusch H, Galvan G, Weiger T. What's on doctors' ball point pens? Lancet 1997; 350: 1824.
58. Enoch DA, Karas JA, Slater JD, Emery MM, Kearns AM, Farrington M. MRSA carriage in a pet therapy dog. J Hosp Infect 2005; 60: 186-8.
59. Farrington M, Brenwald N, Haines D, Walpole E. Resistance to desiccation and skin fatty acids in outbreak strains of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 1992; 36: 56-60.
60. Hill C, King T, Day R. A strategy to reduce MRSA colonisation of stethoscopes. J Hosp Infect 2005; 62: 122-3.
61. Horikawa K, Murakami K, Kawano F. Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from nares of nurses and their gowns. Microbiol Res 2001; 155: 345-9.
62. Leprat R, Minary P, Devaux V, de Waziere B, Dupond JL, Talon D. Why, when and how to clean stethoscopes. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39: 80-2.
63. Maley MP. ICP finds MRSA survives on surfaces, gloveboxes. Hosp Infect Control 1998; 25: 125-6.
64. Man GS, Olapoju M, Chadwick MV et al. Bacterial contamination of ward based computer terminals. J Hosp Infect 2002; 52: 314-15.
65. Marshall B, Sen RA, Chadwick PR, Keaney MG. Environmental contamination of a new general surgical ward. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39: 242-3.
66. Ohara T, Itoh Y, Itoh K. Ultrasound instruments as possible vectors of staphylococcal infection. J Hosp Infect 1998; 40: 73-7.
67. Perceval A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections of sternal wounds. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13: 173-4.
68. Perry C, Marshall R, Jones E. Bacterial contamination of uniforms. J Hosp Infect 2001; 48: 238-41.
69. Ruddy M, Cummins M, Drabu Y. Hospital hairdresser as a potential source of cross-infection with MRSA. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49: 225-7.
70. Stacey A, Burden P, Croton C, Jones E. Contamination of television sets by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Hosp Infect 1998; 39: 243-4.
71. Wagenvoort JH, Davies BI, Westermann EJ, Werink TJ, Toenbreker HM. MRSA from air-exhaust channels. Lancet 1993; 341: 840-1.