Hezbollah's social jihad: Nonprofits as resistance organizations

Middle East Policy

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 122-137

  Flanigan, Shawn Teresa ^a   Abdel Samad, Mounah ^a  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651046544     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2009.00396.x     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Information from the conversation with the taxi driver is taken from a July 13, 2006, MSNBC News Services article entitled "In Beirut, those who can are getting out." As it turns out, the bombing of Hezbollah's television station did not result in any casualties.
2. Terrorism Knowledge Database Group Profile: Hezbollah (Oklahoma City: Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, 2006).
3. EU List of Terrorist Organisations (Council of the European Union, 2006).
4. Declaration by the Presidency on Behalf of the European Union on the Escalation of Violence in the Middle East (Council of the European Union, 2003);
5. Declaration by the Presidency on Behalf of the European Union on the Recent Violations of the Blue Line (Council of the European Union, 2005) 2675th Council Meeting General Affairs and External Relations.
6. Nayla Assaf, "Analyst Says Hezbollah Stronger for 2005," Daily Star, May 11, 2004.
7. Rachel Ehrenfeld, Funding Evil: How Terrorism Is Financed - and How to Stop It (Bonus Books, 2005).
8. Graham Usher, "Historical Development of Hezbollah: Hezbollah, Syria, and the Lebanese Elections," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 59-67.
9. Howard Vincent Meehan, Terrorism, Diasporas, and Permissive threat Environments. A Study of Hezbollah's Fundraising Operations in Paraguay and Ecuador (Naval Postgraduate School, 2004).
10. Based on interviews with Hezbollah staff members in January 2006.
11. From an interview with Judith Palmer Hank in January 2006 in Beirut, Lebanon.
12. Usher, op. cit.
13. Ibid.
14. Ahmed Nizar Hamzeh, In the Path of Hizbullah (Syracuse University Press, 2004).
15. Based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers and other non-Hezbollah NGO service providers in January 2006.
16. Hamzeh, op. cit.
17. Ibid.
18. "Hezbollah Started Giving Assistance for Rent and Furniture," Elaph, August 18, 2006.
19. Hamzeh, op. cit.
20. Islamic Health Society - 21 years promoting Health Services (Beirut: Islamic Health Society, 2005).
21. Based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers and other non-Hezbollah NGO service providers in January 2006, publications of Hezbollah's Islamic Health Unit, and Hamzeh, 2004.
22. Ibid.
23. "Who receives the services?" Ha'aretz, July 26, 2006.
24. Based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers and other non-Hezbollah NGO service providers in January 2006.
25. "Hezbollah Completed the Rehabilitation and Sheltering Program," Annahar, August 27, 2006. This figure stands in contrast to the $21.1 million (32 billion Lebanese pounds) spent by the Lebanese government's High Relief Commission on rehabilitation and compensation by September 2006 (Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 2007).
26. "Why did Hezbollah pay in Dollars?" Elaph, September 2, 2006; Sabrina Tavernise, "Charity Wins Deep Loyalty for Hezbollah," The New York Times, August 6, 2006.
27. Magnus Ranstorp, "The Strategy and Tactics of Hezbollah's Current 'Lebanonization Process'," Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-37.
28. Harik interview, January 2006.
29. André Bourgey, "La Guerre et Ses Conséquences Géographiques au Liban," Annales de Géographies, No. 521 XCIV 1985, pp. 1-37.
30. Mona M. Fawaz, "Agency and Ideology in the Service Provision of Islamic Organizations in the Southern Suburb of Beirut, Lebanon." Paper presented at the UNESCO Conference on NGOs and Governance in the Arab Countries, Cairo, Egypt, March 2000.
31. Judith Palmer Harik, "Between Islam and the System: Sources and Implications of Popular Support for Lebanon's Hezbollah," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1996, pp. 41-67.
32. Fawaz, op. cit.
33. Amai Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion (Pluto Press, 2002) p. 18.
34. Ibid., p.43.
35. Usher, op. cit.
36. "Hezbollah Completed the Rehabilitation and Sheltering Program," Annahar, August 27, 2006;
37. "Hezbollah Started Giving Assistance for Rent and Furniture," Elaph, August 18, 2006.
38. "Who receives the services?" Ha'aretz, July 26, 2006.
39. Hamzeh, op. cit.
40. Sati Arnaout, "The Role of Local Governments: The Lebanese Context," Paper presented at the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction workshop, Mediterranean Development Forum. Marrakech, Morocco, September 1998.
41. Fawaz, op. cit.
42. Hamzeh, op. cit.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers in January 2006.
46. Hamzeh, op. cit.
47. Ibid., p. 113
48. Mounah Abdel-Samad, "Between Local and National Interests: The Impact of how Constituents are Perceived on Legislators' Representational Styles in Lebanon and Jordan," Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2007.
49. Ibid.
50. Elizabeth Picard, Lebanon: A Shattered Country (Holmes & Meier Publishers, 2002).
51. Ibid.; Wajih Kawtharani, "Civil Governance and the Belief in the Waliat el Fakih," Annahar, November 3, 2006.
52. Islamic Health Society, The Health Committee, August 2005 (Beirut: Islamic Health Society, 2005), p. 48.
53. Tavernise, op. cit.
54. Picard, op. cit.
55. "Who Receives the Services?" Ha'aretz, July 26, 2006.
56. Hamzeh, op. cit.; also based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers and other non-Hezbollah NGO service providers in January 2006, and Hezbollah NGOs' brochures.
57. Based on interviews with staff of Hezbollah service providers and other non-Hezbollah NGO service providers in January 2006.
58. Zainab Yaghi, "Hezbollah and Reconstruction," Assafir (Beirut), October 20, 2006.
59. Harik, 1996 op. cit.
60. Shaden El Lakkiss, "Beirut Camp Islamicists in a New Era Following the Bared Camp Battle," Annahar, September 14, 2007.
61. Mona M. Fawaz, "Agency and Ideology in the Service Provision of Islamic Organizations in the Southern Suburb of Beirut, Lebanon," paper presented at the UNESCO on NG-Os and Governance in the Arab Countries, Cairo, Egypt, March 2000, p. 11.
62. The Health Committee August 2005, op. cit., p. 48.
63. Saad-Ghorayeb, op. cit., p. 19.
64. Ibid.
65. Fawaz, op. cit.
66. Islamic Health Society. 2005. The Health Committee August 2005 (Beirut: Islamic Health Society), p. 3.
67. Ibid., p. 42.
68. R.T. Taylor, Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underground Economy " (Cornell University Press, 2003).
69. Ashoura is a Shiite holiday commemorating the deaths of two of the most revered Shiite leaders, Hassan and Hussein.
70. The Health Committee August 2005, op. cit.
71. Tavernise, op. cit.
72. Harik, op. cit.; Picard, op. cit.
73. Harik, 1996, pp. 41-67.
74. Tavernise, op. cit.