Observations of turbulent mixing in a phytoplankton thin layer: Implications for formation, maintenance, and breakdown

Limnology and Oceanography

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1353-1368

  Steinbuck, Jonah V ^a   Stacey, Mark T ^b   McManus, Margaret A ^c   Cheriton, Olivia M ^d   Ryan, John P ^e  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Berkeley   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLOROPHYLL A; DINOFLAGELLATE; PHYTOPLANKTON; THERMOCLINE; TURBULENT DIFFUSION; TURBULENT MIXING; VERTICAL MIXING;

CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY BAY; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

AKASHIWO SANGUINEA;

EID: 67650796112     PISSN: 00243590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4319/lo.2009.54.4.1353     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. ALLDREDGE, A. L., AND OTHERS. 2002. Occurrence and mechanisms of formation of a dramatic thin layer of marine snow in a shallow Pacific fjord. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 233: 1-12.
2. BATCHELDER, H. P., C. A. EDWARDS, AND T. M. POWELL. 2002. Individual-based models of copepod populations in coastal upwelling regions: Implications of physiologically and environmentally influenced diel vertical migration on demographic success and nearshore retention. Prog. Oceanogr. 53: 307-333.
3. BATCHELOR, G. K. 1959. Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in turbulent fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 5: 113-133.
4. BEARON, R. N., AND D. GRÜNBAUM. 2008. From individual behavior to population models: A case study using swimming algae. J. Theor. Biol. 251: 679-697.
5. - AND R. A. CATTOLICO. 2004. Relating cell-level swimming behaviors to vertical population distributions in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), a harmful algae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49: 607-613.
6. - AND T. J. PEDLEY. 2000. Modelling run-and-tumble chemotaxis in a shear flow. Bull. Math. Biol. 62: 775-791.
7. BIRCH, D. A., W. R. YOUNG, AND P. J. S. FRANKS. 2008. Thin layers of plankton: Formation by shear and death by diffusion. Deep-Sea Res. Part I. 55: 277-295.
8. CARTER, G. D., AND J. IMBERGER, 1986. Vertically rising microstructure profiler. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 3: 462-471.
9. CARTER, G. S., M. C. GREGG, AND R.-C. LIEN. 2005. Internal waves, solitary-like waves, and mixing on the Monterey Bay shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 25: 1499-1520.
10. CHERITON, O. M., M. A. MCMANUS, D. V. HOLLIDAY, C F. GREENLAW, P. L. DONAGHAY, AND T. J. COWLES. 2007. Effects of mesoscale physical processes on thin zooplankton layers at four sites along the west coast of the U.S. Estuar. Coasts 30: 1-16.
11. - M. T. STACEY, AND J. V. STEINBUCK. 2009. Physical and biological controls on the maintenance and dissipation of a thin phytoplankton layer. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 378: 55-69.
12. CLOERN, J. E., AND R. DUFFORD. 2005. Phytoplankton community ecology: Principles applied in San Francisco Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 285: 11-28.
13. - C. GRENZ, AND L. VIDERGAR-LUCAS. 1995. An empirical model of the phytoplankton chlorophyll:carbon ratio-the conversion factor between productivity and growth rate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40: 1313-1321.
14. COWLES, T. J., R. A. DESIDERIO, AND M.-E. CARR. 1998. Smallscale planktonic structure: Persistence and trophic consequences. Oceanography 11: 4-9.
15. DEKSHENIEKS, M. M., P. L. DONAGHAY, J. M. SULLIVAN, J. E. B.RLNES, T. R. OSBORN, AND M. S. TWARDOWSKI. 2001.Temporal and spatial occurrence of thin phytoplankton layers in relation to physical processes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 223: 61-71.
16. DOUCETTE, G. J., AND P. J. HARRISON. 1990. Some effects of iron and nitrogen stress on the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62: 293-306.
17. FRANKS, P. J. S. 1995. Thin layers of phytoplankton: A model of formation by near-inertial wave shear. Deep-Sea Res. Part I. 42: 75-91.
18. - 2001. Turbulence avoidance: An alternative explanation of turbulence-enhanced ingestion rates in the field. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 959-963.
19. GIBSON, C H., AND W. H. SCHWARTZ. 1963. The universal equilibrium spectra of turbulent velocity and scalar fields. J. Fluid Mech. 16: 365-384.
20. GRAHAM, W. M., AND J. L. LARGIER. 1997. Upwelling shadows as nearshore retention sites: The example of northern Monterey Bay. Cont. Shelf Res. 17: 509-532.
21. ITSWEIRE, E. C, J. R. KOSEFF, D. A. BRIGGS, AND J. H. FERZIGER. 1993. Turbulence in stratified shear flows: Implications for interpreting shear-induced mixing in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23: 1508-1521.
