Family caregivers of people with dementia

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 217-228

  Brodaty, Henry ^a,b   Donkin, Marika ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b PRINCE OF WALES HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Burden; Caregiver; Dementia; Family caregiver; Institutionalization; Intervention; Psychological strain

Indexed keywords

CAREGIVER; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; NURSING HOME; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

CAREGIVERS; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; FAMILY; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; NURSING HOMES; QUALITY OF LIFE; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 67650841113     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Alzheimer's Disease International. Statistics. Available at: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics.html. Accessed February 4, 2009.
2. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brodaty H, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366:2112-2117. (Pubitemid 41797645)
3. Alzheimer's Association and National Alliance for Caregiving. Families care: Alzheimer's Caregiving in the United States. Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Association and National Alliance for Caregiving; 2004.
4. Office for National Statistics. Focus on Older People. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics; 2005.
5. Schulz R, Martire LM. Family caregiving of persons with dementia: prevalence, health effects, and support strategies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;12:240-249. (Pubitemid 38569151)
6. U.S. Census Bureau. 65+ in the United States: 2005. Washington, DC; 2005.
7. Alzheimer's Association. Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Association; 2007.
8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Dementia in Australia: National Data Analysis and Development. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2007.
9. Schneider J, Murray J, Banerjee S, Mann A. EUROCARE: a cross-national study of co-resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer's disease: I-Factors associated with carer burden. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:651-661. (Pubitemid 29403284)
10. The 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Care arrangements for people with dementia in developing countries. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:170-177.
11. MetLife Mature Market Institute. The MetLife study of Alzheimer's Disease: the Caregiving Experience. http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/ 14050063731156260663V1FAlzheimerCaregivingExperience.pdf Mature Market Institute; 2006.
12. Alzheimer's Association. More Men Take the Lead Role in Caring for Elderly Parents. Available at: http://www.alz.org/news-and-events-in-the-news. asp. Accessed December 17, 2008.
13. Eisdorfer C. Caregiving: an emerging risk factor for emotional and physical pathology. Bull Menninger Clinic. 1991;55:238-247.
14. Pyke KD, Bengston, VL. Caring more or less: individualistic and collectivist systems of family eldercare. J Marriage Fam. 1996;58:379-392. (Pubitemid 126083371)
15. Cohen CA, Colantonio A, Vernich L. Positive aspects of caregiving: rounding out the caregiving experience. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;12:184-188. (Pubitemid 34130311)
16. Walker AJ, Jones LL, Martin SK. Relationship quality and the benefits and costs of caregiving. Paper presented at: Meeting of the National Council on Family Relations; 1989; New Orleans.
17. Sanders S. Is the glass hald empty or half full? Reflections on strain and gain in caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Soc Work Health Care. 2005;40:57-73. (Pubitemid 40727189)
18. Haley WE, Roth DL, Coleton MI, et al. Appraisal, coping and social support as mediators of well-being in black and white Alzheimer's family caregivers. J Consulting Clin Psychol. 1996;64:121-129.
19. Kramer BJ. Gain in the caregiving experience: where are we? What next? Gerontologist. 1997;2:218-232.
20. Rapp SR, Chao D. Appraisals of strain and of gain: Effects on psychological wellbeing of caregivers of dementia patients. Aging Ment Health. 2000;4:142-147. (Pubitemid 30330569)
21. Keith C. Family caregiving systems: Models, resources, and values. J Marriage Fam. 1995;57:179-190.
22. Dilworth-Anderson P, Brummett BH, Goodwin P, Wallace Williams S, Williams RB, Siegler IC. Effect of race on cultural justifications for caregiving. J Gerontol. 2005;60B:S257-S262. (Pubitemid 41242571)
23. Archbold PG. Impact of parent caring on women. Paper presented at: XII International Congress of Gerontology; 1981; Hamburg, West Germany.
24. Gonzalez-Salvador MT, Arango, C, Lyketos, C.G, Barba, A.C. The stress and psychological morbidity of the Alzheimer patient caregiver. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:701-710. (Pubitemid 29450281)
25. Ory MG, Hoffman, R.R, Yee, JL, et al. Prevalence and impact of caregiving: a detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers Gerontologist. 1999;39:177-185.
26. Cassie KM, Sanders S. Familial caregivers of older adults. In: Cummings SM, Kropf, Nancy P, eds. Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions with Older Adults: Evidence-Based Approaches. Philadelphia, PA: Haworth Press; 2008:293-320.
27. Mohide EA, Torrance GW, Streiner DL, et al. Measuring the wellbeing of family caregivers using the time trade-off technique. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;41:475-482.
