Validation of components of the water cycle in the ECHAM4 general circulation model based on the Newtonian relaxation technique: A case study of an intense winter cyclone

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

Volumn 104, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 135-162

  Bauer, Hans Stefan ^a   Wulfmeyer, Volker ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD COVER; CYCLONE; DIVERGENCE; ESTIMATION METHOD; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; MODEL VALIDATION; PARAMETERIZATION; PREDICTION; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; SURFACE PRESSURE; VORTICITY; WEATHER FORECASTING; WINTER;

EID: 67651119925     PISSN: 01777971     EISSN: 14365065     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00703-009-0018-7     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Barahona D, Nenes E (2008) Parameterizing the competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in cirrus cloud formation - monodisperse ice nuclei. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 8:15665-15698
2. Bauer H-S, Wulfmeyer V, Bengtsson L (2008) The representation of a synoptic-scale weather system in a thermodynamically adjusted version of the ECHAM4 general circulation model. Meteorol Atmos Phys 99:129-153
3. Bengtsson L, Hodges KI (2005) On the impact of humidity observations in numerical weather prediction. Tellus A 57:701-708
4. Boyle JS, Williamson D, Cederwall R, Fiorino M, Hnilo J, Olson J, Phillips T, Potter G, Xie S (2005) Diagnosis of Community Atmospheric Model 2 (CAM2) in numerical weather forecast configuration at atmospheric radiation measurement sites. J Geophys Res 110:D15S15. doi: 10.1029/2004JD005042
5. Brest CL, Rossow WB (1992) Radiometric calibration and monitoring of NOAA AVHRR data for ISCCP. Int J Remote Sens 13:235-273
6. Cess RD, Zhang MH, Ingram WJ, Potter GL, Alekseev V, Barker HW, Cohen-Solal E, Coleman RA, Dazlich DA, Del Genio AD, Dix MR, Dymnikov V, Esch M, Fowler LD, Fraser JR, Galin V, Gates WL, Hack JJ, Kiehl JT, Treut HL, Lo KK-W, McAvaney BJ, Meleshko VP, Morcrette J-J, Randall DA, Roeckner E, Royer J-F, Schlesinger ME, Sporyshev PV, Timbal B, Volodin EM, Taylor KE, Wang W, Wetherald RT (1996) Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update. J Geophys Res 101:12791-12794
7. Collins WD, Bitz CM, Blackmon ML, Bonan GB, Bretherton CS, Carton JA, Chang P, Doney SC, Hack JJ, Henderson TB, Kiehl JT, Large WG, McKenna DS, Santer BD, Smith RD (2006) The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). J Clim 19:2122-2143
8. Danielsen EF (1982) A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 9:605-608
9. Duffy PB, Govindasamy B, Iorio JP, Milovich J, Sperber KR, Taylor KE, Wehner MF, Thompson SL (2003) High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 1: Present climate. Clim Dyn 21:371-390
10. Fouquart Y, Bonnel B (1980) Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization. Beitr Phys Atmos 53:35-62
11. Gates WL, Boyle JS, Covey CC, Dease CG, Doutriaux CM, Drach RS, Fiorino M, Glecker PJ, Hnilo JJ, Marlais SM, Phillips TJ, Potter GL, Santer BD, Sperber KR, Taylor KE, Williams DN (1999) An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 80:29-55
12. Geleyn J-F (1980) Some diagnostics of the cloud-radiation interaction in the ECMWF forecasting model. In: Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Radiation and Cloud-Radiation Interaction in Numerical Modelling, October 1980. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), Reading, UK
13. Giorgetta M, Wild M (1995) The water vapour continuum and its representation in ECHAM4. MPI Report 162, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
14. Govindasamy B, Duffy PB, Coquard J (2003) High-resolution simulations of global climate, part 2: Effects of increased greenhouse gases. Clim Dyn 21:391-404
15. Grell GA, Dudhia J, Stauffer DR (1995) A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Technical Note TN-398+STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA
16. Hack JJ, Caron JM, Yeager SG, Oleson KW, Holland MM, Truesdale JE, Rasch PJ (2006) Simulation of the Global Hydrological Cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3): Mean features. J Clim 19:2199-2221
17. Hagemann S, Arpe K, Roeckner E (2006) Evaluation of the hydrological cycle in the ECHAM5 model. J Clim 19:3810-3827
18. Held IM, Soden BJ (2006) Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. J Clim 19:5686-5699
