Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of chronic colonization by pseudomonas aeruginosa and its biofilms in the airway tract

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 125-142

  Kobayashi, Hiroyuki ^a   Kobayashi, Osamu ^a   Kawai, Shin ^a  

^a KYORIN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Autoantibodies against bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI ANCA); Biofilm; Chronic colonization; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Respiratory tract

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; AUTOANTIBODY; AZITHROMYCIN; BACTERICIDAL PERMEABILITY INCREASING PROTEIN; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; CLARITHROMYCIN; DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM; ERYTHROMYCIN; FURANONE DERIVATIVE; JOSAMYCIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE BINDING PROTEIN; MACROLIDE; MIDECAMYCIN; N ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE; N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; ROKITAMYCIN; ROXITHROMYCIN; TOBRAMYCIN;

AIRWAY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL FLAGELLUM; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL MUTATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIOPLANKTON; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BACTERIUM CONJUGATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIUM PILUS; BIOFILM; BRONCHIOLITIS; BRONCHUS MUCUS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; EPITHELIUM CELL; GENE EXPRESSION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MUCUS SECRETION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; QUORUM SENSING; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 67651204768     PISSN: 1341321X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10156-008-0691-3     Document Type: Review

References (275)

1. th ed. Vol. 2 Systematic bacteriology. London: Arnold: 1998. p. 11-44.
2. J.W. Costerton R.T. Irvin K.J. Cheng 1981 The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease Ann Rev Microbiol 35 299 324
3. G.B. Pier 1985 Pulmonary disease associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in CF. Current status of host-bacterium interaction J Infect Dis 151 575 580 (Pubitemid 15102151)
4. J.R.W. Govan G.S. Harris 1986 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis unusual bacterial adaptation and pathogenesis Microbiol Sci 3 302 308
5. Costerton JW, Anwar H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the microbe and pathogen. In: Batrich AL, Smith RP, editors. Pseudomonas aeruginosa; infection and treatment. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1994. p. 1-20.
6. N. Høiby 1974 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis; relation between mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Microbiol Immunol 82 551 558
7. C. Koch N. Høiby 1993 Pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis Lancet 341 1065 1067
8. R.S. Baltimore M. Mitchell 1980 Immunologic investigation of mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; comparison of susceptibility to opsonic antibody in mucoid and nonmucoid strains J Infect Dis 141 238 245
9. H. Honma A. Yamanaka S. Tanimoto 1983 Diffuse panbronchitis. A disease of the transitional zone of the lung Chest 83 63 69 (Pubitemid 13172752)
10. H. Kobayashi 1995 Airway biofilm disease; its clinical manifestation and therapeutic possibilities of macrolides J Infect Chemother 1 1 15
11. N. Høiby G. Döring P.O. SchiΦtz 1986 The role of immune complex in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections Am Rev Microbiol 40 29 52
12. R.B. Fick Jr G.P. Nagel S.U. Squier 1984 Protein of the cystic fibrosis respiratory tract, fragmented immunoglobulin G opsonic antibody causing defective opsonophagocytosis J Clin Invest 74 231 248
13. M.F. Tosi H. Zakem M. Berger 1990 Neutrophil elastase cleaves C3bi on opsonized pseudomonas as well as CR1 on neutrophils to create a functionally important opsonin receptor mismatch J Clin Invest 86 300 308 (Pubitemid 20227005)
14. M.H. Zhao D.R. Jones L.G. Ardiles 1996 Auto antibodies against bactericidal/permeability increasing protein in patients with cystic fibrosis QJM 89 256 265
15. O. Kobayashi 1998 Clinical role of autoantibody against bactericidal/permeability increasing protein in chronic airway infection J Infect Chemother 4 83 93 (Pubitemid 128696117)
16. R.J. Chiodini H.J. van Kruniningen 1984 Characteristics of unclasified Mycobacterium species isolated from Crohn disease J Clin Microbiol 1984;20 966 971 (Pubitemid 15207371)
17. E.R. Popa J.W. Tervaert 2003 The relation between Staphylococcus aureus and Wegener's granulomatosis: current knowledge and future directions Intern Med 42 771 780 (Pubitemid 37258688)
18. H. Cervare-Castillo V. Torres-Caballero E. Martinez-Garcia 2005 Wegener's granulomatosis: state of carrier of Staphylococcus aureus and combined therapy Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soo 44 249 255
19. th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2000. p. 329-345.
20. Y. Eishi C. Miyamae N. Ando 1994 Propionibacterium acnes as a causative agent of sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis 11 148 156
21. D.E. Wood D.C. Straus W.G. Johanson Jr 1980 Role of pili in adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mammalian buccal cell Infect Immun 29 1146 1151 (Pubitemid 10009325)
22. D.E. Zoutman W.C. Hulbert B.L. Pasloske 1991 The role of polar pili in adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to injured canine tracheal cells. A semiquantitative morphologic study Scanning Microsc 5 109 124
23. R. Ramphal J.C. Sadoff M. Pyle 1984 Role of pili in adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to injured tracheal epithelium Infect Immun 44 38 40 (Pubitemid 14165137)
24. R.L. Boyd R. Ramphal R. Rice 1983 Chronic colonization of rat airway with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 39 1403 1410 (Pubitemid 13159989)
25. L.B. Palmer W.W. Merill M.S. Niderman 1986 Bacterial adherence to respiratory tract cells-relationship between in vivo and in vitro pH and bacterial attachment Am Rev Resp Dis 133 784 788 (Pubitemid 16116503)
26. R. Ramphal M. Pyle 1983 Adherence of mucoid and non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa to acid-injured tracheal epithelium Infect Immun 41 345 351
27. T. Yamaguchi H. Yamada 1991 Role of mechanical injury on airway surface in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ann Rev Respir Dis 144 1141 1152
28. R. Ramphal P.M. Small J.W. Shands Jr 1980 Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mamalian buccal cells injured by influenza infection or by endotracheal intubation Infect Immun 27 614 619 (Pubitemid 10144958)
29. nd ed. New York: Raven: 1988. p. 142-158.