28. Schulz R, Vistainer P, Williamson GM. Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of caregiving. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci. 1990;45:P181-P91. (Pubitemid 20303655)
29. Poulshock S, Deimling G. Families caring for elders in residence: issues in the measurement of burden. J Gerontol. 1984;39:230-239. (Pubitemid 14156172)
30. Pearlin LI, Mullan JT, Semple SJ, Skaff MM. Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. Gerontologist. 1990;30:583-594.
31. Campbell P, Wright J, Oyebode J, et al. Determinants of burden in those who care for someone with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008,23:1078-1085.
32. Gonyea JG, O'Connor M, Carruth A, Boyle PA. Subjective appraisal of Alzheimer's disease caregiving: the role of self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in the experience of burden. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2005;20:273-280. (Pubitemid 41502368)
33. Clare L, Wilson BA, Carter G, et al. Depression and anxiety in memory clinic attenders and their carers: implications for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:962-967. (Pubitemid 35189625)
34. Cooper C, Katona C, Orrell M, Livingston G. Coping strategies and anxiety in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease: the LASER-AD study. J Affect Disord. 2006;90:15-20. (Pubitemid 43005032)
35. Gaugler JE, Roth DL, Haley WE, Mittleman MS. Can counseling and support reduce burden and depressive symptoms in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease during the transition to institutionalization? Results from the New York University caregiver intervention study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:421-428.
36. Adkins VK. Treatment of depressive disorders of spousal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease: a review. Am J Alzheimers Dis. 1999;14:289-293.
37. Cooper C, Balamurali TBS, Livingston G. A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19:175-195. (Pubitemid 46393210)
38. Livingston G, Mahoney, R, Regan, C, Katona, C. The caregivers for Alzheimer's disease Problems Scale (CAPS): development of a new scale within the LASER-AD study. Age Ageing. 2005;34:287-290. (Pubitemid 40711744)
39. Schulz R, O'Brien AT, Bookwala J, Fleissner K. Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist. 1995;35:771-791.
40. Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: a meta-analysis. Psychol Aging. 2003;18:250-267. (Pubitemid 36693587)
41. Brodaty H, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Psychosocial effects on carers of living with persons with dementia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1990;24:351-361.
42. Baumgarten M, Battista RN, Infante-Rivard C, et al. The psychological and physical health of family members caring for an elderly person with dementia. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:61-70.
43. Gallicchio L, Siddiqi N, Langenberg P, Baumgarten M. Gender differences in burden and depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;18:154-163. (Pubitemid 34130307)
44. Dura JR, Stukenberg KW, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Anxiety and depressive disorders in adult children caring for demented parents. Psychol Aging. 1991;6:467-473.
45. Morrissey E, Becker J, Rubert MP. Coping resources and depression in the caregiving spouses of Alzheimer patients. Br J Med Psychol. 1990;63:161-171.
46. Robinson KM. Predictors of depression among wife caregivers. Nurs Res. 1989;38:359-563.
47. Schulz R, Williamson GM. A 2-year longitudinal study of depression among Alzheimer's caregivers. Psychol Aging. 1991;6:569-578.
48. Semple SJ. Conflict in Alzheimer's caregiving families: Its dimensions and consequences. Gerontologist. 1992;32:648-655.
49. Zarit SH, Whitlatch CJ. Institutional placement: Phases of the transition. Gerontologist. 1992;32:665-672.
50. Reidijk SR, De Vugt ME, Duivenvoorden, HJ, et al. Caregiver burden, health-related quality of life and coping in dementia caregivers: a comparison of Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:405-412. (Pubitemid 44726010)
51. Rosness TA, Haugen PK, Engedal K. Support to family carers of patients with frontotemporal dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12:462-466.
52. Draper B, Poulos CJ, Cole AMD, et al. A comparison of caregivers for elderly stroke and dementia victims. J Am Geriatri Soc. 1992;40:896-901.
53. Lowery K, Mynt P, Aisbett J, et al. Depression in the carers of dementia sufferers: a comparison of the carers of patients suffering from dementia with Lewy bodies and the carers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Affect Disord. 2000;59:61-65. (Pubitemid 30256239)
54. Johnson CL, Catalano DJ. A longtitudinal study of family supports to impaired elderly. Gerontologist. 1983:612-618.
55. Rabins PV, Fitting MD, Eastham J, et al. Emotional adaptation over time in care-givers for chronically ill elderly people. Age Ageing. 1990;19:185-190. (Pubitemid 20151050)
56. Townsend A, Noelker L, Deimling G, Bass D. Longtitudinal impact of interhousehold caregiving on adult children's mental health. 1989;4:393-401.
