Computer gap: The Soviet Union's missed revolution and its implications for Russian technology policy

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 41-51

  Wilson, Amy ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650828862     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216560404     Document Type: Article

References (98)

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2. see also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), "Soviet Bloc Computers: Direct Descendants of Western Technology" (June 1989), p. 24.
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4. Slava Gertovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002), pp. 105, 130.
5. Ibid., p. 131.
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9. Sarah White, ed., Guide to Science and Technology in the USSR: A Reference Guide to Science and Technology in the Soviet Union (Guernsey, UK: Frances Hodgson, 1971), p. 100.
10. White, Science and Technology in the USSR, p. 100.
11. Ibid., pp. 100-104.
12. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), "Production of Electronic Computers in the USSR: 1958-65" (March 1961), p. 21.
13. Judy, "Case of Computer Technology," p. 61.
14. CIA, "Production of Electronic Computers," pp. 1-2.
15. Ibid., pp. 2, 9.
16. Judy, "Case of Computer Technology," p. 61.
17. Robyn Shotwell Metcalfe, The New Wizard War: How the Soviets Steal U.S. High Technology and How We Give It Away (Redmond: Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, 1988), p. 85.
18. Judy, "Case of Computer Technology," pp. 62-63.
19. White, Science and Technology in the USSR, pp. 101-102.
20. Ibid., p. 105.
21. CIA, "Production of Electronic Computers," p. 16.
22. Paul Josephson, New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 136.
23. Simon Kassel, Soviet Advanced Technologies in the Era of Restructuring (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1989), p. 4.
24. White, Science and Technology in the USSR, p. 104;
25. Goodman, "Technology Transfer," p. 131.
26. Mose L. Harvey, Leon Goure, and Vladimir Prokofieff, Science and Technology as an Instrument of Soviet Policy (Miami, FL: University of Miami, Center for Advanced International Studies, 1972), pp. 185-87.
27. CIA, "Production of Electronic Computers," p. 8.
28. Metcalfe, New Wizard War, p. 81.
29. Josephson, New Atlantis Revisited, pp. 128, 160-61.
30. Ibid., p. 129.
31. Ibid.; Boris N. Malinovsky, Pioneers of Soviet Computing, ed. Anne Fitzpatrick, trans. of original work (1995) published electronically in 2007, http://web.archive.org/web/20071217010843/sovietcomputing.com (archived version, original no longer available).
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33. Steven T. Usdin, Engineering Communism: How Two Americans Spied for Stalin and Founded the Soviet Silicon Valley (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 238;
34. CIA , "Soviet Bloc Computers," p. 11.
35. Daniel L. Burghart, Red Microchip: Technology Transfer, Export Control, and Economic Restructuring in the Soviet Union (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 1992), p. 65.
36. N.C. Davis and Seymour E. Goodman, "The Soviet Bloc's Unified System of Computers," Computing Surveys 10, no. 2 (June 1978): 116.
37. Ibid., p. 108.
38. Judy, "Case of Computer Technology," p. 64.
39. CIA, "Soviet Bloc Computers," p. 30.
40. Goodman, "Technology Transfer," pp. 123-25.
41. Metcalfe, New Wizard War, pp. 144-48.
42. Goodman, "Technology Transfer," p. 126.
43. Ibid., p. 124.
44. Burghart, Red Microchip, p. 65.
45. CIA, "Soviet Bloc Computers," p. 24.
46. Goodman, "Technology Transfer," pp. 125-27.
47. CIA, "Soviet Bloc Computers," p. 24.
48. Burghart, Red Microchip, p. 65.
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50. CIA, "Soviet Bloc Computers," p. 8.
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53. Metcalfe, New Wizard War, p. 96.
54. Kassel, Soviet Advanced Technologies, p. 81.
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68. Ibid.
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74. Ibid.
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