Perioperative fever and outcome in surgical patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Neurosurgery

Volumn 64, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 897-908

  Todd, Michael M ^a   Hindman, Bradley J ^a,r   Clarke, William R ^b   Torner, James C ^b   Weeks, Julie B ^a   Bayman, Emine O ^a,b   Shi, Qian ^b   Spofford, Christina M ^a   Chaloner, K ^b   Davis, P ^b   Howard, M ^b   Tranel, D ^b   Moss, L ^b   Winn, J ^b   Wichman, M ^b   Peters, R ^b   Hansen, M ^b   Anderson, D ^b   Lang, J ^b   Yoo, B ^b   Adams, H ^b   Clifton, G ^c   Gelb, A ^d,s   Loftus, C ^e   Warner, D ^f   Young, W ^d   Frankowski, R ^c   Kieburtz, K ^g   Prough, D ^h   Sternau, L ⁱ   Marler, J ^j   Moy, C ^j   Radziszewska, B ^j   Matta, B ^k   Kirkpatrick, P ^k   Chatfield, D ^k   Skilbeck, C ^k   Kirollos, R ^k   Rasulo, F ^k   English, K ^k   Duffy, C ^k   Pedersen, K ^k,m   Scurrah, N ^k   Burnstein, R ^k   Prabhu, A ^k   Salmond, C ^k   Blackwell, A ^k   Birrell, J ^k   Jackson, S ^k   Kassell, N ^l   Pajewski, T ^l   Fraley, H ^l   Morris, A ^l   Alden, T ^l,m   Shaffrey, M ^l   Bogdonoff, D ^l   Durieux, M ^l   Zuo, Z ^l   Littlewood, K ^l   Nemergut, E ^l   Bedford, R ^l   Stone, D ^l   Balestrieri, P ^l   Mason, J ^l   Henry, G ^l   Ting, P ^l   Shafer, J ^l   Blount, T ^l   Kim, L ^l   James, A ^l   Farace, E ^l   Clark, L ^l   Irons, M ^l   Sasaki, T ^l   Webb, K ^l   Short, T ^m   Mee, E ^m   Ormrod, J ^m   Jane, J ^m   Heppner, P ^m   Olson, S ^m   Ellegala, D ^m   Lind, C ^m   Sheehan, J ^m   Woodfield, M ^m   Law, A ^m   Harrison, M ^m   Davies, P ^m,af   Campbell, D ^m   Robertson, N ^m   Fry, R ^m   Sage, D ^m   Laurent, S ^m   Bradfield, C ^m   Smith, K ^m   Young, Y ^m   Chambers, C ^m   Hodkinson, B ^m   Biddulph, J ^m   Jensen, L ^m   Ogden, J ^m   Thayer, Z ^m   Lee, F ^m   Crump, S ^m   Quaedackers, J ^m   Wray, A ^m   Roelfsema, V ^m   Greif, R ⁿ   Kleinpeter, G ⁿ   Lothaller, C ⁿ   Knosp, E ⁿ   Pfisterer, W ⁿ   Schatzer, R ⁿ   Salem, C ⁿ   Kutalek, W ⁿ   Tuerkkan, E ⁿ   Koller, L ⁿ   Weber, T ⁿ   Buchmann, A ⁿ   Merhaut, C ⁿ   Graf, M ⁿ   Rapf, B ⁿ   Lam, A ^o   Newell, D ^o   Tanzi, P ^o   Lee, L ^o   Domino, K ^o   Vavilala, M ^o   Bramhall, J ^o   Souter, M ^o   Britz, G ^o   Winn, H ^o   Bybee, H ^o   Costello, T ^p   Murphy, M ^p   Harris, K ^p   Thien, C ^p,u   Nye, D ^p   Han, T ^p   McNeill, P ^p   O'Brien, B ^p   Cormack, J ^p   Wyss, A ^p   Grauer, R ^p   Popovic, R ^p   Jones, S ^p   Deam, R ^p   Heard, G ^p,r   Watson, R ^p   Evered, L ^p   Bardenhagen, F ^p   Meade, C ^p   Haartsen, J ^p   Kruger, J ^p   Wilson, M ^p   Maktabi, M ^q   Traynelis, V ^q   McAllister, A ^q   Leonard, P ^q   Hindman, B ^q   Brian, J ^q   Mensink, F ^q   From, R ^q   Papworth, D ^q   Schmid, P ^q   Dehring, D ^q   Hitchon, P ^q   VanGilder, J ^q   Weeks, J ^q   Manzel, K ^q   Anderson, S ^q   Tack, R ^q   Taggard, D ^q   Lennarson, P ^q   Menhusen, M ^q   Lownie, S ^r   Craen, R ^r   Novick, T ^r   Ferguson, G ^r   Duggal, N ^r   Findlay, J ^r   Ng, W ^r   Cowie, D ^r,ah   Badner, N ^r   Herrick, I ^r   Smith, H ^r   Peterson, R ^r   Howell, J ^r   Lindsey, L ^r   Carriere, L ^r   von Lewinski, M ^r   Schaefer, B ^r   Bisnaire, D ^r   Doyle Pettypiece, P ^r   McTaggart, M ^r   Giannotta, S ^s   Zelman, V ^s   Thomson, E ^s   Babayan, E ^s   McCleary, C ^s   Fishback, D ^s   Samra, S ^t   Thompson, B ^t   Chandler, W ^t   Mcgillicuddy, J ^t   Tremper, K ^t   Turner, C ^t   Smythe, P ^t   Dy, E ^t   Pai, S ^t   Portman, V ^t   Palmisano, J ^t   Auer, D ^t   Quigley, M ^t   Giordani, B ^t   Freymuth, A ^t   Scott, P ^t   Silbergleit, R ^t   Hickenbottom, S ^t   Litt, L ^d   Lawton, M ^d   Hannegan, L ^d   Gupta, D ^d   Bickler, P ^d   Dodson, B ^d   Talke, P ^d   Rampil, I ^d   Chen, B ^d   Wright, P ^d   Mitchell, J ^d   Ryan, S ^d   Walker, J ^d   Quinnine, N ^d   Applebury, C ^d   Myles, P ^u   Rosenfeld, J ^u   Hunt, J ^u   Wallace, S ^u   D'Urso, P ^u   McMahon, J ^u   Wadanamby, S ^u   Siu, K ^u   Malham, G ^u   Laidlaw, J ^u   Salerno, S ^u   Alatakis, S ^u   Madder, H ^u   Cairo, S ^u   Konstantatos, A ^u   Smart, J ^u   Lindholm, D ^u   Bain, D ^u   Machlin, H ^u   Moloney, J ^u   Buckland, M ^u   Silvers, A ^u   Downey, G ^u   Molnar, A ^u   Langley, M ^u   McIlroy, D ^u   Daly, D ^u   Bennett, P ^u   Forlano, L ^u   Testa, R ^u   Burnett, W ^u   Johnson, F ^u   Angliss, M ^u   Fletcher, H ^u   Manninen, P ^v   Wallace, M ^v   Lukitto, K ^v   Tymianski, M ^v   Porter, P ^v   Gentili, F ^v   El Beheiry, H ^v   Mosa, M ^v   Mak, P ^v   Balki, M ^v   Shaikh, S ^v   Sawyer, R ^v,af   Quader, K ^v   Chelliah, R ^v   Berklayd, P ^v   Merah, N ^v   Ghazali, G ^v   McAndrews, M ^v   Ridgley, J ^v   Odukoya, O ^v   Yantha, S ^v   Wilson, J ^w   Petrozza, P ^w   Miller, C ^w   O'Brien, K ^w   Tong, C ^w   Olympio, M ^w   Reynolds, J ^w   Colonna, D ^w   Glazier, S ^w   Nobles, S ^w   Hill, D ^w   Hulbert, H ^w   Jenkins, W ^w   Lanier, W ^x   Piepgras, D ^x   Wilson, R ^x   Meyer, F ^x   Atkinson, J ^x   Link, M ^x   Weglinski, M ^x   Berge, K ^x   McGregor, D ^x   Trenerry, M ^x   Smith, G ^x   Walkes, J ^x   Felmlee Devine, M ^x   Van Aken, H ^y   Greiner, C ^y   Freise, H ^y   Brors, H ^y   Hahnenkamp, K ^y   Monteirode Oliveira, N ^y   Schul, C ^y   Moskopp, D ^y   Woelfer, J ^y   Hoenemann, C ^y   Gramke, H ^y   Bone, H ^y   Gibmeier, I ^y   Wirtz, S ^y   Lohmann, H ^y   Freyhoff, J ^y   Bauer, B ^y   Hogan, K ^z   Dempsey, R ^z   Rusy, D ^z   Badie, B ^z   Iskandar, B ^z   Resnick, D ^z   