57. Zarit SH, Todd PA, Zarit JM. Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longtitudinal study. Gerontologist. 1986;26:260-266.
58. de Vugt ME, Stevens F, Aalten P, Lousberg R, et al. A prospective study of the effects of behavioral symptoms on the institutionalization of patients with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17:577-589. (Pubitemid 41758763)
59. Markowitz JS, Gotterman EM, Sadik K, Papadopoulos G. Health-related quality of life for caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dis Assoc Dis. 2003;17:209-214. (Pubitemid 37517788)
60. Shaji KS, Smitha, K, Praveen Lal K, Prince MJ. Caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease: a qualitative study from the Indian 10/66 Dementia Research Network. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:1-6. (Pubitemid 36131221)
61. Molyneux GJ, McCarthy GM, McEniff S, Cryan M, Conroy RM. Prevalence and predictors of carer burden and depression in carers of patients referred to an old age psychiatric service. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20:1193-1202.
62. Mahoney DF, Cloutterbuck J, Neary S, Zhan L. African American, Chinese, and Latino family caregivers' impressions of the onset and diagnosis of dementia: cross-cultural similarities and differences. Gerontologist. 2005;45:783-792. (Pubitemid 41759784)
63. Fearon M, Donaldson C, Burns A, Tarrier N. Intimacy as a determinant of expressed emotion in carers of people with Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Med. 1998;28:1085-1090. (Pubitemid 28458464)
64. Kurihara T, Kato M, Tsukahara T, Takano Y, Reverger R. The low prevalence of high levels of expressed emotion in Bali. Psychiatry Res. 2000;94:229-238. (Pubitemid 30417611)
65. Nomura H I, Shimpei, K, Naoto, S, et al. A cross-cultural study on expressed emotion in carers of people with dementia and schizophrenia: Japan and England. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:564-570.
66. Cooper C, Owens C, Katona C, Livingston G. Attachment style and anxiety in carers of people with Alzheimer's disease: results from the LASER-AD study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20:494-507.
67. Lopez J, Crespo M. Analysis of the efficacy of a psychotherapeutic program to improve the emotional status of caregivers of elderly dependent relatives. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12:451-461.
68. Kendell RE, DiScipio WJ. Eysenck Personality Inventory scores of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114:767-770.
69. Otswald S, Hepburn K, Caron W, et al. Reducing caregiver burden: a randomized psychoeducational intervention for caregivers of persons with dementia. Gerontologist. 1999;39:299-309. (Pubitemid 29302479)
70. Pruchno RA, Resch NL. Aberrant behaviors and Alzheimer's disease: Mental health effects on spouse caregivers. J Gerontol: Social Sciences. 1989:S177-S82.
71. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984.
72. Haley WE, Levine EG, Brown SL, et al. Stress, appraisal, coping and social support as predictors of adaptational outcome among dementia caregivers. Psychol Ageing. 1987;2:223-230.
73. Pruchno RA, Potashnik SL. Caregiving spouses: Physical and mental health in perspective. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37:697-705. (Pubitemid 19199787)
74. Schulz R, Williamson GM. The measurement of caregiver outcomes in Alzheimer disease research. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11:117-124. (Pubitemid 28029830)
75. Segerstrom SC, Schipper LJ, Greenberg RN. Caregiving, repetitive thought, and immune response to vaccintation in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22:744-752.
76. Vedhara K, Bennett PD, Clark S, et al. Enhancement of antibody responses to influenza vaccination in the elderly following a cognitive-behavioural stress management intervention. Psychother Psychosom. 2003,72:245-252. (Pubitemid 37034374)
77. Vedhara K, Cox NKM, Wilcock GK, et al. Chronic stress in elderly carers of dementia patients and antibody response to influenza vaccination. Lancet. 1999;3531:627-631. (Pubitemid 29087983)
78. Vitaliano PP, Zhang J, Scanlan JM. Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:946-972. (Pubitemid 37398636)
79. Lee S, Colditz GA, Berkman LF, Kawachi I. Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in US women: A prospective study. Am J Prev Med. 2003;24:113-119. (Pubitemid 36144088)
80. LoGiudice D, Waltrowicz W, Brown K, Burrows C, Ames D, Flicker L. Do memory clinics improve the quality of life of carers? A randomized pilot trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:626-632. (Pubitemid 29403281)
81. Leong J, Madjar I, Fiveash B. Needs of family carers of elderly people with dementia living in the community. Australas J Ageing. 2001;20:133-138.