30. M.I. Marks 1984 Respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis N Engl J Med 311 1695 1696 (Pubitemid 15184002)
31. Ramphal R. Pathogenesis in airway colonization. In: Niederman MS, Sarosi GA, Classroth J, editors. Respiratory infection, a scientific management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. p. 45-56.
32. W.G. Johanson Jr A. Prince J.P. Sanford 1969 Changing pharyngeal bacteria flora of hospitalized patients; emergence of gram-negative bacilli N Engl J Med 281 1137 1140
33. W.H. Valernti R.G. Yrudell 1978 Bentley DM, Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with gram-negative bacilli in the aged N Engl J Med 298 1108 1111
34. R. Ramphal M. Pyle 1983 Evidence for mucus and sialic acid as receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract Infect Immun 41 339 344
35. H. Murcus N.R. Baker 1985 Quantitation of adherence of mucoid and non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa to hamster tracheal epithelium Infect Immun 47 728 729
36. M.S. Niederman T.D. Rafferty W.W. Merrill 1983 Comparison of bacterial adherence to ciliated and squamous epithelial cells obtained from human respiratory tract Am Rev Respir Dis 127 85 90 (Pubitemid 13168317)
37. H.C. Krivam D.D. Roberts V. Ginsburg 1988 Many pulmonary bacteria bind specifically to the carbohydrate sequence Gal NAc (β1-4) Gal found in some glycolipids Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 6157 6161 (Pubitemid 18209090)
38. H. Leffler E.C. Svanborg 1990 Host epithelial glycoconjugates and pathogenic bacteria Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2 409 411
39. I. Carlstedt J.K. Sheehan A.P. Corfield 1985 Mucus glycoprotein: a gel of a problem Essays Biochem 20 40 76
40. T.P. Mawhinnery E. Adelstein D.A. Morris 1987 Structure determination of five sulfated oligosaccharides derived from tracheobronchial mucus glycoproteins J Biol Chem 262 2094 3001
41. G. Lambin M. Lhermitte A. Klein 1991 The carbohydrate diversity of human respiratory mucins; a protection of the underlying mucosa? Am Rev Respir Dis 144 s19 s24
42. H. Sato K. Okinaga 1987 Role of pili in the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mouse epidermal cells Infect Immun 55 1774 1778
43. R.T. Irvin P. Doig P.A. Lee 1989 Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilus adhesin: confirmation that pilin structural protein subunit contains a human epithelial cell binding domain Infect Immun 57 3720 3726
44. K.S. Ishimoto S. Lory 1992 Identification of pilR, which encodes a transcriptional activator of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilin gene J Bacteriol 174 3514 3521
45. R. Ramphal C. Guary G.B. Pier 1987 Pseudomonas adhesion for tracheobronchial mucins Infect Immun 55 600 603
46. R. Ramphal G.B. Pier 1985 Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mucoidexopolysaccharide in adherence to tracheal cells Infect Immun 47 1 4 (Pubitemid 15194580)
47. R. Rhamphal L. Koo K.S. Ishimoto 1991 Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili deficient mutant mucin Infect Immun 59 1307 1311
48. N.R. Baker V. Minor C. Deal 1991 Pseudomonas exoenzyme S is an adhesin Infect Immun 59 2859 2863
49. C.A. Lingwood M. Cheng H.C. Krivan 1991 Glycolipid receptor binding specificity of exoenzyme S from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175 1076 1081
50. 2) Arch Biochem Biophys 260 493 496 (Pubitemid 18050019)
51. A. Prince 1992 Adhesins and receptors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with infection of the respiratory tract Microb Pathog 13 251 260
52. L. Saimon K.S. Ishimoto S. Lory 1990 The effect of piliation and exoproduct expression on the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to respiratory epithelial monolayers J Infect Dis 161 41 50
53. M. Svensson R. Lindstedt N. Radin 1993 Epithelial glycosphingolipid expression as a determinant of bacterial adherence and cytokine production Infect Immun 62 4404 4410
54. G. Döring W. Goldstein A. Roll 1985 Role of Pseudomonas exoenzyme S in lung infections of patients with cystic fibrosis Infect Immun 49 557 562 (Pubitemid 15021510)
55. D.E. Wood M. To P.A. Sokol 1989 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S as a pathogenic determinant in respiratory tract infections Antibiot Chemother 42 27 35
56. G.A. O'Toole R. Kolter 1998 Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development Mol Microbiol 30 295 304 (Pubitemid 28480181)
57. N.R. Baker G.C. Hansson H. Leffler 1990 Glycosphingolipid receptors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 58 2361 2366 (Pubitemid 20212319)
58. R. Doig T. Todd P.A. Satry 1988 Role of pili in adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human respiratory epithelial cells Infect Immun 56 1641 1646 (Pubitemid 18134323)
59. K.K. Lee H.B. Sheth M.Y. Wong 1994 The binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pili to glycosphingolipids is a tip associated event involving the C-terminal region of the structural pilin subunit Mol Microbiol 11 705 713
60. L. Saiman J. Sadoff A. Prince 1989 Cross-reactivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa antipilin monoclonal antibodies with heterogeneous strains of P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia 57 2764 2770
61. P. Doig P.A. Sastry R.S. Hodges 1990 Inhibition of pilus-mediated adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human buccal epithelial cells by monoclonal antibodies directed against pili Infect Immun 58 124 130 (Pubitemid 20064874)
62. 1 receptors and human buccal epithelial cell surface receptors Can J Microbiol 42 479 486
63. 1 as a corneal glycolipid receptor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion Infect Immun 61 5164 5173 (Pubitemid 23353894)
64. 1) receptors is achieved by conserved receptor-binding domain present on their adhesins Infect Immun 62 5213 5219 (Pubitemid 24364955)
65. R. Ramphal C. Carnoy S. Fievre 1991 Pseudomonas aeruginosa recognizes carbohydrate chains containing type 1 (Gal β1-3 glc NAc) or type 2 (Gal β1-4 Glc NAc) disaccharide units Infect Immun 59 700 704
66. 2 Mol Microbiol 11 715 723
67. W. Paranchych P.A. Sastry D. Drake 1985 Pseudomonas pili. Studies on antigenic determinants and mammalian cell receptors Antibiot Chemother 36 49 57
68. U. Saijan J. Reisman P. Doig 1992 Binding of non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa to normal human intestinal mucin and respiratory mucin from patients with cystic fibrosis J Clin Invest 89 657 665
69. Salathe M, Wanner A. Nonspecific host defenses: mucociliary clearance and cough. In: Niederman M, Surosi G, Glassroth J, editors. Respiratory infections. A scientific basis for management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991. p. 19-56.