Deshmukh, P ^z   Fitzpatrick, J ^z   Sasse, F ^z   Broderick, T ^z   Willmann, K ^z   Connery, L ^z   Kish, J ^z   Weasler, C ^z   Page, N ^z   Hermann, B ^z   Jones, J ^z   Dulli, D ^z   Stanko, H ^z   Geraghty, M ^z   Elbe, R ^z   Saleversusky, F ^aa   Leblanc, R ^aa   Lapointe, N ^aa   Macgregor, H ^aa   Sinclair, D ^aa   Sirhan, D ^aa   Maleki, M ^aa   Abou Madi, M ^aa   Chartrand, D ^aa   Angle, M ^aa   Milovan, D ^aa   Painchaud, Y ^aa   Mirski, M ^ab   Tamargo, R ^ab   Rice, S ^ab   Olivi, A ^ab   Kim, D ^c,ab   Rigamonti, D ^ab   Naff, N ^ab   Hemstreet, M ^ab   Berkow, L ^ab   Chery, P ^ab   Ulatowski, J ^ab   Moore, L ^ab   Cunningham, T ^ab   McBee, N ^ab   Hartman, T ^ab   Heidler, J ^ab   Hillis, A ^ab   Tuffiash, E ^ab   Chase, C ^ab   Kane, A ^ab   Greene Chandos, D ^ab   Torbey, M ^ab   Ziai, W ^ab   Lane, K ^ab   Bhardwaj, A ^ab   Subhas, N ^ab   Mayberg, M ^ac   Beven, M ^ac   Rasmussen, P ^ac   Woo, H ^ac   Bhatia, S ^ac   Ebrahim, Z ^ac   Lotto, M ^ac   Vasarhelyi, F ^ac   Munis, J ^ac   Graves, K ^ac   Woletz, J ^ac   Chelune, G ^ac   Samples, S ^ac   Evans, J ^ac   Blair, D ^ac   Abou Chebl, A ^ac   Shutway, F ^ac   Manke, D ^ac   Beven, C ^ac   Fogarty Mack, P ^ad   Stieg, P ^ad   Eliazo, R ^ad   Li, P ^ad   Riina, H ^ad   Lien, C ^ad   Ravdin, L ^ad   Wang, J ^ad   Kuo, Y ^ad   Jaffe, R ^ae   Steinberg, G ^ae   Luu, D ^ae   Chang, S ^ae   Giffard, R ^ae   Lemmens, H ^ae   Morgan, R ^ae   Mathur, A ^ae   Angst, M ^ae   Meyer, A ^ae   Yi, H ^ae   Karzmark, P ^ae   Bell Stephens, T ^ae   Marcellus, M ^ae   Sneyd, J ^af   Pobereskin, L ^af   Salsbury, S ^af   Whitfield, P ^af   Dashfield, A ^af   Struthers, R ^af   Rushton, A ^af   Petty, V ^af   Harding, S ^af   Richardson, E ^af   Yonas, H ^ag   Gyulai, F ^ag   Kirby, L ^ag   Kassam, A ^ag   Bircher, N ^ag   Meng, L ^ag   Krugh, J ^ag   Seever, G ^ag   Hendrickson, R ^ag   Gebel, J ^ag   Fabinyi, G ^ah   Poustie, S ^ah   Davis, G ^ah   Drnda, A ^ah   Chandrasekara, D ^ah   Sturm, J ^ah   Phan, T ^ah   Shelton, A ^ah   Clausen, M ^ah   Micallef, S ^ah   Sills, A ^ai   Steinman, F ^ai   Sutton, P ^ai   Sanders, J ^ai   Van Alstine, D ^ai   Leggett, D ^ai   Cunningham, E ^ai   Hamm, W ^ai   Frankel, B ^ai   Sorenson, J ^ai   Atkins, L ^ai   Redmond, A ^ai   Dalrymple, S ^ai   Black, S ^aj   Fisher, W ^aj   Hall, C ^aj   Wilhite, D ^aj   Moore II, T ^aj   Blanton, P ^aj   Sha, Z ^aj   Szmuk, P ^c   Ashtari, A ^c   Hagberg, C ^c   Matuszczak, M ^c   Shahen, A ^c   Moise, O ^c   Novy, D ^c   Govindaraj, R ^c   Jameson, L ^ak   Breeze, R ^ak   Awad, I ^ak   Mattison, R ^ak   Anderson, T ^ak   Salvia, L ^ak   Mosier, M ^ak   Smith, J ^al   Lilley, W ^al   White, B ^al   Lenaerts, M ^al   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