82. Serrano-Aguilar PG, Lopez-Bastida J, Yanes-Lopez V. Impact on health-related quality of life and perceived burden of informal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;27:136-142. (Pubitemid 44651433)
83. Roth DL, Mittelman MS, Clay OJ, Madan A, Haley WE. Changes in social support as mediators of the impact of a psychosocial intervention for spouse caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's Disease. Psychol Aging. 2005;20:634-644. (Pubitemid 43119635)
84. Wimo A, Jonsson L, Winblad B. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and direct costs of dementia in 2003. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21:175-181.
85. Access Economics. The Dementia Epidemic: Economic Impact and Positive Solutions for Australia. Canberra, Australia: Alzheimer's Australia; 2003.
86. Brodaty H, Green A, Low LF. Family carers for people with dementia. In: Burns A, O'Brien J, Ames D, eds. Dementia. 3rd ed. London, UK: Hodder Arnold; 2005:117-135.
87. Cohen S. Social relationships and health. Am Psychol. 2004;59:676-684.
88. Brodaty H. Dementia and the family. In: Bloch S, Hafner J, Harari E, Szmukler GI, eds. The Family in Clinical Psychiatry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1994:224-246.
89. Edwards J, Cooper C. Research in stress, coping and health: theoretical and methodological issues. Psychol Med. 1988;18:15-20. (Pubitemid 18071629)
90. Drentea P, Clay OJ, Roth DL, Mittelman MS. Predictors of improvement in social support: Five-year effects of a structured intervention for caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's disease. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:957-967. (Pubitemid 43913331)
91. Shurgot G, Knight BG. Influence of neuroticism, ethnicity, familism, and social support on perceived burden in dementia caregivers: pilot test of the Transactional Stress and Social Support Model. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60B:P331-P334. (Pubitemid 41566806)
92. Pruchno RA, Michaels E, Potashnik SL. Predictors of insitutionalization among Alzheimer disease with caregiving spouses. J Gerontol. 1990;45:S259-S66.
93. Spitznagel MB, Tremont G, Duncan Davies J, Foster SM. Psychosocial predictors of dementia caregiver desire to institutionalize: caregiver, care recipient, and family relationship factors. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2006;19:16-20. (Pubitemid 43797601)
94. Brodaty H, McGilchrist C, Harris L, Peters K. Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia: role of caregiver training and risk factors. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:643-650. (Pubitemid 23165595)
95. Tun S, Murman D, Long H, et al. Predictive validity of neuropsychiatric subgroups on nursing home placement and survival in Alzheimer's disease patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:314-327.
96. Colerick E, George L. Predictors of institutionalization among caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatri Soc. 1986;34:493-498. (Pubitemid 16065375)
97. Mittelman M, Ferris S, Steinberg G, et al. An intervention that delays institutionalization of Alzheimer's disease patients: treatment of spouse-caregivers. Gerontologist. 1993;33:730-740. (Pubitemid 23353820)
98. Aneshensel C, Pearlin LI, Mullan JT, et al. Profiles in Caregiving: the Unexpected Career. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1995.
99. Schulz R, Belle S, Czaja S, et al. Long-term care placement of dementia patients and caregiver health and well-being. JAMA. 2004;292:961-967. (Pubitemid 39097206)
100. Tornatore J, Grant L. Burden among family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease in nursing homes. Gerontologist. 2002;42:497-506. (Pubitemid 34847626)
101. Mittelman MS, Haley, William E,Clay, Olivio J, Roth, David L. Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006;67:1592-1599.
102. Brodaty H, Green A, Koschera A. Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. J Am Geriatri Soc. 2003;51:657-664. (Pubitemid 36541430)
103. Pinquart M, Sorensen, Silvia. Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: which interventions work and how large are their effects? Int Psychogeriatr. 2006:1-19.
104. Selwood A, Johnston K, Katona C, Lyketsos C, Livingston G. A systematic review of the effect of psychological interventions on family caregivers of people with dementia. J Affect Disord. 2007;101:75-89. (Pubitemid 46887614)
105. Mittelman M, Brodaty H, Wallen AS, Burns A. A three-country randomized controlled trial of a psychological intervention for caregivers combined with pharmalogical treatment for patients with Alzheimer disease: effects on caregiver depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16:893-904.