70. D. Worlitzsch R. Tarran M. Ulrich 2002 Effects of reduced mucous oxygen concentration in airway Pseudomonas infections of cystic fibrosis patients J Clin Invest 109 317 325 (Pubitemid 34141805)
71. D.L. Simel B.S. Mastin P.C. Pratt 1984 Scanning electron microscopy of the airway in normal children and in patients with cystic fibrosis and other lung diseases Pediatr Pathol 2 47 64 (Pubitemid 14109839)
72. R.S. Baltimore C.D.C. Christie G.I. Smith 1989 Immunohistopathologic localization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lung from patients with cystic fibrosis Am Rev Respir Dis 140 1650 1661
73. L. Saimon G. Cacalano A. Prince 1992 Comparison of adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients and healthy subjects Infect Immun 60 2808 2814
74. 1 which is increased on the surface of cystic fibrosis epithelial cells J Clin Invest 92 1875 1880 (Pubitemid 23304555)
75. G. Cacalano M. Kays L. Saimon 1992 Production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa neuraminidase is increased under hyperosmolar conditions and is regulated by gene involved in alginate expression J Clin Invest 89 1866 1874
76. G. Soong A. Muir M.I. Gomez 2001 Bacteria neuraminidase facilitates mucosal infection by participating in biofilm production J Clin Invest 116 2297 2305 (Pubitemid 44162340)
77. B.I. Kazmierezak K. Mostov J.N. Engel 2004 Epithelial cell polarity alters Rho-GTPase responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mol Biol Cell 15 411 419 (Pubitemid 38146461)
78. M.C. Rose C.F. Brown J.Z. Jacoby 1987 Biochemical properties of tracheobronchial mucins from cystic fibrosis and non cystic fibrosis individuals Pediatr Res 22 545 551 (Pubitemid 18002061)
79. N.R. Baker 1982 Role of exotoxin A and protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory tract infections Can J Microbiol 28 248 255
80. A.O. Azghani E.J. Miller B.T. Peterson 2000 Virulence factors from Pseudomonas aeruginosa increase lung epithelial permeability Lung 178 261 269 (Pubitemid 32002034)
81. R. Wilson T. Pitt G.W. Taylor 1987 Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphnazine produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro J Clin Invest 79 221 229 (Pubitemid 17232522)
82. J.T. Jackowski Z.S. Szepfalusi D.A. Wanner 1991 Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived bacterial products on the tracheal ciliary function, role of O2 radicals Am J Physiol 260 L61 L69
83. R.C. Read P. Roberts N. Munro 1992 Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids on mucociliary transport and ciliary beating J Appl Physiol 72 2271 2277
84. L. Zulianello C. Canard T. Kohler 2006 Rhamnolipids are virulence factors that promote early infiltration of primary human airway epithelia by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 39 504 506
85. B.R. Boles M. Thoendal P.K. Singh 2005 Rhamnolipids mediate detachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from biofilms Mol Microbiol 57 1210 1223 (Pubitemid 41176519)
86. M.R. Feldman S. Bryan L. Rajaw 1998 Role of flagella in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection Infect Immun 63 43 51
87. S. Hedes M. Svensson C. Svanborg 1992 Interleukin-6 response of epithelial cell lines to bacterial stimulation in vitro Infect Immun 60 1295 1301
88. 1 and toll like receptor 2 as well as toll like receptor 5 Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 30 627 634 (Pubitemid 38591213)
89. F.K.D. Hayashi A. Smith T.R. Ozinsky 2001 The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by toll like receptor 5 Nature 410 1099 1103
90. 2+ dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in airway epithelial cells J Biol Chem 276 19267 19275
91. Mizel SB, West AP, Hantgan RR. Identification of a sequence in human toll like receptor 5 required for the binding of Gramnegative flagellin. J Biol Chem 2003;23624-23629. (Pubitemid 36830184)
92. A. Linker R.S. Jones 1966 A new polysaccharide resembling alginic acid isolated from Pseudomonas J Biol Chem 241 3845 3851
93. D.R. Martin 1973 Mucoid variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by the action of phage J Med Microbiol 6 111 118
94. R.V. Miller V.J.R. Rubelo 1984 Mucoid conversion by phages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from patients with cystic fibrosis J Clin Microbiol 19 717 719 (Pubitemid 14142671)
95. J.M. Terry S.E. Pina S.J. Mattingly 1991 Environmental conditions which influence mucoid conversion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 Infect Immun 59 471 477
96. M.R. Knowles M.J. Stutts A. Spock 1983 Abnormal ion permeation through cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelium Science 221 1067 1070
97. A. Berry J.D. DeVaut A.M. Chakrabarty 1989 High osmolarity is a signal for enhanced algD transcription in mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains J Bacteriol 171 2312 2317 (Pubitemid 19125073)
98. D.G. Davies A.M. Chakrabarty G.G. Geesey 1993 Exopolysaccharide production in biofilms; substratum activation of alginate gene expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1181 1186 (Pubitemid 23096663)
99. N.H. Piggott I.W. Sutherland T.R. Jerman 1982 Alginate synthesis by mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 16 131 135 (Pubitemid 13168626)
100. M.J. Gambello B.H. Iglewski 1991 Cloning and characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasR gene, a transcriptional activator of elastase expression J Bacteriol 171 3000 3009
101. N.A. Zielinsk R. Maharaj S. Roychoudhury 1992 Alginate synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa environmental regulation of the algC promoter J Bacteriol 174 7680 7688
102. R.C. Boucher 2002 An overview of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54 1359 1371 (Pubitemid 35375765)