ⁱ MOUNT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^j NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^k ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^m AUCKLAND CITY HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

ⁿ Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost Donauspital   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^p St Vincent's Public Hospital   (Australia)

^q UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HEALTH CARE   (United States)

^r UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^s UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^u ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^v TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^w WAKE FOREST BAPTIST HEALTH   (United States)

^x Mayo Clinic   (United States)

^y UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^z University of Wisconsin Health   (United States)

^aa MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^ab DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^ac LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^ad WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^ae STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^af PLYMOUTH HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^ag UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ah AUSTIN HEALTH   (Australia)

^ai METHODIST UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^aj UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^ak UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^al UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Clinical trial; Fever; Infection; Postoperative care; Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BLEEDING; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRAIN ARTERY ANEURYSM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FEVER; GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; HYPOTHERMIA; INCIDENCE; INFECTION; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; ISCHEMIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; OPERATION DURATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PEROPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; SURGEON; AGED; ARTICLE; CRYOANESTHESIA; HOSPITALIZATION; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEUROSURGERY; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED; INCIDENCE; INTRAOPERATIVE CARE; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 67650733224     PISSN: 0148396X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000341903.11527.2F     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (34)

1. Anderson SW, Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC, Tranel D, Yoo B, Weeks J, Manzel KW, Samra S: Effects of intraoperative hypothermia on neuropsychological outcomes after intracranial aneurysm surgery. Ann Neurol 60:518-527, 2006.
2. Baker KZ, Young WL, Stone JG, Kader A, Baker CJ, Solomon RA: Deliberate mild intraoperative hypothermia for craniotomy. Anesthesiology 81:361-367, 1994.
3. Benton AL, Hamsher KDS: The Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City, AJA Associates, Inc., 1994.
4. Castillo J, Dávalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M: Timing of fever- related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 29:2455-2460, 1998.
5. Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC Jr, Marion DW, Leurssen TG, Chesnut RM, Schwartz M: Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 344:556-563, 2001.
6. Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC: Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 32:1489-1495, 2004.
7. Drake CG: Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a universal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale. J Neurosurg 68:985-986, 1988.
8. Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Claasen J, Pavlicova M, Huddleston D, Kreiter KT, Ostapkovich ND, Kowalski RG, Parra A, Connolly ES, Mayer SA: Fever after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Risk factors and impact on outcome. Neurology 68:1013-1019, 2007.
9. Fisher CM, Kistler J P, Davis JM: Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarach-noid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6:1-9, 1980.
