The Irish connection: The Irish Merchant Community in Ostend and Bruges during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Eighteenth-Century Ireland

Volumn 20, Issue , 2005, Pages 31-54

  Parmentier, Jan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 67650876473     PISSN: 07907915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (210)

1. Geoffrey Parker, Van Beeldenstorm tot Bestand (Haarlem, 1978), pp.225-8.
2. Jane H. Ohlmeyer, '"The Dunkirk of Ireland": Wexford Privateers during the 1640s', Journal of the Wexford Historical Society, 12 (1988-9), pp.23-30.
3. John Everaert, De internationale en koloniale handel der Vlaamse firma's in Cadiz, 1670-1700 (Brugge, 1973), p.974.
4. H. Sancho de Sopranis, Las naciones extranjeras en Cádiz durante el siglo XVII, Estudios de Historia social de España, t. IV (Madrid, 1960), pp.639-877;
5. Karin Schüller, 'Irish Migrant Networks and Rivalries in Spain 1575-1659' in Thomas O'Connor and Mary Ann Lyons (eds.), Irish Migrants in Europe after Kinsale, 1602-1820 (Dublin, 2003), pp.88-103.
6. Nieuwpoort at the Flemish westcoast was only a fishing port and after the Treaty of Munster (1648) the Dutch controlled all traffic on the river Scheldt with Antwerp. Victor Enthoven, 'The Closure of the Scheldt: Closure, What Closure? Trade and Shipping in the Scheldt Estuary, 1559-1609' in Poul Holm and John Edwards (eds.), North Sea Ports and Harbours - Adaptations to Change: Second North Sea History Conference, Esbjerg 1991 (Esbjerg, 1992), pp.11-36.
7. André Vandewalle, 'Op zoek naar nieuwe uitwegen' in V. Vermeersch (red.), Brugge en de zee. Van Bryggia tot Zeebrugge (Antwerpen, 1982), pp.76-81.
8. Roland Baetens, 'Het uitzicht van de infrastructuur van een kleine Noordzeehaven tijdens het Ancien Régime: het voorbeeld van Oostende', Mededelingen van de Marine Academie, Boek XXIII, 1973-1974-1975 (Antwerpen, 1977), pp.47-52.
9. RAB (Rijksarchief Brugge)/Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17121, 22/2/1677.
10. Julian Walton, 'The Merchant Community of Waterford in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries' in P. Butel and L.M. Cullen (eds.), Cities and Merchants: French and Irish Perspectives on Urban Development, 1500-1900 (Dublin, 1986), pp.190-2;
11. Samuel Fannin, 'Carew, Langton and Power: An Irish Trading Company in Eighteenth-Century Spain', The Irish Genealogist, 11 (2002), p.54.
12. During the second half of the seventeenth century only four Ostend shipowners possessed more than one privateering-vessel. Roland Baetens, 'Organisatie en resultaten van de Vlaamse kaapvaart in de 17de eeuw', Mededelingen van de Marine Academie, Boek XXI, 1969-1970 (Antwerpen, 1971), p. 122.
13. ARB (Algemeen Rijksarchief Brussel)/ Geheime Raad nr. 1334, 9/2/1665.
14. Anthonie Carew was burgomaster of Ostend from 1667-70, 1676-7 and 1683-8. RAB/Registers Brugse Vrije nrs. 17121, 17122 and 17163.
15. Louis M. Cullen, 'The Irish Merchant Communities of Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Cognac in the Eighteenth Century' in P. Butel and L.M. Cullen (eds.), Négoce et Industrie en France et en Irlande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles (Paris, 1980), pp.51-7;
16. Karen Harvey, The Bellews of Mount Bellew: A Catholic Gentry Family in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin, 1998), pp.129-30;
17. Amaia Bilbao Acedos, The Irish Community in the Basque Country c.1700-1800 (Dublin, 2003), pp.22-32;
18. María del Carmen Lario de Oñate, La colonia mercantil británica e irlandesa en Cádiz a finales del siglo XVIII (Cádiz, 2000), p.60.