103. S.S. Pederson A. Kharazmi F. Espersen 1990 Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate in cystic fibrosis sputum and the inflammatory response Infect Immun 58 3361 3368
104. D.W. Martin M.J. Schurr M.H. Mudd 1993 Mechanism of conversion to mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infecting cystic fibrosis patients Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 8377 8381
105. K. Mathee C.J. McPherson D.E. Ohman 1997 Posttranslational control of the algT (algU)-encoded sigma 22 for expression of the alginate regulon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and localization of its antagonist proteins MucA and MucB (AlgN) J Bacteriol 179 3711 3720 (Pubitemid 27233014)
106. M.J. Schurr H. Yu J.M. Martinez-Salazar 1996 Control of the AlgU, a member of the sigma E-like family of stress sigma factors, by the negative regulators MucA and MucB and Pseudomonas aeruginosa conversion to mucoidy in cystic fibrosis J Bacteriol 178 4997 5004 (Pubitemid 26321303)
107. S. Malhotra L.A. Silo-Suh K. Mathee 2000 Proteome analysis of the effect of mucoid conversion on global protein expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 shows induction of the disulfide bond isomerase, dsbA J Bacteriol 182 6999 7006 (Pubitemid 32259603)
108. K. Mathee O. Ciofu C. Sternberg 1999 Mucoid conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrogen peroxide; a mechanism for virulence activation in the cystic fibrosis lung Microbiology 145 1349 1357 (Pubitemid 29294920)
109. J.D. Hassett 1996 Anaerobic production of alginate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa restricts diffusion of oxygen J Bacteriol 178 7322 7325
110. H. Kobayashi 2005 Airway biofilms: implication for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections Treat Respir Med 4 241 253 (Pubitemid 41252835)
111. J.W. Costerton Z. Lewandowski D. DeBeer 1994 Biofilms, the customized micro niche J Bacteriol 176 2137 2142
112. C.K. Stover X.Q. Pham A.L. Erwin 2000 Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen Nature 406 959 964 (Pubitemid 30690454)
113. J. Daniel T.J.O. Wozniak M. Wyckoff 2003 Alginate is not a significant component of the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of PA14 and PAO1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 7907 7912
114. D.G. Davies M.R. Parsek J.P. Pearson 1998 The involvement of cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm Science 280 295 298 (Pubitemid 28178075)
115. T.R. Kievit B.H. Iglewski 2000 Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships Infect Immun 68 4839 4849 (Pubitemid 30672035)
116. J.P. Pearson K.M. Gray L. Passador 1994 Structure of the autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 197 201 (Pubitemid 24018670)
117. U.A. Ochsner A.K. Koch A. Fiechter 1994 Isolation and characterization of a regulatory gene affecting rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Bacteriol 176 2044 2054 (Pubitemid 24103555)
118. R.C. McLean M. Whiteley D.J. Stickler 1997 Evidence of autoinducer activity in naturally occurring biofilm FEMS Microbiol Lett 154 259 263 (Pubitemid 27404539)
119. J.M. Brint D.E. Ohman 1995 Synthesis of multiple exoproducts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the control of RhlR-RhlI, another set of regulators in strain PAO1 with homology to the autoinducer-responsive LuxR-LuxI family J Bacteriol 177 7155 7163
120. M.K. Winson M. Camara A. Latifi 1996 Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 9427 9431
121. J.P. Pearson L. Passador B.H. Iglewski 1995 A second N-acylhomoserine lactone signal produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 1490 1494
122. L. Passador J.M. Cook M.J. Cambello 1993 Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes cell-to-cell communication Science 260 1127 1130
123. M.J. Cambello S. Kaye B.H. Iglewski 1993 LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a transcriptional activator of the alkaline protease gene (apr) and an enhancer of exotoxin A expression Infect Immun 61 1180 1184 (Pubitemid 23099182)
124. D.S. Toder M.J. Vambello B.H. Iglewski 1991 Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasA; a second elastase gene under transcriptional control of lasR Mol Microbiol 5 2003 2010 (Pubitemid 21896230)
125. A. Latifi M. Foglino K. Tanaka 1996 A hierachical quorum-sensing cascade in Pseudomonas aeruginosa links the transcriptional activator LasR and RhlR (VsinR) to expression of the stationary-phase sigma factor RpoS Mol Microbiol 21 1137 1146 (Pubitemid 26313241)
126. E.C. Pasci J.P. Pearson P.C. Seed 1997 Regulation of las and rhl quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Bacteriol 179 3127 3132 (Pubitemid 27202984)
127. P.C. Shih C.T. Huang 2002 Effects of quorum-sensing deficiency on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance J Antimicrob Chemother 49 309 314
128. R.S. Smith B.H. Iglewski 2003 Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing systems and virulence Curr Opin Microbiol 6 56 60 (Pubitemid 36258537)
129. D.S. Toder M.J. Gambello B.H. Iglewski 1994 lasA and lasB genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysis of transcriptions and gene product activity Infect Immun 62 1320 1327 (Pubitemid 24110826)
130. G.A. Ochsner R. Kolter 1995 Auto-inducer-mediated regulation of rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 6420 6428
131. P.C. Seed A.L. Passador M.R. Parsek 1995 Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasI gene by LasR and Pseudomonas autoinducer PAI; an autoinduction regulatory hierarchy J Bacteriol 177 654 659
132. Pesci EC, Iglewski BH. Quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Dumry GM, Winans SC, editors. Cell to cell signaling in bacteria. Washington DC: ASM: 1999. p. 147-155.