19. Heymsfield AJ (1977) Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: a microphysical and dynamical study. J Atmos Sci 34:367-381
20. Hoke JE, Anthes RA (1976) The initialization of numerical models by a dynamic-initialization technique. Mon Weather Rev 104:1551-1556
21. Houze RA Jr (1993) Cloud dynamics. International Geophysics Series, vol 53. Academic Press, San Diego, 573 pp
22. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Technical Report Final Report Working Group 1, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 4, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online at: http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/ wg1/wg1-report.html
23. Jacob D, Podzun R (1997) Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model REMO. Meteorol Atmos Phys 63:119-129
24. Jacob D, Van den Hurk BJJM, Andrae U, Elgered G, Fortelius C, Graham LP, Jackson SD, Karstens U, Köpken Chr, Lindau R, Podzun R, Rockel B, Rubel F, Sass BH, Smith RNB, Yang X (2001) A comprehensive model inter-comparison study investigating the water budget during the BALTEX-PIDCAP period. Meteorol Atmos Phys 77:19-43
25. Jakob C (1999) Cloud cover in the ECMWF reanalysis. J Clim 12:947-959
26. Jakob C (2003) An improved strategy for the evaluation of cloud parameterizations in GCMs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 84:1387-1401
27. Jeuken ABM, Siegmund PC, Heijboer LC, Feichter J, Bengtsson L (1996) On the potential of assimilating meteorological analysis in a global climate model for the purpose of model validation. J Geophys Res 101:16939-16950
28. Joly A, Jorgensen D, Shapiro MA, Thorpe A, Bessemoulin P, Browning KA, Cammas J-P, Chalon J-P, Clough SA, Emanuel KA, Eymard L, Gall R, Hildebrand PH, Langland RH, Lemaétre Y, Lynch P, Moore JA, Ola P, Persson G, Snyder C, Wakimoto RM (1997) The Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track EXperiment (FASTEX): Scientific objectives and experimental design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:1917-1940
29. Kärcher B, Burkhardt U (2008) A cirrus cloud scheme for general circulation models. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 134:1439-1461. doi: 10.1002/ qj.301
30. Kärcher B, Lohmann U (2002a) A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing including effects of aerosol size. J Geophys Res 107:D23, 4698. doi: 10.1029/2001JD001429
31. Kärcher B, Lohmann U (2002b) A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols. J Geophys Res 107:D2, 4010. doi: 10.1029/2001JD000470
32. Kärcher B, Lohmann U (2003) A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Heterogeneous freezing. J Geophys Res 108:D14, 4402. doi: 10.1029/2002JD003220
33. Kidwell KB (1995) NOAA Polar orbiter data users guide (TIROS-N, NOAA-6, NOAA-7, NOAA-8, NOAA-9, NOAA-10, NOAA-11, NOAA-13 and NOAA-14). Technical Report 304, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service, Washington, DC
34. Klepp C-P, Bakan S, Grassl H (2003) Improvements of satellite-derived cyclonic rainfall over the North Atlantic. J Clim 16(4):657-669
35. Krishnamurti TN, Xue J, Bedi HS, Ingles K, Oosterhof D (1991) Physical initialization for numerical weather prediction over the tropics. Tellus A 43:53-81
36. Krishnamurti TN, Bedi HS, Ingles K (1993) Physical initialization using SSM/I rain rates. Tellus A 45:247-269
37. Land C, Ponater M, Sausen R, Roeckner E (1999) The ECHAM4/L39 (DLR) atmosphere GCM: Technical description and model climatology. Technical Report Forschungsbericht 31, DLR, 45 pp
38. Liao X, Rossow WB, Rind D (1995) Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds. 2. Locating cloud tops. J Geophys Res 100:1137-1147
39. Liljequist GH, Cehak K (1994) Allgemeine Meteorologie, 3rd edn. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 412 pp
40. Liu X, Penner JE, Ghan SJ, Wang M (2007) Inclusion of ice microphysics in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3). J Clim 20:4526-4547
41. Lohmann U, Kärcher B (2002) First interactive simulations of cirrus clouds formed by homogeneous freezing in the ECHAM general circulation model. J Geophys Res 107:D10, 4105. doi: 10.1029/2001JD000767
42. Lohmann U, Roeckner E (1996) Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model. Clim Dyn 12:557-572
43. Lohmann U, Feichter J, Chuang CC, Penner JE (1999a) Predicting the number of cloud droplets in the ECHAM GCM. J Geophys Res 104:9169-9198