19. Thomas Mortimer, The Universal Director: or, the Nobleman and Gentleman's True Guide ... Established in London and Westminster, and their Environs, etc. (London, 1763), p.47
20. and Thomas M. Truxes, 'The Case of the Snow Johnson: New York City's Irish Merchants and Trade with the Enemy during the Seven Years' War' in David Dickson and Cormac Ó Gráda, Refiguring Ireland: Essays in Honour of L.M. Cullen (Dublin, 2003), p.150.
21. RAB/Registers Brugse Vrije nrs. 17121, 29/2/1680, 17122, 15/3 & 2/4/1688 and 17164, 5/1/1686.
22. Historical Manuscripts Commission Reports, Stuart Mss. (7 vols., London, 1912-23), i, p.179.
23. A. Jamees, Brugse Poorters. Deel 3: 1479-1794 (Zedelgem, 1990), p.276.
24. In the seventeenth century the Hamilton family also belonged to the business community of Belfast. See Jean Agnew, Belfast Merchant Families in the Seventeenth Century (Dublin, 1996), p.226.
25. Baetens, 'Organisatie en resultaten van de Vlaamse kaapvaart in de 17de eeuw', p. 123.
26. SAB (Stadsarchief Brugge)/ Convois & Prises (1677-90) and Everaert, De internationale en koloniale handel der Vlaamse firma's in Cadiz, 1670-1700, p.101.
27. RAB/Registers Brugse Vrije nrs. 17121 and 17122.
28. Until 1699 the frigate St. Anthone de Padua was also used as merchantman and undertook voyages to Nantes and Bordeaux. The main partners of James Hamilton in this enterprise were the Ostenders Jan van Ghindertaelen and Cornelis Boubereel. RAB/Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 10, akte 225, 30/12/1704;
29. Walter Debrock, 'François Carpentier, Oostends kaper', Ostendiana, 3 (1978), pp.148-9, 156-7.
30. In 1701, Chrysostomos and Thomas Hamilton, both stationed in London, were distributing hides from Cork and Limerick via Ostend. SAA (Stadsarchief Antwerpen)/IB (Insolvente Boedelkamer) nr. 611, 27/11 and 9/12/1701.
31. William Goold married Agnes Bauwens. RAB/Parochieregisters Oostende, 1670-90.
32. Robert de Beaucourt de Noortvelde, Biographie Ostendaise. Extrait de la Biographie nationale avec quelques annotations (Ostende, 1900), p.52.
33. The wife of Robert Mutlow, Margaret May, was Irish. RAB/Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17122 and Aanwinsten nr. 854.
34. SAA/ IB nr. 467.
35. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 854 and Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17122.
36. The main Antwerp merchants who often ordered hides at Goold's were Jan Frederik Duwalt, Gillis Geulincx, Joannes de Coninck and Cornelis de Wael. SAA/ IB nr. 467.
37. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 854;
38. Jamees, Brugse Poorters, p.228.
39. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 854.
40. RAB/Aanwinsten nr. 854 en Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17121, 5/11/1692.
41. The fleet of William Goold and his partners consisted of the snow St Guilielmus, the frigate Jeser drager, the flute The Happy Return, the hooker Eendracht, the pinnace St Jacques and an English bark. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 854.
42. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 854 and Jamees, Brugse Poorters, p.268.
43. de reeks nr. 6575 (William Goold) and nr. 5474 (Agnes Bauwens)
44. SAA/ IB nr. 613, 3/4/1710.
45. de reeks nr. 6575 (William Goold).
46. de reeks nr. 6575 (William Goold).
47. Andries Van den Abeele and Michaël Catry, Makelaars en handelaars. Van Nering der makelaars naar Kamer van Koophandel in het XVIIde-eeuwse Brugge (Brugge, 1992), p.117.
48. RAG (Rijksarchief Gent)/ Raad van Vlaanderen nrs. 29608 & 30479;
49. and Agnew, Belfast Merchants, pp.150, 250-2.
