The limits of persuasion: Race reformers and the Department Store Campaign in Philadelphia, 1945-1948

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography

Volumn 126, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 98-126

  Cooper, Patricia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 67650735593     PISSN: 00314587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York, 1993), 73-7, 212-13
2. Paul Norgren and Samuel Hill, Toward Fair Employment (New York, 1964), 119-23
3. Susan Porter Benson, Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana, Ill., 1986), 208-9
4. V. P. Franklin, The Education of Black Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1979), 117-21 (much of this information is from the Philadelphia Tribune, see pp. 251-52, nn. 66-78) and 96-99,113-14
5. Clara Hardin, "The Negroes of Philadelphia: The Cultural Adjustment of a Minority Group" (Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College, 1943), 34-38
6. H. Viscount Nelson, "Race and Class Consciousness of Philadelphia Negroes with Special Emphasis on the Years Between 1927 and 1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1969), 96-101
7. Nelson, "The Philadelphia N.A.A.C.P.: Epitome of Middle-Class Consciousness," Afro-American Studies Professional Paper, no. 2, 1972, Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, 1-51
8. Fran Barth Toll and Mildred S. Gillam, eds., Invisible Philadelphia: Community Through Voluntary Organizations (Philadelphia, 1995), 36-50
9. James A. Gross, "Negro Labor and the Industrial Department of the Armstrong Association -Philadelphia National Urban League" (M.B.A. thesis, Temple University, 1957), 1-14, 25-31
10. Charles Hardy, "Race and Opportunity: Black Philadelphia during the Era of the Great Migration, 1916-1930" (Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1989), 267-313
11. On similar efforts in Washington, D.C., see Gilbert Ware, William Hastie: Grace Under Pressure (New York, 1984), 66-80
12. Franklin, Education, 153
13. Hardy, Rice and Opportunity, 86-87, 107-8
14. Walter Licht, Getting Work Philadelphia 1840-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., 1992)
15. and Mathew Countryman, "Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia," (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1999)
16. Steven A. Shull, American Civil Rights Policy from Truman to Clinton: The Role of Presidential Leadership (New York, 1999), 122
17. Merle Reed, Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (Baton Rouge, 1991)
18. Robert J. Jakeman, The Divided Skies: Establishing Segregated Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama, 1934-1942 (Tuscaloosa, 1992), 245-47
19. Blanche W. Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, vol. 2, 1933-1938 (New York, 1999), 153-89
20. Walter Jackson, Gunnar Myrdal and America's Conscience (Chapel Hill, 1990), 272-311
21. Steinberg, Turning Back, 21-49
22. George Schermer, "Effectiveness of Equal Opportunity Legislation," in The Negro and Employment Opportunity: Problems and Practices, ed. Herbert Northrup and Richard Rowan (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1965), 67-84
23. Shull, American Civil Rights Policy, 122
24. Carlson, "Philadelphia's Stitch in Time," box 62, folder 2, STMA Papers
25. See Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley, Calif., 1985), 217-22, 290-95
26. Leach, Land of Desire, 3-12
27. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, and Matthias Judt, eds., Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1998), 5, 6, 11-15, 124
28. See esp. in this volume, Charles McGovern, "Consumption and Citizenship in the United States, 1900-1940," 37-58
29. A sampling of this literature should include: David Roediger, The Wages ofWhiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991)
30. Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick, 1998)
31. Thomas Ross, "Innocence and Affirmative Action," in Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, eds., Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror (Philadelphia, 1997), 27-32
32. Ruth Frankenburg, "Introduction: Local Whiteness, Localizing Whiteness," in Displacing Whiteness: Essays in Social and Cultural Criticism (Durham, 1997), 1-34
33. Ian R. Haney Lopez, "The Social Construction of Race" in Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge, ed. Richard Delgado (Philadelphia, 1995), 191-203
34. Cheryl Harris, "Whiteness ss Property," Harvard Law Review 106 (1993), 1713-14
35. The Urban League report found that nine of the city's seventeen stores hired blacks as salespeople and clerks. See Perry, Negro in the Department Store, 41-2
36. Warren M. Banner, "Profiles: New York," Journal of Educational Sociology 17 (1944), 273
37. Leon Harris, Merchant Princes: An Intimate History of Jewish Families Who Built Great Department Stores (New York, 1994), 72-73
38. Murray Friedman, ed., Jewish Life in Philadelphia, 1830-1940 (Philadelphia, 1983), 267-68
39. Harris, Merchant Princes, 72, 88-9. Greenfield was a major player in Philadelphia Democratic politics
40. Frank Loescher, "Annual Report, 1947," folder Annual Report, box Race Relations, 1947, A-Z., AFSC Archives
41. E. Digby Baltzell, Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class (Glencoe, Ill., 1958), 158-72
42. Strasser et al., Getting and Spending, Benson, Counter Cultures, 75-123, 209
43. For a poignant example of whites resenting blacks' consumption of fancy goods, see Mamie Garvin Fields, with Karen Fields, Lemon Swamp and Other Places: A Carolina Memoir (New York, 1983), 9-10, 62-63
44. Clarence Pickett, More than Bread, 379
45. Pickett to Billikopf, June 18, 1946, box 23, folder 13, Billikopf Papers, AJA
46. Philadelphia Tribune, Nov. 4, 1947, 9
47. "Minutes," Committee on Fair Employment Practices in Department Stores, Nov. 15, 1947, folder 61 FEPC 1948-49, box 44, SWB-YWCA Papers, TUA
48. "A Petition to Philadelphia downtown Stores," folder 61, FEPC 1948-49, box 44, SWB-YWCA Papers. The petition drive had begun before the committee officially approved it