133. M.A. Wooley J.A. O'Challaghan A.J. McLoughlin 1983 Effect of substrate on the regulation of exoprotease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Gen Microbiol 129 981 988
134. M.A. Whooley A.J. McLoughlin 1983 The protein motive force in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relationship to exoprotease production J Gen Microbiol 129 989 996
135. S.S. Pedersen 1992 Lung infection with alginate-producing mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis APMIS 100 Suppl28 5 19
136. G. Döring V. Buhl N. Høiby 1984 Detection of proteases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immune complexes isolated from sputum of cystic fibrosis patients Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 92 307 312 (Pubitemid 15215932)
137. D.L. Erickson R. Enderby A. Kirham 2002 Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing systems may control virulence factor expression in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis Infect Immun 70 1783 1790 (Pubitemid 34242177)
138. P.K. Singh A.L. Schaefer M.R. Parsek 2000 Quorum-sensing signals indicate that cystic fibrosis lungs are infected with bacterial biofilms Nature 407 762 764 (Pubitemid 30780736)
139. T.S. Charlton R. de Nys A. Netting 2000 A novel and sensitive method for the quantification of N-3-oxoacyl homoserine lactone using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to a model bacterial biofilm Environ Microbiol 2 530 5341
140. H. Wu Z. Song M. Hentzer 2000 Detection of N-acetylhomoserine lactones in lung tissues of mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Microbiology 146 2481 2493 (Pubitemid 30806658)
141. E. DiMango H.J. Zar R. Bryan 1995 Diverse Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene products stimulate respirator epithelial cells to produce interleukin-8 J Clin Invest 96 2204 2210
142. R.S. Smith E.R. Fedyk T.A. Springer 2001 IL-8 production in human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells actvated by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulated by NF-kappa B and activator protein-2 J Immunol 167 366 374
143. G. Telford D. Wheeler P. Williams 1998 The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-Lhomoserine lactone has immunomodulatory activity Infect Immun 66 36 42
144. R.S. Smith S.G. Harris R. Phipps 2002 The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone contributes to virulence and induces inflammation in vivo J Bacteriol 184 1132 1139 (Pubitemid 34113382)
145. K. Tateda Y. Ishi M. Horikawa 2003 The Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl homoserine lactone accelerates apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils Infect Immun 71 5785 5793 (Pubitemid 37205632)
146. T.R. Kievit Y. Kakai K. Register 2002 Role of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum sensing systems in rhlI regulation FEMS Microb Lett 212 101 105
147. E.C. Pesci J.B. Milbank J.P. Pearson 1999 Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 11229 11234 (Pubitemid 29487363)
148. R. Rhamphal S. Vishwanath 1987 Why is Pseudomonas the colonizer and why does it persist? Infection 15 281 287
149. N.R. Houdret A. Ramphal J.M. Schartman 1989 Evidence for the in vivo degradation of human respiratory mucins during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection Biochem Biophys Acta 992 96 105
150. L. Saiman K. Ishimoto S. Lory 1990 The effect of piliation and exoproduct expression on the adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to respiratory epithelial monolayers J Infect Dis 161 541 548 (Pubitemid 20107959)
151. R. Ramphal 1991 The adhesion-receptor system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: where are we now? Pediatr Pulmonol 6 Suppl914 140 141
152. A. Prince 1992 Mini-review: adhesins and receptors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with infection of the respiratory tract Microb Pathog 13 251 260
153. T.R. Kievit R. Gillis S. Marx 2001 Quorum-sensing genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: their role and expression patterns Appl Environ Microbiol 67 1865 1873 (Pubitemid 33644961)
154. J.M. Ghigo 2001 Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development Nature 412 442 445
155. J.P. Pearson E.C. Pesci B.H. Iglewski 1997 Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of elastase and rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes J Bacteriol 179 5756 5767 (Pubitemid 27398275)
156. T.S. Murray M. Egan B.I. Kozmierczak 2007 Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic colonization in cystic fibrosis patients Curr Opin Pediatr 19 83 88 (Pubitemid 46114762)
157. A. Boyd A.M. Chakrabarty 1994 Role of alginate lyase in cell detachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2355 2359 (Pubitemid 24205731)
158. J.W. Costerton G.G. Geesey K.J. Cheng 1978 How bacteria stick Sci Am 238 86 95
159. J.W. Costerton R.T. Irvin 1981 The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease Annu Rev Microbiol 35 299 324
160. K. Lewis 2001 Riddle of biofilm resistance Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 999 1007 (Pubitemid 32230975)
161. S. Schwarzmann J.R. Boring 1971 Antiphagocytic effect of slime from a mucoid strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 3 762 767
162. H. Kobayashi 2001 Airway biofilm disease Int J Antimicrob Agents 17 351 356 (Pubitemid 32401533)
163. M.A. Luzar T.C. Montie 1985 Avirulence and altered physiological properties of cystic fibrosis strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 50 572 576 (Pubitemid 16246283)
164. D.E. Woods D.A. Sokai L.F. Bryan 1991 In vitro regulation of virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with genetic rearrangement J Infect Dis 163 143 149
165. M. Fagan P. Francis A.C. Hayward 1990 Phenotypic conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis J Clin Microbiol 28 1143 1146 (Pubitemid 20194392)
166. D.E. Ohman A.M. Chakrabarty 1982 Utilization of human respiratory secretions by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa of cystic fibrosis origin Infect Immun 37 662 669
167. A.M. Oliver D.M. Weir 1983 Inhibition of bacterial binding to mouse macrophages by pseudomonas alginate J Clin Lab Immunol 10 221 224
168. E.T. Jensen A. Kharazmi K. Lam 1990 Human polymophomuclear leukocyte response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in bioflms Infect Immun 58 2383 2385 (Pubitemid 20212322)
169. A.S. Bayer D.P. Speert S. Park 1991 Functional role of mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate) in antibiotic-induced and polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infect Immun 59 302 308
170. H. Kobayashi N. Ohgaki H. Takeda 1993 Therapeutic possibilities for diffuse panbronchiolitis Int J Antimicrob Agents 3 81 86
171. H. Ishida Y. Ishida Y. Kurosaka 1998 In vitro and in vivo activities of levofloxacin against biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1641 1645 (Pubitemid 28311555)
172. P.S. Stewart 1998 A review of experimental measurements of effective diffusive permeabilities and effective diffusion coefficients in biofilms Biotechnol Bioeng 59 261 272 (Pubitemid 28298407)
173. P.S. Stewart 2003 Diffusion in biofilms J Bacteriol 85 1485 1491 (Pubitemid 36245948)
174. M.R. Brown D.G. Allison P. Gilbert 1988 Resistance of bacterial bio-films to antibiotics: a growth-rate related effect? J Antimicrob Chemother 22 777 780 (Pubitemid 19023217)
175. K.D. Xu P.S. Stewart F. Xia 1998 Spatial physiological heterogeneity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is determined by oxygen availability Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4035 4039 (Pubitemid 28463010)
176. J. Zahler P.S. Stewart 2002 Transmission electron microscopic study of antibiotic action on Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2679 2683 (Pubitemid 34793487)
177. M.J. Welsh A.E. Smith 1993 Molecular mechanisms of CFTR chloride channel dysfunction in cystic fibrosis Cell 73 1251 1254
178. Tanimoto H. A review of the recent progress in treatment of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human disease. In: Homma JY, Tanimoto H, Holdee TA, Høiby N, Döring G, editors. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Basel: Karger; 1991. p. 94-99.