50. GAR (Gemeentearchief Rotterdam)/ Oud Notarieel Archief, not. Jakobus De Bergh nr. 2082/734 (15/10/1715).
51. RAG/ Raad van Vlaanderen nr. 26174.
52. SAA/ IB nrs. 1733-1734.
53. SAA/ IB nr. 1735.
54. SAB/ O-L-V.-parochieregisters nr. 11 (24/11/1716).
55. SAA/ IB nr. 1731.
56. Prosser & Porter invested in East India expeditions from 1720; they became shareholders in the Ostend East India Company in 1723. SAB/ Onbekommerde boedels nr. 30 (Danckaert) and SAA/ GIC (Generale Indische Compagnie) nrs. 5850-5862.
57. SAA/ IB nr. 1733.
58. Matthew Prosser owned two houses in the old town of Bruges, including a mansion in the St Walburghestraat, besides some farmlands in the Brugse Vrije (SAB/ Staten van Goed 2de reeks nr. 11346).
59. SAB/ Staten van Goed 2de reeks nrs. 11346 and 12351.
60. Andries Van den Abeele, In Brugge onder de Acacia. De Vrijmetselaarsloge 'La Parfaite Egalité' (1765-1774), en haar leden (Brugge, 1987), p.281.
61. GAR/ Oud Notarieel Archief, not. Willem Boon nr. 2274/45 (12/1/1751).
62. Jacob M. Price, France and the Chesapeake: A History of the French Tobacco Monopoly 1674-1791, and of its Relationship to the British and American Tobacco Trades (2 vols., Ann Arbor, 1973), i, pp.557-62.
63. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 8, akte 89, 29/8/1702 and Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17124, 23/8/1701 & 17/10/1702.
64. During the maritime wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was usual for merchant vessels to combined trade voyages with privateering activities whenever the opportunity presented itself. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 561, 22/4/1706.
65. No prizes or ransoms are noted of the Julius Caesar in the Ostend Admirality records. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 584;
66. Reinoud Magosse, Al die willen te kap'ren varen: de Oostendse kaapvaart tijdens de Spaanse Successieoorlog (1702-1713) (Oostende, 1999), p.82.
67. PRO (Public Record Office, London)/ Admirality I no 1090, Secretaries of State, 25/6/1706 and SAA/ IB nr. 612.
68. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 11, akte 30, 25/1/1705.
69. David Dickson, 'Butter comes to Market: The Origins of Commercial Dairying in County Cork' in Patrick O'Flanagan and Cornelius G. Buttimer (eds.), Cork, History and Society: Interdisciplinary Essays on the History of an Irish County (Dublin, 1993), p.369.
70. o 170.
71. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 584.
72. ARB/ Admiraliteit nrs. 801-803 (1707-8).
73. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 584.
74. In 1710, Lebrun participated also in shipping to the South Sea. André Lespagnol, Messieurs de Saint-Malo. Une élite négociante au temps de Louis XIV (Rennes, 1997), pp.559, 826.
75. Captain Gollet de la Merveille of Saint-Malo privateered in September 1705 near the cost of Jutland with his man-of-war Le Joyeux two whalers returning with a full cargo from Spitsbergen. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 13, akten 313 & 339, 9/9 & 28/9/1705.
76. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 12, akte 263, 7/8/1705.
77. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 15, akte 9, 4/2/1713.
78. In 1718 Edward Gough directed the merchant house of Gough & Browne in Cadiz. Wilhelm Von den Driesch, Die ausländischen Kaufleute während des 18. Jahrhunderts in Spanien und ihre Beteiligung am Kolonialhandel (Köln, 1972), pp.108, 127, 181.
79. SAA/ IB nr. 613, 28/3 & 8/4/1710, nr. 548, 15/11/1712 & nr. 360, 5/7/1715.
80. SAA/ IB nrs. 401 & 402.
81. Mattheus de Moor regularly ordered Irish hides on behalf of the Antwerp merchant Cornelis de Wael and the firm of Henssens. SAA/ IB nrs. 547 and 548.