44. Lohmann U, McFarlane N, Levkov L, Abdella K, Albers F (1999b) Comparing different cloud schemes of a single column model by using mesoscale forcing and nudging technique. J Clim 12:438-461
45. Matveev LT (1984) Cloud dynamics. Atmospheric science library. Reidel, Dordrecht, 340 pp
46. McFarlane NA, Boer GJ, Blanchet J-P, Lazare M (1992) The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. J Clim 5:1013-1044
47. Meinke I (2006) A comparison of simulated clouds to ISCCP data. Mon Weather Rev 134:1669-1681
48. Miller MJ, Palmer TN, Swinbank R (1989) Parameterization and influence of sub-grid scale orography in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models. Meteorol Atmos Phys 40:84-109
49. Moncrieff MW (1995) Mesoscale convection from a large-scale perspective. Atmos Res 35:87-112
50. Morcrette J-J (1991) Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system. J Geophys Res 96:9121-9132
51. Morcrette J-J, Jakob C (2000) The response of the ECMWF model to changes in the cloud overlap assumption. Mon Weather Rev 128:1707-1732
52. Morrison H, Thompson G, Tatarskii V (2008) Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon Weather Rev (in press)
53. Nordeng TE (1994) Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. Technical Memorandum 206, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting, Reading, UK
54. Palmer TN, Shutts GJ, Swinbank R (1986) Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 112:1001-1031
55. Phillips TJ, Potter GL, Williamson DL, Boyle RTCJS, Fiorino M, Hnilo JJ, Olson JG, Xie S, Yio JJ (2004) Evaluating parameterizations in general circulation models: Climate simulation meets weather prediction. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 85(12):1903-1915
56. Pope VD, Pamment JA, Jackson DR, Slingo A (2001) The representation of water vapor and its dependence on vertical resolution in the Hadley Centre climate model. J Clim 14:3065-3085
57. Räisänen J, Hansson U, Ullerstig A, Döscher R, Graham LP, Jones C, Meier HEM, Samuelsson P, Willén U (2004) European climate in the late twenty-first century: Regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Clim Dyn 22:13-31
58. Randall D, Krueger S, Bretherton C, Curry J, Duynkerke P, Moncrieff M, Ryan B, Starr D, Miller M, Rossow W, Tselioudis G, Wielicki B (2003) Confronting models with data: The GEWEX Cloud Systems Study. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 84(4):455-469
59. Reisner J, Rasmussen RM, Bruintjes RT (1998) Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 124:1071-1107
60. Rockel B, Raschke E, Weyres W (1991) A parameterization of broad band radiative transfer properties of water, ice, and mixed clouds. Beitr Phys Atmos 64:1-12
61. Roeckner E, Le Treut H (1996) GCM studies and parameterization. In: Crutzen PJ, Ramanathan V (eds) NATO ASI Series I. Springer, Berlin, vol 35, pp 109-133
62. Roeckner E, Rieland M, Keup E (1991) Modeling of cloud and radiation in the ECHAM model. In: Proceedings of the ECMWF/WCRP Workshop on Clouds, Radiative Transfer and the Hydrological Cycle, 12-15 November 1990. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting, Reading, UK, pp 199-222
63. Roeckner E, Arpe K, Bengtsson L, Christoph M, Claussen M, Dümenil L, Giorgetta M, Schlese U, Schulzweida U (1996) The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate. MPI Technical Report 218, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
64. Roeckner E, Brokopf R, Esch M, Giorgetta M, Hagemann S, Kornblueh L, Manzini E, Schlese U, Schulzweida U (2006) Sensitivity of simulated climate to horizontal and vertical resolution in the ECHAM5 atmosphere model. J Clim 19:3771-3791
65. Rossow WB, Garder LC (1993) Validation of ISCCP cloud detections. J Clim 6:2370-2393
66. Rossow WB, Schiffer RA (1991) ISCCP cloud data products. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 72:2-20. Hostscript version at: http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/ docs/documents.html
67. Rossow WB, Schiffer RA (1999) Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 80(11):2261-2287
68. Rossow WB, Walker A, Roiter M (1996) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): Description of reduced resolution radiance data. WMO/TD-No. 58, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 163 pp. Postscript version at: http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/ docs/documents.html