179. H.Y. Reynolds P.A. di Sant'Agnese C.H. Zierdt 1976 Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a sign of cystic fibrosis in young adults with chronic pulmonary disease ? JAMA 236 2190 2192
180. R.B. Fick Jr 1989 Pathogenesis of the pseudomonas lung lesion in cystic fibrosis Chest 96 158 64
181. N. Höiby C. Koch 1990 Cystic fibrosis: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis and its management Thorax 45 881 884 (Pubitemid 20386958)
182. M.L. Brown H.C. Aldrich J.J. Gauthier 1995 Relationship between glycocalyx and povidone-iodine resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) biofilms Appl Environ Microbiol 61 187 193
183. D.R. VanDevanter J.M. VanDelfeen 2005 How much do Pseudomonas biofilms contribute to symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis? Pediatr Pulmonol 39 504 506 (Pubitemid 40696320)
184. N. Høiby 1993 Antibiotic therapy for chronic infection of Pseudomonas in the lung Annu Rev Med 44 1 10 (Pubitemid 23117843)
185. P.M. Mendelman A.L. Smith J. Levy 1985 Aminoglycoside penetration, inactivation and efficacy in cystic fibrosis sputum Am Rev Resp Dis 132 761 765 (Pubitemid 16247735)
186. Kobayashi H. Clinical use of levofloxacin for intractable RTI in outpatients. Penetration 1998 (annual issue); 31-35.
187. L.E. Bryan A. Kureiski H.R. Rabin 1983 Detection of antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate extracellular polysaccharide in animals and cystic fibrosis patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay J Clin Microbiol 18 272 282
188. D.E. Woods L.E. Bryan 1985 Studies on the ability of alginate to act as a protective immunogen against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in animals J Infect Dis 151 581 588 (Pubitemid 15102152)
189. R.B. Fick Jr. 1993 Pathogenetic mechanisms in cystic fibrosis lung disease: a paradigm for inflammatory airways disease J Lab Clin Med 121 632 634
190. N. Høiby G. Döring P.O. Schiøtz 1986 The role of immune complex in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections Annu Rev Microbiol 40 29 53
191. Høiby N, Giwercman B, Jensen ET, et al. Immune response in cystic fibrosis - helpful or harmful? In: Escobar H, Baguero CF, Suárez L, editors. Clinical ecology of cystic fibrosis. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993. p. 133-141.
192. N. Høiby H.K. Johanson C. Moser 2001 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the in vitro and in vivo biofilm mode of growth Microbes Infect 3 23 25
193. D.B. Hornick R.B. Fick Jr 1990 The immunoglobulin G subclass composition of immune complexes in cystic fibrosis: implications for the pathogenesis of the Pseudomonas lung lesion J Clin Invest 86 1285 1292 (Pubitemid 20370436)
194. Tomashefski J Jr, Abramowsky CR, Dahms BB. The pathology of cystic fibrosis. In: Davis PB, editor. Cystic fibrosis: lung biology in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. 64, p. 435-489.
195. G. Kronborg G.H. Shand A. Fomsgaard 1992 Lipopolysaccharide is present in immune complexes isolated from sputum in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection APMIS 100 175 180
196. S.S. Pederson N. Høiby F. Espersen 1992 Role of alginate in infection with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis Thorax 47 6 13
197. J. Weiss I. Olsson 1987 Cellular and subcellular localization of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein of neutrophils Blood 69 652 659 (Pubitemid 17022043)
198. 2-independent bactericidal system J Clin Invest 69 959 970
199. L.J. Beamer S.F. Caroll D. Eisenberg 1997 Crystal structure of human BPI and two bound phospholipids at 2, 4 angstrom resolution Science 276 1861 1864
200. C.E. Ooi J. Weiss P. Elsbach 1987 A 25 kDa NH2 terminal fragment carries all the antibacterial activities of the human neutrophil 60 kDa bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein J Biol Chem 262 14891 14895
201. M.N. Marra C.G. Wild J.E. Griffith 1990 Bactericidal/permeability- increasing protein has endotoxin-neutralizing activity J Immunol 144 662 666 (Pubitemid 20036099)
202. F.R. Kohn W.S. Ammons A. Horwitz 1993 Protective effect of a recombinant amino-terminal fragment of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in experimental endotoxemia J Infect Dis 168 1307 1310 (Pubitemid 23317158)
203. R.A. Manion J. Weiss P. Elsbach 1990 Separation of sublethal and lethal effects of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein on Escherichia coli J Clin Invest 85 853 860 (Pubitemid 20087489)
204. H. Nishimura A. Gogami Y. Miyagawa 2000 Bactericidal/permeability- increasing protein promotes complement activation for neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis on bacterial surface J Immunol 103 519 525
205. J. Weiss P. Elsbach I. Olsson 1978 Purification and characterization of a potent bactericidal and membrane active protein from the granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes J Biol Chem 253 2664 2672 (Pubitemid 8328425)
206. N.H. Iovine P. Elsbach J.P. Weiss 1997 An opsonic function of the neutrophil bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein depends on both its N- and C-terminal domains Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 10973 10978
207. H. Schultz S. Schinke J. Weiss 2003 BPI-ANCA in transportor associated with antigen presentation (TAP) deficiency: possible role in susceptibility to Gram-negative bactericidal infection Clin Exp Immunol 133 252 259 (Pubitemid 36918600)
208. T.L. Gioannini A. Teghanemt D. Zang 2005 Monometric endotoxin; protein complexes are essential for TLR4-dependent cell activation J Endotoxin Res 111 117 123 (Pubitemid 40711488)
209. P.S. Tabios K. Soldau M. Iovine 1997 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding proteins BPI and LBP form different types of complexes with LPS J Biol Chem 227 18682 18685 (Pubitemid 27318211)
210. M.H. Zhao S.J. Jones C.M. Lockwood 1995 Bactericidal/permeability- increasing protein (BPI) is an important antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in vasculitis Clin Exp Immunol 99 49 56
211. S. Ohtami O. Kobayashi H. Ohtami 2001 Analysis of intractable factors in chronic airway infections: role of the autoimmunity induced by BPI-ANCA J Infect Chemother 7 228 238 (Pubitemid 34101072)
212. M.P. Stoffel E. Csernok E. Herzberg 1996 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) directed against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI); a new seromarker for inflammatory bowel disease and associated disorders Clin Exp Immunol 104 54 59 (Pubitemid 26103413)
213. R.S. Walmsley M.H. Zhao M.I. Hamilton 1997 Antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in inflammatory bowel disease Gut 40 105 109 (Pubitemid 27079760)