82. RAG/ Fonds de Potter d'Indoye nr. 226; SAA/ IB nr. 401, 4/9/1704 and nr. 613, 24/3/1710.
83. David Dickson, 'The Cork Merchant Community in the Eighteenth Century: A Regional Perspective' in P. Butel and L.M. Cullen (eds.), Négoce et Industrie en France aux XVIII et XIX siècles (Paris, 1980), p.45.
84. SAA/ IB nr. 401, 22/8/1707.
85. o 17.
86. o 282.
87. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 15, akten 13 and 43, 23/2 and 22/9/1713 and not. P. Rycx, dep. 1941, nrs. 4 & 5, akten 77 and 49, 20/10/1711 and 15/6/1713.
88. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 15, akte 9, 4/2/1713.
89. SAA/ IB nr. 548, 10/9 and 15/12/1713.
90. SAA/ IB nr. 1599, 15/9/1713.
91. SAA/ IB nr. 613, 15/4/1713.
92. PRO/ State Papers (SP) no. 77/67, 30/9/1717 & 24/8/1718.
93. During the first half of the eighteenth century the Meade family from Limerick developed an elaborate trade network with branches in London, Bordeaux, Lisbon and Cadiz. Louis M. Cullen, 'The Irish Merchant Communities', p.54;
94. SAA/ IB nrs. 1684 and 1685 and RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. P. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 5, akte 157, 3/12/1713.
95. SAA/ IB nr. 613, 14/5/1715.
96. Jan Parmentier, "The Ostend Trade to Moka and India (1714-1735): The Merchants and Supercargoes' in The Mariner's Mirror, 73, (1987), pp.124-5.
97. SAA/ IB nr. 613, 19/5 & 10/7/1715.
98. ARB/ Raad van Financiën nr. 8603;
99. SAA/ IB nr. 548, 3/9/1716
100. and Jan Parmentier, 'The Ostend Trade', pp.124, 133.
101. BL (British Library)/ IOR (India Office Records), Home Miscellaneous nr. 74, f.385-7.
102. ARB/ Raad van Financiën nr. 8603.
103. SAA/ IB nr. 548, 28/3/1715 and ARB/ Raad van Financiën nr. 8603.
104. PRO/ SP no. 77/66, 1/4/1715.
105. PRO/ SP no. 77/67, 25/10/1716.
106. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 661 and
107. G. Hinchliffe, 'An Ostend East Indiaman, 1718-20' in The Mariner's Mirror, 59(1973), pp.291-7.
108. The main participants were Mattheus de Moor (Ostend), the Ghent merchants Paulo de Kimpe and Joannes de Manghelaere and the Bruges entrepreneurs Dierick van Thienevelt and Jan Baptiste Danckaert. SAA/ IB nr. 548, 23/9 and 26/10/1719.
109. On her return voyage the Sint-Mattheus tried to call at Saint-Helena, since several mariners suffered from scurvy. The English considered the 'Ostenders' as interlopers and chased them away with gunfire. In this encounter captain Sarsfield was killed, but Gargan managed to bring the ship safely home. ARB/ Raad van Financiën nr. 8603.
110. ARB/ Admiraliteit nr. 563.
111. th Centuries, NEHA-Series III, (Amsterdam, 1993), pp.166-70.
112. Ray's mediation resulted in the recruitment of several young Irish merchants to serve on board of Ostend East Indiamen, namely Gerard Barry (1727 and 1732), Daniel Drummond (1731), James-Adam Coppinger (1727 and 1732), Anthoine Fitzgerald (1725), John Gould (1720 and 1721), John Ley (1732) and William Ronayne (1718 and 1719). Karel Degryse and Jan Parmentier, 'Kooplieden en kapiteins. Een prosopografische studie van de kooplieden, supercargo's en scheepsofficieren van de Oostendse handel op Oost-Indië en Guinea (1716-1732)', Collectanea Maritima VI, (Brussel, 1995), pp.144, 161-2, 175-6, 182-3;
113. Jan Parmentier, De holle compagnie. Smokkel en legale handel onder Zuidnederlandse vlag in Bengalen, ca. 1720-1744 (Hilversum, 1992), p.11;
114. PRO/ SP no. 77/67, 31/10/1718 and RAB/ Registers Brugse Vrije nr. 17128, 22/7/1722.
115. SAA/ GIC nr. 5922.
116. SAA/ GIC nrs. 5625, 5654, 5729 & 5921.
117. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. F. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 28, akte 119, 25/11/1737 and RAG/ AFF (Algemeen Familiefonds) nr. 127 (1749-1750).