69. Rotstayn LD, Ryan BF, Katzfey JJ (2000) A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase stratiform clouds in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 128:1070-1088
70. Ryan BF, Katzfey JJ, Abbs DJ, Jakob C, Lohmann U, Rockel B, Rotstayan LD, Stewart RE, Szeto KK, Tselioudis G, Yau MK (2000) Simulations of a cold front by cloud-resolving, limited-area, and large-scale models, and a model evaluation using in situ and satellite observations. Mon Weather Rev 128:3218-3235
71. Schär C, Vidale PL, Lüthi D, Frei C, Häberli C, Liniger MA, Appenzeller C (2004) The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature 427:332-336
72. Seifert A, Beheng KD (2006) A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description. Meteorol Atmos Phys 92:45-66
73. Stauffer DR, Seaman NL (1990) Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with synoptic-scale data. Mon Weather Rev 118:1250-1277
74. Stauffer DR, Seaman NL (1994) Multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation. J Appl Meteorol 33:416-434
75. Stier P, Feichter J, Kinne S, Kloster S, Vignati E, Wilson J, Ganzeveld L, Tegen I, Werner M, Balkanski Y, Schultz M, Boucher O, Minikin A, Petzold A (2005) The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. Atmos Chem Phys 5:1125-1156
76. Stubenrauch CJ, Rossow WB, Chéruy F, Chérdin A, Scott NA (1999) Clouds as seen by satellite sounders (3I) and imagers (ISCCP). Part I: Evaluation of cloud parameters. J Clim 12:2189-2213
77. Sundqvist H (1978) A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 104:677-690
78. Sundqvist H, Berge E, Kristjánsson JE (1989) Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon Weather Rev 117:1641-1657
79. Thompson G, Rasmussen RM, Manning K (2004) Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: description and sensitivity analysis. Mon Weather Rev 132:519-542
80. Tian L, Curry JA (1989) Cloud overlap statistics. J Geophys Res 94:9925-9935
81. Tiedtke M (1989) A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 117:1779-1800
82. Tiedtke M (1993) Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon Weather Rev 121:3040-3061
83. Tompkins AM (2002) A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J Atmos Sci 59:1917-1942
84. Tompkins A, Gierens AM, Rädel G (2007) Ice supersaturation in the ECMWF integrated forecast system. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 133:53-63
85. Tselioudis G, DelGenio AD, Kovari W Jr, Yao M-S (1997) Temperature dependence of low cloud optical thickness in the GISS GCM: Contributing mechanisms and climate implications. J Clim 11:3268-3281
86. Walcek CJ (1994) Cloud cover and its relationship to relative humidity during a springtime midlatitude cyclone. Mon Weather Rev 122:1021-1035
87. Wang J, Rossow WB, Zhang Y (2000) Cloud vertical structure and its variations from a 20-yr global rawinsonde dataset. J Clim 13:3041-3056
88. 2O Project (IHOP_2002) and some preliminary highlights. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 85:253-277
89. Wild M, Roeckner E (2006) Radiative fluxes in ECHAM5. J Clim 19:3792-3809
90. Williamson DL, Rasch PJ (1994) Water vapor transport in the NCAR CCM2. Tellus A 46:34-51
91. Wulfmeyer V, Behrendt A, Bauer H-S, Kottmeier C, Corsmeier U, Blyth A, Craig G, Schumann U, Hagen M, Crewell S, Di Girolamo P, Flamant C, Miller M, Montani A, Mobbs S, Richard E, Rotach MW, Arpagaus M, Russchenberg H, Schlüssel P, König M, Gärtner V, Steinacker R, Dorninger M, Turner DD, Weckwerth TM, Hense A, Simmer C (2008) The convective and orographically induced precipitation study. A research and development project of the World Weather Research Program for improving quantitative precipitation forecasting in low-mountain regions. Bull Am Meteoerol Soc 89:1477-1486
92. Xu K-M, Krueger SK (1991) Evaluation of cloudiness parameterizations using a cumulus ensemble model. Mon Weather Rev 119:342-367
93. Zdunkowski WG, Panhans W-G, Welch RM, Korb GJ (1982) A radiation scheme for circulation and climate models. Contrib Atmos Phys 55:215-238
94. Zhang Y, Rockel B, Stuhlmann R, Hollmann R, Karstens U (2001) REMO cloud modeling: Improvements and validation with ISCCP DX data. J Appl Meteorol 40:389-408
95. Zhang J, Lohmann U, Stier P (2005) A microphysical parameterization for convective clouds in the ECHAM5 climate model. 1. Single-column model results evaluated at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program site. J Geophys Res 110:D15