10. Flores-Maldonado A, Medina-Escobedo CE, Rios-Rodriguez HM, Fernández-Dominguez R: Mild perioperative hypothermia and the risk of wound infection. Arch Med Res 32:227-231, 2001.
11. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P: Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: A meta- analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 31:410-414, 2000.
12. Heaton RK, Grant I, Matthews CG: Comprehensive Norms for an Expanded Halstead- Reitan Battery: Demographic Corrections, Research Findings and Clinical Applications. Odessa, Psychological Assessment Resources, 1991.
13. Jennett B, Bond M: Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1:480-484, 1975.
14. Kilpatrick MM, Lowry DW, Firlik AD, Yonas H, Marion DW: Hyperthermia in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Neurosurgery 47:850-856, 2000.
15. Kim Y, Busto R, Dietrich WD, Kraydieh S, Ginsberg MD: Delayed postis-chemic hyperthermia in awake rats worsens the histopathological outcome of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 27:2274-2281, 1996.
16. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R: Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical- wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med 334:1209-1215, 1996.
17. Lezak M: Neuropsychological Assessment. New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.
18. Ling GS: More heat to treat fever in subarachnoid hemorrhage? Neurology 68:973-974, 2007.
19. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW: Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Md State Med J 14:61-65, 1965.
20. Minamisawa H, Smith ML, Siesjö BK: The effect of mild hyperthermia and hypothermia on brain damage following 5, 10, and 15 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Ann Neurol 28:26-33, 1990.
21. Oliviera- Filho J, Ezzeddine MA, Segal AZ, Buonanno FS, Chang Y, Ogilvy CS, Rordorf G, Schwamm LH, Koroshetz WJ, McDonald CT: Fever in subarach-noid hemorrhage: Relationship to vasospasm and outcome. Neurology 56:1299-1304, 2001.
22. Rankin J: Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60: II - Prognosis. Scott Med J 2:200-215, 1957.
23. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pederson PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, Olsen TS: Body temperature in acute stroke: Relation to stroke severity, infarct size, morality and outcome. Lancet 347:422-425, 1996.
24. Rosengart AJ, Schultheiss KE, Tolentino J, Macdonald RL: Prognostic factors outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38:2315-2321, 2007.
25. Rousseaux P, Scherpereel B, Bernard MH, Graftieaux J P, Guyot JF: Fever and cerebral vasospasm in ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 14:459-465, 1980.
26. Schwarz S, Häfner K, Aschoff A, Schwab S: Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 54:354-361, 2000.
27. Sivan AB: The Benton Visual Retention Test. San Antonio, The Psychological Corporation, 1992.
28. Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Kongable G, Germanson T, Truskowski L, Torner JC: Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med 23:1007-1017, 1995.
29. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators: Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (Danaproid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 279:1265-1272, 1998.
30. Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC; Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysms Surgery Trial Investigators: Mild intraoperative hypothermia during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. N Engl J Med 353:135-145, 2005.
31. Walz JM, Paterson CA, Seligowski JM, Heard SO: Surgical site infection following bowel surgery: A retrospective analysis of 1446 patients. Arch Surg 141:1014-1018, 2006.
32. Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fisher J: Influence on admission body temperature on stroke mortality. Stroke 31:404-409, 2000.
33. Wartenberg KE, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Temes RE, Frontera JA, Ostapkovich N, Parra A, Connolly ES, Mayer SA: Impact of medical complications on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 34:617-624, 2006.
34. Wityk RJ, Pessin MS, Kaplan RF, Caplan LR: Serial assessment of acute stroke using the NIH stroke scale. Stroke 25:362-365, 1994.