118. SAA/ IB nr. 1684, 17/4/1737 and RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. F. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 24, akte 95, 7/7/1733 & nr. 28, akten 35 & 53, 16/4 and 13/5/1737.
119. Gould's small 'Londonmen' were the Richard & Elisabeth, the Dauphin and the John & Betty (RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. F. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 28, akte 80, 9/8/1737 and nr. 30, akte 26, 16/2/1739).
120. PRO/ SP no. 77/84, 1/2/1737.
121. ARB/ Geheime Raad nrs. 365/A & B.
122. Price, France and the Chesapeake, i, pp.561-8.
123. Between 1739 and 1748 the War of Jenkins' Ear raged in the West Indies. Wim Klooster, Illicit Riches: Dutch Trade in the Caribbean, 1648-1795 (Leiden, 1998), pp.102-3.
124. PRO/ C (Court of Chancery) no. 105/24 (2).
125. Peter Harris invested regularly in the shipping company of William and John Archdeacon. GAR/ Notariaat Rotterdam, not. Gommer van Bortel, akte 1510, 15/10/1717.
126. PRO/ C no. 105/24(2).
127. SAA/ IB nr. 360, 3/10/1711.
128. The major Antwerp clients of Archdeacon were Soolmaeckers, Vandenbossche and van Praet. SAA/ IB nr. 360.
129. GAR/ Notariaat Rotterdam, not. Mattheus Sonmans, nr; 2572, 1/8/1738.
130. PRO/ SP no. 77/70, 17 & 29/11/1722 and 30/3/1723;
131. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 22, akten 22, 55, 67, 78 & 95, 13 & 14/8, 5/9, 7/10, 16/12/1721 and nr. 25, akte 59, 14/11/1725 and not. F. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 22, akte 92, 20/7/1731 and akte 116, 19/9/1731.
132. John Archdeacon was registered as burgher of Rotterdam on 23/5/1705. GAR/ Poortersboeken (Finale Admissen), nr. 2881/35.
133. GAR/ Notariaat Rotterdam, not. Jacob Bremer, nr. 2329, 28/6/1735.
134. Manuel Bustos Rodriguez, Los Comerciantes de la Carrera de Indias en el Cádiz del Siglo XVIII (1713-1795) (Cádiz, 1995), pp.229-30.
135. ARB/ Raad van Financiën nr. 5220, 30/9/1755.
136. NLI Ms. 17891(5) Sarsfield, 28/5/1716.
137. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. P. Rycx, dep. 1940, nr. 9, akte 70, 10/11/1717.
138. Karel Degryse, 'De Oostendse compagnie als horzel voor de Nederlandse handel (1722-1731)', Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis, 3 (1984), pp.91-2.
139. The Ostend notary records detail more than fifty smuggle ventures with Sarsfield's participation between 1721 and 1728. RAB/Notariaat Oostende, not. P. Rycx,, dep. 1941, nrs. 12-19 (1721-1728) and PRO/ SP no. 77/70, 27/12/1722, 13/1 & 26/9/1723 and no. 77/72, 29/4 & 17/5/1725.
140. SAA/ GIC nr. 5902.
141. On 11 March 1737 Patrick Sarsfield was a free man again; he probably moved directly to France. PRO/ SP no. 77/83, 24/10 & 10/11/1736 and no. 77/84, 9/4/1737.
142. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. P. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 2, akte 24, 7/5/1708.