106. Teri L, McCurry, Susan M, Logsdon, Rebecca, Gibbons, Laura E. Training community consultants to help family members improve dementia care: A randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist. 2005;45:802-811. (Pubitemid 41759786)
107. Teri L, Logsdon RG, Uomoto J, McCurry S. Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: A controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci. 1997;52B:P159-P66. (Pubitemid 27351830)
108. Teri L, Logsdon RG, Peskind E, et al. Treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Neurology. 2000;55:1271-1278. (Pubitemid 30829366)
109. McCurry S, Gibbons L, Logsdon R, Vitiello M, Teri L. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatri Soc. 2005;53:793-802. (Pubitemid 41656924)
110. Belle S, Burgio L, Burns R, et al. Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:727-738.
111. Brodaty H, Gresham M. Effects of a training programme to reduce stress in carers of patients with dementia. BMJ. 1989;299:1375-1379. (Pubitemid 20005303)
112. Brodaty H, Gresham M, Luscombec G. The Prince Henry Hospital dementia caregivers' training programme. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:183-192. (Pubitemid 27181998)
113. Brodaty H, Peters K. Cost effectiveness of a training program for dementia carers. Int Psychogeriatr. 1991;3:11-22.
114. Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Sivenius J, Sulkava R. Support program for demented patients and their carers: the role of dementia family care coordinator is crucial.. In: Iqbal K, Swaab D, Winblad B, Wisinewski H, eds. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons; 1999:795-802.
115. Riordan J, Bennett A. An evaluation of an augmented domiciliary service to older people with dementia and their carers. Aging Ment Health. 1998;2:137-143. (Pubitemid 28279144)
116. Brodaty H, Mittelman M, Gibson L, Seeher K, Burns A. The effects of counseling spouse caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease taking donepezil and of country of residence on rates of admission to nursing homes and mortality. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. In press.
117. Powell J, Chiu T, Eysenbach G. A systematic review of networked technologies supporting carers of people with dementia. J Telemed Telecare. 2008;14:154-156.
118. Eisdorfer C, Czaja S, Loewenstein D, et al. The effect of a family therapy and technology-based intervention on caregiver depression. Gerontologist. 2003;43:521-531. (Pubitemid 37040332)
119. Dias A, Dewey ME, D'Souza J, et al. The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: a randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. Plos One. 2008;3:1-7.
120. Patel V, Prince M. Ageing and mental health in a developing country: who cares? Qualitative studies from Goa, India. Psychol Med. 2001;31:29-38.
121. Moore W. Lesbian and gay elders: connecting care providers through a telephone support group. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv. 2002;14:23-41.
122. LaFontaine J, Ahuja J, Bradbury N, Phillips S, Oyebode J. Understanding dementia amongst people in minority ethnic and cultural groups. J Adv Nurs. 2007;60:605-614.
123. Lawrence V, Murray J, Samsi K, Banerjee S. Attitudes and support needs of Black Caribbean, south Asian, and White British carers of people with dementia in the UK. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193:240-246.
124. Pollitt P. The problem of dementia in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: an overview. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:155-163. (Pubitemid 27181995)
125. Arai A, Matsumoto T, Ikeda M, Arai Y. Do family caregivers perceive more difficulty when they look after patients with early onset dementia compared to those with late onset dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:1255-1261. (Pubitemid 350285432)
126. Chaston D, Pollard N, Jubb D. Young onset dementia: a case for real empowerment. J Dementia Care. 2004;12:24-26. (Pubitemid 39481066)
127. Freyne A, Kidd N, Coen R, Lawlor B. Burden in carers of dementia patients: higher levels in carers of younger sufferers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:784-1748 (Pubitemid 29450292)
128. Luscombe G, Brodaty H, Freeth S. Younger people with dementia: diagnostic issues, effects on carers and use of services. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:323-330. (Pubitemid 28254582)
129. Sperlinger D, Furst M. The service experiences of people with presenile dementia: a study of carers in one London borough. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1994;9:47-50. (Pubitemid 24031262)
130. Margallo-Lana M, Moore P, Kay D, et al. Fifteen-year follow-up of 92 hospitalized adults with Down's syndrome: incidence of cognitive decline, its relationship to age and neuropathology. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007;51:463-477. (Pubitemid 46746073)
131. van Amelsvoort T, Daly E, Henry J, et al. Brain anatomy in adults with velocardiofacial syndrome with and without schizophrenia: preliminary results of a structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1085-1096. (Pubitemid 39463409)
132. Peisah C, Bridger M. Abuse by marriage: the exploitation of mentally ill older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23:883-888.
133. Peisah C, Quadrio C. Family conflict in dementia: prodigal sons and black sheep. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:485-492. (Pubitemid 43757776)