214. M. Vecchi A. Sinieo M.B. Bianchi 1998 Recognition of bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein by perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive sera from ulcerative colitis patients; prevalence and clinical significance Scand J Gastroenterol 33 1284 1286
215. H. Schultz J. Weiss S.F. Carroll 2001 The endotoxin-binding bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI); a target antigen of autoantibodies J Leukoc Biol 69 505 512 (Pubitemid 32294834)
216. P. Mahadera A.C. Dunn R.C. Westerbeck 1999 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and cystic fibrosis lung disease Clin Exp Immunol 117 561 567 (Pubitemid 29398306)
217. J.M. Blander R. Medzhitov 2006 Toll dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells Nature 440 808 812
218. J.G. Dohlman D.J. Pillon L.A. Roreach 1991 Identification of macrophage cell surface binding sites for cationized bovine serum albumin Biochem Biophys Res Commun 81 787 796
219. A. Sediva J. Bartunkova I. Kalarova 1998 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in children with cystic fibrosis J Autoimmun 11 185 190 (Pubitemid 28273015)
220. H. Schultz S. Schinke K. Mosler 2004 BPI-ANCA of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients can impair BPI-mediated killing of Escherichia coli DH5a in vitro Pediatr Pulmonol 37 158 164 (Pubitemid 38120986)
221. S. Shinke K. Fellermann K. Herlyn 2004 Autoantibodies against the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) from inflammatory bowel disease patients can impair the antibiotic activity of BPI Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 763 770 (Pubitemid 39545222)
222. H. Schultz 2007 From infection to autoimmunity: a new model for induction of ANCA against the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) Autoimmun Rev 6 223 227 (Pubitemid 46274546)
223. Y. Weintauch A. Foremann C. Shu 1995 Extracellular accumulation of potently microbicidal bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and p15a in an evolving sterile peritoneal inflammatory exudate J Clin Invest 95 1916 1924
224. J.K. Spitznagel H.A. Pereira L.E. Martin 1987 A monoclonal antibody that inhibits the antimicrobial action of a 57-KD cationic protein of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes J Immunol 139 1291 1296 (Pubitemid 17125071)
225. H. Gazzano-Santoro J.B. Parent L. Grinna 1992 High affinity binding of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a recombinant amino-terminal fragment to the Lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide Infect Immun 60 4754 4761
226. J. Weiss 2003 Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), structure function and regulation in host defense against gram-negative bacteria Biochem Soc Trans 31 785 790 (Pubitemid 36981128)
227. M.A. Denenter F.T. Smit G.J. Framcol 1994 Characterization of two monoclonal antibodies directed against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein J Infect Dis 170 1483 1489 (Pubitemid 24369908)
228. C. Aebi F. Theiler C.C. Aebischer 2000 Autoantibodies directed against bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in patients with cystic fibrosis; associated with microbial respiratory tract colonization Pediar Infect Dis 19 207 212 (Pubitemid 30167439)
229. M. Carlsson L. Erikson I. Erwander 2003 Pseudomonas-induced lung damage in cystic fibrosis correlates to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-autoantibodies Clin Exp Rheumatol 21 s95 s100
230. J.V. Raretch S. Bolland 2001 IgG FC receptor Annu Rev Immunol 19 275 290
231. M. Sawaki R. Mikami K. Mikasa 1986 A study on long-term chemotherapy with erythromycin in patients with chronic lower respiratory infection (in Japanese) Kansenshogaku Zasshi 60 37 44
232. S. Kudoh A. Azuma M. Yamamoto 1998 Improvement of survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 829 832
233. M. Yamamoto A. Kondo M. Tamura 1990 Long-term therapeutic effects of erythromycin chemotherapy and new quinolone antibacterial agents on diffuse panbronchiolitis - retrospective comparative design (in Japanese) Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 28 1305 1315
234. Yamamoto M. The therapeutic effect of erythromycin on DPB, a double blind comparative study Homma H (edit). In Report Book to Grant in Aid from Ministry of Health and Welfare Japan. Tokyo: Ministry of Health and Welfare Japan; 1992. p. 18-20.
235. H. Takeda H. Miura H. Kobayashi 1989 A study on long-term administration of TE-031 clarithromycin in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis (in Japanese) Kansenshougaku Zasshi 63 71 78
236. H. Kobayashi K. Shimada Y. Sano 1995 Study on azithromycin in treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis (in Japanese) Kansenshougaku Zasshi 69 711 722
237. A. Jaffé J. Francis M. Rosental 1998 Long-term azithromycin may improve lung function in children with cystic fibrosis (letter) Lancet 351 420 (Pubitemid 28064175)
238. A. Equi I.M. Balfour-Lynn A. Bush 2002 Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial Lancet 360 978 984 (Pubitemid 35284109)
239. J. Wolter S. Seeney S. Bell 2002 Effect of long term treatment with azithromycin on disease parameters in cystic fibrosis: a randomized trial Thorax 57 212 216 (Pubitemid 34214405)
240. L. Saimon B.G. Marshall N. Mayer Hambte 2003 Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a randomized controlled trial JAMA 290 1749 1756
241. A. Clement A. Tamalet E. LeBoux 2006 Long term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis; a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Thorax 61 895 902 (Pubitemid 44570311)
242. J. Tamaoki 2004 The effect of macrolides on inflammatory cells Chest 125 41s 51s
243. S. Nakashio C. Susa S. Qiu 1993 Antimicrobial activity of clarithromycin and its effect on bacterial adherence to medical material Jpn J Antibiot 46 428 436 (Pubitemid 23263110)
244. U. Baumann J.J. Fischerr P. Gudowius 2001 Buccal adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis under long-term therapy with azithromycin Infection 29 7 11 (Pubitemid 32173541)
245. A. Tamaoki N. Sakai K. Isono 1990 Erythromycin inhibition transport across airway epithelial cells in dogs (in Japanese) Respiration 9 1036 1039
246. E. Tagaya J. Tamaoki M. Kondo 2002 Effect of a short course of clarithromycin therapy on sputum production in patients with chronic airway hypersecretion Chest 122 213 218 (Pubitemid 34754165)
247. M. Miyake F. Taki H. Taniguchi 1991 Erythromycin reduces the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma Chest 99 670 675
248. J.D. Johanson 1980 Antibiotic uptake by alveolar macrophage J Lab Clin Med 95 429 436
249. Tulkens PM. Intracellular activity. In: Neu HC, Young LS, Zinner SH, editors. The new macrolides, azalides and streptogramins. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. p. 41-46.