143. Heemkundige Kring 'De Plate' (Oostende) nr. 383/97.
144. PRO/ SP no. 77/78, 24/3/1731.
145. PRO/ SP no. 77/75 and 76.
146. Patrick Trehee belonged to the select international consortium of Paulo Jacomo Cloots, which organised several China ventures from Ostend in the years 1717-23. Jan Parmentier, 'The Private East India Ventures from Ostend: The Maritime and Commercial Aspects, 1715-1722', International Journal of Maritime History, 5 (1993), p.89.
147. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 28, akte 34, 1/7/1729.
148. PRO/ SP no. 77/73, 7/3 and 1/6/1726.
149. de reeks, nr. 11215;
150. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 28, akte 54, 13/12/1729
151. and Samuel Fannin, 'Carew, Langton and Power', pp.55-7.
152. PRO/ SP no. 77/77, 14/6/1730.
153. de reeks, nr. 11215.
154. PRO/ SP no. 77/76, 30/6/1729.
155. PRO/ SP no. 77/79, 1/2/1732.
156. de reeks, nr. 11215;
157. André Lespagnol, Messieurs de Saint-Malo, pp.860-1;
158. John Everaert, De Franse slavenhandel (1763-1793). Organisatie, conjunctuur en sociaal milieu van de driehoekshandel (Brussel, 1978), pp.340, 408.
159. Other Irish supercargoes present on this China venture were James-Adam Coppinger and Gerard Barry. SAA/ GIC nrs. 5533 and 5550 and PRO/ SP no. 77/79, 1/2/1732.
160. de reeks, nr. 11215.
161. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.F. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 30, akte 3, 4/2/1731 and not. F. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 22, akte 145, 5/12/1731 and nr. 23, akten 62 and 104, 6/6 and 14/10/1732 and nr. 24, akte 76, 22/6/1733.
162. UBG (Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent)/ Fonds Hye-Hoys nr. 2108, 6/7/1748.
163. UBG/ Fonds Hye-Hoys nr. 2003, 11/8/1756.
164. SAA/ IB nr. 1684, 27/8/1737 and nr. 1685, 15/1/1742.
165. SAA/ IB nr. 1686, 7/5/1743.
166. SAA/ IB nr. 1686, 1/6/1743 and PRO/ SP no. 77/94, 8/8/1745.
167. Louis M. Cullen, The Brandy Trade under the Ancien Régime: Regional Specialisation in the Charente (Cambridge, 1998), pp.29, 214;
168. SAA/ IB nr. 1669 and SBO (Stadsbibliotheek Oostende)/ Fonds Oostendiana, C. 350/1.
169. SAA/ IB nr. 1689, 17/2/1756.
170. Louis M. Cullen, The Irish Brandy Houses of the Eighteenth-Century France (Dublin, 2000), pp.80-2.
171. In 1729 Charles Hennessy married Margarethe O'Murphy (+ 1744) and in 1754 Mary Coppinger. Hennessy Archives (Cognac)/ Staten van Goed Charles Hennessy (1761).
172. ARB/ Geheime Raad nrs. 365/A and B.
173. Cullen, 'The Irish Merchant Communities', pp.52, 54-6.
174. SAA/ IB nrs. 1683-1689.
175. SAA/ IB nr. 1683, 2/6/1735.
176. Until mid-1733 John Galwey frequently acted as commission trader on behalf of Thomas Ray. SAA/ IB nr. 1683.
177. SAA/ IB nr. 1683, 13/5/1735.
178. SAA/ IB nr. 1683, 2/6/1735.
179. SAA/ IB nrs. 1683-1685.
180. SAA/ IB nr. 1604, 15/11/1739 and nr. 1684, 25/8/1739.
181. SAA/ IB nr. 1683, 13/5/1735.
182. SAA/ IB nr. 1683, 30/6/1735.
183. SAA/ IB nr. 1685, 11/3/1740 and 11/8/1746.
184. The merchant house of Thomas Light was situated in Mincing Lane in the City of London. From 1733 on Light built up a close trade relation with Galwey. Thomas Mortimer, The Universal Director, p.45;
185. SAA/ IB nr. 1687, 30/12/1748 and nr. 1688, 19/9/1751.
186. RAB/ Aanwinsten nr. 3528 and SAA/ IB nr. 1687, 6/3/1749.
187. Isabelle Ray married Cornelis Carpentier on 20 June 1744. Museum Plantin-Moretus Archief (Antwerpen), nr. 547, 22/7/1744 and SAG (Stadsarchief Gent)/ Familiepapieren nr. 1136 (Carpentier).