22. IVEY, G. N., AND J. IMBERGER. 1991. On the nature of turbulence in a stratified fluid, Part I: The energetics of mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21: 650-658.
23. JOHNSON, K. S., AND J. A. NEEDOBA. 2008. Mapping the spatial variability of plankton metabolism using nitrate and oxygen sensors on an autonomous underwater vehicle. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53: 2237-2250.
24. KAMYKOWSKI, D., E. J. MILLIGAN, AND R. E. REED. 1998. Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates. J. Plankton Res. 20: 1781-1796.
25. - R. E. REED, AND G. J. KIRKPATRICK, 1992. Comparison of sinking velocity, swimming velocity, rotation and path characteristics among six marine dinoflagellate species. Mar. Biol. 113: 319-328.
26. - AND H. YAMAZAKI. 1997. A study of metabolisminfluenced orientation in the diel vertical migration of marine dinoflagellates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42: 1189-1202.
27. KESSLER, J. O. 1986. Individual and collective fluid dynamics of swimming cells. J. Fluid Mech, 173: 191-205.
28. KIØRBOE, T., H.-P. GROSSART, H. PLOUG, K. TANG, AND B. AUER. 2004. Particle-associated flagellates: Swimming patterns, colonization rates, and grazing on attached bacteria. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 35: 141-152.
29. KUNDU, P. K, AND I. M. COHEN. 2004. Fluid mechanics, 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press.
30. LUKETINA, D. A., AND J. IMBERGER. 2001. Determining turbulent kinetic energy dissipation from Batchelor curve fitting, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18: 100-113.
31. MCMANUS, M. A., AND OTHERS. 2003. Characteristics, distribution and persistence of thin layers over a 48 hour period. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 261: 1-19.
32. - O. M. CHERITON, P. J. DRAKE, D. V. HOLLIDAY, C E. GREENLAW, C D. STORLAZZI, AND P. L. DONAGHAY. 2005.Effects of physical processes on structure and transport of thin zooplankton layers in the coastal ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 301: 199-215.
33. R. M. KUDELA, M. W. SILVER, G. F. STEWARD, P. L. DONAGHAY, AND J. M. SULLIVAN. 2008. Cryptic blooms: Are thin layers the missing connection? Estuar. Coasts 31: 396-401.
34. MITCHELL, J. G., H. YAMAZAKI, L. SEURONT, F. WÖLK, AND H. LI. 2008. Phytoplankton patch patterns: Seascape anatomy in a turbulent ocean, J. Mar. Syst. 69: 247-253.
35. OSBORN, T. R, 1980. Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10: 83-89.
36. PARK, M. G., S. K. COONEY, J. S. KIM, AND D. W. COATS. 2002. Effects of parasitism on diel vertical migration, phototaxis/ geotaxis, and swimming speed of the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 29: 11-18.
37. ROSS, O. N., AND J. SHARPLES. 2004. Recipe for 1-D Lagrangian particle tracking models in space-varying diffusivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2: 289-302.
38. -, AND -. 2007. Phytoplankton motility and the competition for nutrients in the thermocline. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 347: 21-38.
39. - AND -. 2008. Swimming for survival: The role of phytoplankton motility in turbulent environments. J. Mar. Syst. 70: 248-262.
40. RUDDICK, B., A. AYAL, AND K. THOMPSON. 2000. Maximum likelihood spectral fitting: The Batchelor spectrum. J. Atmos.Ocean. Technol. 17: 1541-1555.
41. RYAN, J. P., M. A. MCMANUS, J. D. PADUAN, AND F. P. CHAVEZ.2008. Phytoplankton thin layers caused by shear in frontal zones of a coastal upwelling system. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 354: 21-34.
42. SHARPLES, J. 2008. Potential impacts of the spring-neap cycle on shelf sea primary production. J. Plankton Res. 30: 183-197.
43. STACBY, M. T., M. A. MCMANUS, AND J. V. STEINBUCK, 2007. Convergences and divergences and thin layer formation and maintenance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52: 1523-1532.
44. STEINBUCK, J. V., M. T. STAGEY, AND S. G. MONISMITH. In press. An evaluation of χT estimation techniques: Implications for Batchelor fitting and ε. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.
45. SULLIVAN, J. M., P. L. DONAGHAY, AND J. E. B. RINES. In press. Coastal thin layer dynamics: Consequences to biology and optics. Cont. Shelf Res.
46. VISSER, A. W. 1997. Using random walk models to simulate the vertical distribution of particles in a turbulent water column. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 158: 275-281.
47. YAMAZAKI, H., AND K, D. SQUIRES. 1996. Comparison of oceanic turbulence and copepod swimming. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 144:299-301.