A reply to my critics

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 90-97

  Way, Lucan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651205133     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note

References (13)

1. Lucan Way, "The Real Causes of the Color Revolutions," Journal of Democracy 19 (July 2008): 55-69.
2. In Georgia, for example, international observers noted problems of vote fraud, implausible voter turnout, selective cancellation of election results, and "clear bias" in the media during the March 2004 repeat parliamentary elections held after the Rose Revolution (OSCE/ODIHR, "Report on the Partial Repeat Parliamentary Elections in Georgia, 28 March 2004, Part 2," 23 June 2004). During the most recent presidential elections, observers reported evidence of significant vote tampering and pro-incumbent bias in most large-audience media (OSCE/ODIHR, "Georgia Extraordinary Presidential Election: OSCE/ODIHR Observation Mission Final Report," 5 January 2008, 14, 18, 23). Similarly, in the most recent Kyrgyz parliamentary elections in 2007, observers noted significant problems of opposition access to media, restrictions on candidate registration, and ballot stuffing (OSCE/ODIHR, "Final Report on the 16 December 2007 Pre-term Parliamentary Elections in Kyrgyzstan," 24 April 2008, 1-3, 9, 13-14).
3. In addition to the responses in this issue, see Mark R. Beissinger, "Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions," Perspectives on Politics 5 (June 2007): 259-76; Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, "American Democracy Promotion and Electoral Change in Postcommunist Europe and Eurasia," unpubl. ms.; "Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions," Journal of Democracy 17 (October 2006): 5-18.
4. See Lucan Way, "Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave," World Politics 57 (January 2005): 231-61;
5. and Steven R. Levitsky and Lucan Way, "Competitive Authoritarianism: International Linkage, Organizational Power and the Evolution of Hybrid Rule," unpubl. ms.
6. Steven R. Levitsky and Lucan Way, "International Linkage and Democratization," Journal of Democracy 16 (July 2005): 20-34.
7. Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 2 November 2001; 4 June 2002.
8. Askold Krushelnycky, "Ukraine: Exploring Kuchma's Motives for Moving Toward Parliamentary Democracy," RFE/RL, 29 August 2002.
9. Taras Kuzio, "The Next Revolution?" Transitions Online, 12 December 2003.
10. See Emil Danielyan, "Armenia: A Dictator in the Making," Transitions Online, 24 June 2004; Zerkalo nedeli (Kyiv), 11-17 December 2004.
11. nd ed., (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 77. For a cogent rational-choice explanation of mobilization during the color revolutions, see Joshua Tucker, "Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and Post-Communist Colored Revolutions," Perspectives on Politics 5 (September 2007): 537-53.
12. According to a survey conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in mid-December 2004, 37 percent of adults in western Ukraine protested in favor of Yushchenko in late 2004 as compared to just 3 percent of adults in eastern and southern Ukraine.
13. Cory Welt, "Regime Vulnerability and Popular Mobilization in Georgia's Rose Revolution," CDDRL Working Paper No. 67, September 2006, 46.