188. The new name of the firm was Ray, Roche & Cie. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. F.L. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 33, akte 15, 22/10/1750.
189. In 1755 Cornelis Carpentier 'accepted' - actually he bought the job - the function of tresorier-generaal (general tax collector) of Flanders. SAG/ Familiepapieren nr. 1136 (Carpentier).
190. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. F.J. Pille, dep. 1940, nr. 33, akte 10, 20/8/1750.
191. ARB/ Hof van Beroep nr. 1547 and Hennessy Archives (Cognac)/ Correspondentie (1785-1793).
192. de eeuwse bloeiperiode van Oostende (Oostende, 1998), pp.63-99.
193. PRO/ SP no. 77/106, 27/4/1773.
194. Jan Parmentier, 'Profit and Neutrality: The Case of Ostend, 1781-1783' in David J. Starkey, E.S. van Eyck van Heslinga and J.A. de Moor (eds.), Pirates and Privateers: New Perspectives on the War on Trade in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Exeter, 1997), pp.206-7.
195. His main contacts in Cork were James Goold and William Coppinger. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.N. de Callais, dep. 1941, nr. 61, akte 46, 21/8/1781 and not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 116, akte 360, 22/3/1783.
196. ARB/ Secretarie van State en Oorlog nr. 2184.
197. The Carey family established one of the leading merchant houses in Guernsey in the eighteenth century. Richard Hocart, Peter de Haviland: Bailiff of Guernsey. A History of his Life, 1747-1821 (St. Peter Port, 1997), pp.19-26.
198. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.N. de Callais, dep. 1941, nr. 61, akte 98, 24/11/1781 and not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 111, akte 1576, 13/7/1782 and nr. 114, akte 2606, 29/11/1782.
199. The English firm of Thornton, Cayley & Co based in Petersburg acted as main supplier of Galwey. It is likely that most of this Virginia tobacco was subsequently smuggled to the Channel Isles. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 111, akte 1371, 14/6/1782 and akte 1477, 27/6/1782.
200. GAR/ Notariaat Rotterdam, not. J. Th. Frescarode, nr. 3010, 24/11 & 10/12/1781 and nr. 3011, 14/5/1782;
201. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 111, akte 1372, 14/6/1782.
202. About two thirds of Galwey's fleet were vessels formerly involved in smuggling from Jersey and Guernsey. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.N. de Callais, dep. 1941, nr. 61, akten 53, 85, 111, 7/9, 10/11 & 3/12/1781 and not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 108, akten 194 and 209, 21 and 22/1/1782 and nr. 110, akten 1076 and 1349, 6/5 and 11/6/1782.
203. RAB/ Notariaat Oostende, not. J.N. de Callais, dep. 1941, nr. 61, akte 111, 3/12/1781 and not. A. Rycx, dep. 1941, nr. 111, akten 1511 & 1673, 2 and 13/7/1782.
204. Guernsey Greffe (St. Peter Port)/ Admirauté nrs. 17 and 18.
205. SAB/ Wettelijke Passeringen, 1779-1783 and ARB/ Secretarie van State en Oorlog nr. 2184.
206. NLI/ Ms. 9944, Letterbook Blake (Galway).
207. Cullen, 'The Irish merchant communities', p.51.
208. Archives de Dunkerque/ no. 280, Etat des familles Angloises, Irlandoises... (1777).
209. P.W. Klein, '"Little London": British Merchants in Rotterdam during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries' in D.C. Coleman and P. Wilson (eds.), Enterprise and History: Essays in Honour of Charles Wilson (Cambridge, 1984), pp.116-34.
210. ARB/ Geheime Raad nr. 365/A.