Sources of backscatter at 5.3 GHz from a superimposed ice and firn area revealed by multi-frequency GPR and cores

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 55, Issue 190, 2009, Pages 373-383

  Langley, Kirsty ^a,e   Lacroix, Pascal ^b   Hamran, Svein Erik ^a   Brandt, Ola ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b LEGOS   (France)

^c NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^e NORWEGIAN MAPPING AUTHORITY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKSCATTER; FIRN; GROUND PENETRATING RADAR; ICE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 67650904798     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3189/002214309788608660     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Arcone, S. A. 2002. Airborne-radar stratigraphy and electrical structure of temperate firn: Bagley Ice Field, Alaska, USA. J. Claciol., 48 (161), 317-334.
2. Arcone, S. A., D. E. Lawson and A. J. Delaney. 1995. Short-pulse radar wavelet recovery and resolution of dielectric contrasts within englacial and basal ice of Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U. S. A. J. Claciol., 41 (137), 68-86.
3. Bamber, J. L. and R. Kwok. 2004. Remote sensing techniques. In Bamber, J. L. and A. J. Payne, eds. Mass balance of the cryosphere: observations and modelling of contemporary and future changes. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 59-113.
4. Berthier, E., Y. Arnaud, C. Vincent and F. Rémy. 2006. Biases of SRTM in high-mountain areas: implications for the monitoring of glacier volume changes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33 (8), L08502. (10.1029/ 2006GL025862.)
5. Bjørnsson, H. and 6 others. 1996. The thermal regime of sub-polar glaciers mapped by multi-frequency radio-echo sounding. J. Claciol., 42 (140), 23-32.
6. Bøggild, C. E., R. Forsberg and N. Reeh. 2005. Meltwater retention in a transect across the Greenland ice sheet. Ann. Claciol., 40, 169-173.
7. Brandt, O., J. Kohler and M. Lüithje. 2008. Spatial mapping of multiyear superimposed ice on the glacier Kongsvegen, Svalbard. J. Claciol., 54 (184), 73-80.
8. Daniels, D. J. 2004. Ground penetrating radar. Second edition. London, Institution of Electrical Engineers.
9. Eisen, O., U. Nixdorf, F. Wilhelms and H. Miller. 2002. Electromagnetic wave speed in polar ice: validation of the commonmidpoint technique with high-resolution dielectric-profiling and γ-density measurements. Ann. Glaciol., 34, 150-156.
10. Hamran, S.-E. and K. Langley. 2006. C-band polarimetric GPR. In Daniels, J. J. and C.-C. Chen, eds. GPR 2006: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, 19-22 June 2006, Columbus OH. CD-ROM.
11. Hawley, R. L., E. M. Morris, R. Cullen, U. Nixdorf, A. P. Shepherd and D. J. Wingham. 2006. ASIRAS airborne radar resolves internal annual layers in the dry-snow zone of Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33 (4), L04502. (10.1029/2005GL025147.)
12. Helm, V. and 6 others. 2007. Winter accumulation in the percolation zone of Greenland measured by airborne radar altimeter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (6), L06501. (10.1029/2006GL029185.)
13. Jezek, K. C., P. Gogineni and M. Shanableh. 1994. Radar measurements of melt zones on the Greenland ice sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 (1), 33-36.
14. Kohler, J., J. C. Moore and E. Isaksson. 2003. Comparison of modelled and observed responses of a glacier snowpack to ground-penetrating radar. Ann. Claciol., 37, 293-297.
15. König, M., J. Wadham, J. G. Winther, J. Kohler and A.-M. Nuttall. 2002. Detection of superimposed ice on the glaciers Kongsvegen and midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard, using SAR satellite imagery. Ann. Glaciol., 34, 335-342.
16. Kovacs, A., A. J. Gow and R. M. Morey. 1995. The in-situ dielectric constant of polar firn revisited. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 23 (3), 245-256.
17. Lacroix, P., B. Legrésy, R. Coleman, M. Dechambre and F. Rémy. 2007. Dual-frequency altimeter signal from Envisat on the Amery ice-shelf. Remote Sens. Environ., 109 (3), 285-294.
18. Langley, K. and 6 others. 2007. Use of C-band ground penetrating radar to determine backscatter sources within glaciers. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45 (5), 1236-1246.
19. Legrésy, B., F. Papa, F. Rémy, G. Vinay, M. van den Bosch and O.-Z. Zanife. 2005. ENVISAT radar altimeter measurements over continental surfaces and ice caps using the ICE-2 retracking algorithm. Remote Sens. Environ., 95 (2), 150-163.
20. Liestøl, O. 1988. The glaciers in the Kongsfjorden area, Spitsbergen. Nor. Ceogr. Tidsskr., 42 (4), 231-238.
21. Melvold, K. and J. O. Hagen. 1998. Evolution of a surge-type glacier in its quiescent phase: Kongsvegen, Spitsbergen, 1964-95. J. Glaciol., 44 (147), 394-404.
22. Obleitner, F. and M. Lehning. 2004. Measurement and simulation of snow and superimposed ice at the Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard (Spitzbergen). J. Geophys. Res., 109 (D4), D04106. (10.1029/2003JD003945.)
23. Paterson, W. S. B. 1994. The physics of glaciers. Third edition. Oxford, etc., Elsevier.
24. Rignot, E., K. Echelmeyer and W. Krabill. 2001. Penetration depth of interferometric synthetic-aperture radar signals in snow and ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28 (18), 3501-3504.
25. Robin, G.de Q., S. Evans and J. T. Bailey. 1969. Interpretation of radio echo sounding in polar ice sheets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 265 (1166), 437-505.
26. Sarabandi, K., F. T. Ulaby and M. A. Tassoudji. 1990. Calibration of polarimetric radar systems with good polarization isolation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28 (1), 70-75.
27. Scott, J., D. Mair, P. Nienow, V. Parry and E. Morris. 2006a. A ground-based radar backscatter investigation in the percolation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Remote Sens. Environ., 104 (4), 361-373.
28. Scott, J., P. Nienow, V. Parry, D. Mair, E. Morris and D. Wingham. 2006b. The importance of seasonal and annual layers in controlling backscattter to radar altimeters across the percolation zone of an ice sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33 (24), L24502. (10.1029/2006GL027974.)
29. Sjögren, B. and 6 others. 2007. Determination of firn density in ice cores using image analysis. J. Glaciol., 53 (182), 413-419.
30. Stebler, O., A. Schwerzmann, A. Lüthi, E. Meier and D. R. Nuesch. 2005. Pol-lnSAR observations from an Alpine glacier in the cold infiltration zone at L- and P-band. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 2 (3), 357-361.
31. Ulaby, FT., R. K. Moore and A. K. Fung. 1981. Microwave remote sensing, active and passive. Vol. 1. Fundamentals and radiometry. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
32. Wadham, J. L. and A.-M. Nuttall. 2002. Multiphase formation of superimposed ice during a mass-balance year at a maritime high-Arctic glacier. J. Glaciol., 48 (163), 545-551.
33. Wadham, J., J. Kohler, A. Hubbard, A.-M. Nuttall and D. Rippin. 2006. Superimposed ice regime of a high Arctic glacier inferred using ground-penetrating radar, flow modeling, and ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 111 (F1), F01007. (10.1029/2004JF000144.)
34. Wilhelms, F., J. Kipfstuhl, H. Miller, K. Heinloth and J. Firestone. 1998. Precise dielectric profiling of ice cores: a new device with improved guarding and its theory. J. Glaciol., 44 (146), 171-174