250. J. Katahira K. Kikuchi Y. Shibata 1991 Kinetic studies on the effect of macrolides on cytokine production (in Japanese) Chemotherapy 39 678 686
251. Y. Iino M. Toriyama K. Kudo 1992 Erythromycin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha production by human monocytes in vitro Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 157 16 20
252. M.J. Schultz P. Speelman S. Zaat 1998 Erythromycin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 production induced by heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae in whole blood Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1605 1609 (Pubitemid 28311550)
253. H. Takizawa M. Desaki T. Ohtoshi 1997 Erythromycin modulates IL 8 expression in normal and inflamed human bronchial epithelial cells Am J Resp Crit Care Med 156 266 271 (Pubitemid 27293200)
254. S. Kawasaki H. Takizawa T. Ohtoshi 1998 Roxithromycin inhibits cytokine production by and neutrophil attachment to human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1499 1502 (Pubitemid 28257658)
255. K. Tateda J.J. Standiford J.C. Pechere 2004 Regulatory effects of macrolides on bacterial virulence: potential role as quorum-sensing inhibitors Curr Pharm Des 10 3055 3065 (Pubitemid 39242901)
256. S.K. Goswami S. Kivity Z. Moram 1990 Erythromycin inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from human airways in vivo Am Rev Respir Dis 141 72 78 (Pubitemid 20023385)
257. H. Oda J. Kadota S. Kohno 1994 Erythromycin inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in bronchoalveoli of diffuse panbronchiolitis Chest 106 1116 1123 (Pubitemid 24309549)
258. J. Kadota O. Saito S. Kohno 1993 A mechanism of erythromycin treatment in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis Am Rev Respir Dis 147 153 159 (Pubitemid 23025932)
259. S. Abe H. Nakamura S. Inoue 2000 Interleukin-8 gene repression by clarithromycin is mediated by the activator protein-1 binding site in human bronchial epithelial cells Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22 51 60 (Pubitemid 30342959)
260. M. Desaki H. Takizawa T. Ohtoshi 2000 Erythromycin suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 activation in human bronchial epithelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267 124 128 (Pubitemid 30072518)
261. R. Anderson 1989 Erythromycin and roxithromycin potentiate human neutrophil locomotion in vitro by inhibition of leukoattachment-activated superoxide generation and autooxidation J Infect Dis 159 966 973 (Pubitemid 19113085)
262. V. Villagrasa L. Betro J. Cortijo 1997 Effects of erythromycin on chemoattachment-activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes Gen Pharmacol 29 605 609 (Pubitemid 27421428)
263. W.L. Hand D.L. Hand N.L. King-Thompson 1990 Antibiotic inhibition of the respiratory burst response in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34 863 870 (Pubitemid 20142414)
264. Kobayashi H. Chronic bronchitis. In: Neu HC, Young LS, Zinner SH, editors. The new macrolides azalides and streptogramins. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. p. 125-129.
265. K. Nagino H. Kobayashi 1997 Influence of macrolides on mucoid alginate biosynthetic enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clin Microbiol Infect 3 432 439 (Pubitemid 27379981)
266. Y. Mituya S. Kawai H. Kobayashi 2000 Influence of macrolides on guanosine diphospho-D-mannnose dehydrogenase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Infect Chemother 6 45 50 (Pubitemid 30241866)
267. K. Tateda R. Comte J.C. Pechere 2001 Azithromycin inhibits quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 1930 1933 (Pubitemid 32466379)
268. J.P. Pearson M. Feldman B.H. Iglewski 2000 Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell-to-cell signaling is required for virulence in a model of acute pulmonary infection Infect Immun 68 4331 4334 (Pubitemid 30434592)
269. C. Van Delden E.C. Pesel J.P. Pearson 1998 Starvation selection restores elastase and rhamnolipid production in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing mutant Infect Immun 66 4499 4502 (Pubitemid 28402731)
270. R. De Nys S. Dworjanyn P.D. Steiberg 2002 A new method for quantification of surface borne algal secondary metabolites Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162 79 87
271. M. Manefield R. de Nys N. Kumar 1999 Evidence that halogenated furanones from Delisa pulchra inhibit acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated gene expression by displacing the AHL signal from its receptor protein Microbiology 145 283 2 91
272. M. Hentzer K. Riedel T.B. Rasmussen 2002 Inhibition of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria by a halogenated furanone compound Microbiology 148 87 102 (Pubitemid 34083188)
273. M. Givskov R. de Nys M. Manefield 1996 Eukaryotic interference with homoserine lactone-mediated prokaryotic signaling J Bacteriol 178 6618 6622 (Pubitemid 26374731)
274. M. Hentzer H. Wu J.B. Anderson 2003 Attenution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by quorum sensing inhibitors EMBO J 22 3803 3815 (Pubitemid 36975709)
275. H. Wu Z. Song M. Hentzer 2004 Synthetic furanones inhibit quorum-sensing and enhance bacterial clearance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in mice Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 1054 1061 (Pubitemid 38807648)