Broadcasting to Latin America: Reconciling industry-government functions in the pre-Voice of America era

Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 67-89

  Salwen, Michael B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 67650647555     PISSN: 01439685     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01439689700260631     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Donald R. Browne, International Radio Broadcasting: the Limits of a Limitless Medium (New York, 1982)
2. Harold Graves, Jr, War on the Short Wave (New York, 1941), pp. 11-14
3. Charles J. Rolo, Radio Goes to War: the "Fourth Front" (New York, 1942)
4. Larry Wolters, The menace of short wave propaganda, Radio News, 14-15 May 1938, pp. 67-69
5. See also Frank C. Hanighen, Propaganda on the air, Current History, June 1936, pp. 45-51
6. International Convention Concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace, League of Nations, Treaty Series CLXXXVI (No. 4319), pp. 302-317 (23 September 1936)
7. Ratification, League of Nations, Treaty Series, CX (No. 4500), p. 316 (30 December 1938)
8. For a summary of this treaty and of other agreements to control hostile international broadcasting, see Thomas Grandin, The political use of radio, Geneva Studies, 56(3) (1939) (Geneva, Switzerland), see especially ch. 5, Efforts to control the political uses of radio, pp. 88-93
9. US Federal Radio Commission, Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission to the Congress of the United States for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1927 US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1927)
10. James M. Herring & Gerald C. Gross, Telecommunications (New York, 1936), p. 291
11. US Federal Radio Commission, Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission for the Year Ended June 30, 1928 (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1 October 1928)
12. James Schwoch, The American Radio Industry and its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939 (Urbana, IL, 1990)
13. Broadcasters seek to sell time and commercial short wave, New York Times, 19 October 1930, X, p. 11
14. Tolls for international programs are not justified, says examiner Yost, New York Times, 22 March 1931, VIII, p. 16
15. Howard S. Leroy, Treaty regulation of international shortwave broadcasting, American Journal of International Law, 32 (1938), pp. 719-737
16. X (for experimental), Time, 28 August 1939, p. 59
17. John B. Whitton and John H. Herz, 'Radio in international polities', in Harwood L. Childs & John B. Whitton (eds), Propaganda by Short Wave, (Princeton, 1943), pp. 43-48
18. Burton Paulu, Factors in attempts to establish a permanent instrumentality for the administration of the international broadcasting services of the United States, PhD dissertation (New York University, 1949), pp. 13-14
19. For a thorough account on the creation of Zeesen and its programming see Whitton & Herz (1943), pp. 19-24
20. For example, see Carleton Beals (1939), The Coming Struggle for Latin America (Philadelphia, 1939)
21. Harold Callender, On the swastika trail in South America, New York Times Magazine, 17 August 1941, pp. 9, 26 and 30
22. Handbuch des Deutschen Rundfunks (Heidelberg, 1938), p. 301
23. Philip E. Jacob, The theory and strategy of Nazi short-wave propaganda, in Childs & Whitton (1943), pp. 49-108
24. Victor H. Sutro, Radio in Latin America, Bulletin of the Pan American Union, 68 (1934), pp. 647-658. See also note [1]
25. Philip T. Rosen, The Modern Stentors: Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government, 1920-1934 (Westport, CT, 1980), p. 180
26. US Federal Communications Commission, Second Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936 (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1936), p. 62
27. Shearon A. Lowery and Melvin L. De Fleur, Milestones in Mass Communication Research, 2nd edn (New York, 1988), p. 52
28. Cesar Saerchinger, Radio as a political instrument, Foreign Affairs, 16 (1938), pp. 244-259. Two European nations experimented with different systems. The Netherlands relied on listener contributions while Luxembourg relied on commercial broadcasting
29. Richard W. Steele, Propaganda in Society: the Roosevelt Administration and the Media (Westport, CT, 1985), p. 132
30. Thomas L. Stokes, Stations hit U.S. entry into radio, New York World-Telegram, 14 May 1938, p. 23
31. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Report of International Short-Wave Broadcasting Reception in Latin America (Washington, DC, October 1937)
32. US Congress, House, Appendix, Short-Wave Broadcasting. A Speech by Hon. George Henry Payne, Federal Communications Commissioner, at Boston, Mass., on 11 January 1937, 75th Congress, 1st Session, 1937, p. 817
33. US Congress, Senate, Hearings Before a Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce on S. 3342
34. US Congress, House, A Government Radio Station to Further Pan American Relations. Radio Address of Hon. Dennis Chavez of New Mexico on 3 March 1938, 75th Congress, 3rd Session, 4 March 1938, pp. 873-874
35. US Congress, House, Hearings Authorizing the Secretary of the Navy ..., p. 3477
36. See testimony of E. K. Jett, chief engineer, telegraph section. US Congress. Senate, Hearings Before a Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce on S. 3342, pp. 11-22
37. US Congress, Senate, Hearings Before a Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce on S. 3342, p. 156
38. US Interdepartmental Committee to Study International Broadcasting, Report of the Interdepartmental Committee to Study International Broadcasting: Report of the Subcommittee on Programs (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1939)
39. Lewis V. Gilpin, Bills for government stations wither from lack of support, Broadcasting, 1 June 1938, p. 19
40. The date was later extended to 1 January, 1941. Also see, Federal Communications Commission, Fifth Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1939 (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1940), p. 47
41. Fred Fejes, Imperialism, Media, and the Good Neighbor: New Deal Foreign Policy and United States Shortwave Broadcasting to Latin America (Norwood, NJ, 1986), p. 103
42. Federal Communications Commission, Code of Federal Regulations, No. 34222, 42.03(a), International Broadcast Stations (United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 23 May 1939), p. 17
43. Hearings on 'culture' ruling will be postponed by FCC, Broadcasting, 1 July 1939, p. 1
44. Curran and the society held views similar to those of Father Charles E. Coughlin. See Edward Curran, right-wing priest, New York Times, 16 February 1974, p. 34
45. Radio control, New York Times, 25 May 1939, p. 24
46. US Congress, Senate, International Broadcasting - Rules of Federal Communications Commission. 76th Congress, 1st Session, 12 June 1939, p. 7005
47. US Congress, House, Appendix, Letter to Hon. Frank R. McNinch, 75th Congress, 1st Session, 15 June 1939, p. 2629
48. FCC holds up int'l rule, Radio Daily (New York), 17 July 1939, p. 1
49. Federal Communications Commission, Issues Raised by the International Short Wave Broadcasting Rule 42.03(a) (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 14, 15 and 17 July 1939) (testimony on 17 July), p. 8
50. Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Archives, ACLU papers, Vol. 2106
51. Federal Communications Commission, Issues Raised, p. 2
52. Also see, Short wave hearing, NAB Reports, 21 July 1939, pp. 3605-3608
53. FCC quietly inters international rule as a result of disturbed world scene, Broadcasting, 1 October 1939, p. 8
54. Program to Latin America slated to remain sustaining, Advertising Age, 2 July 1939, p. 17
55. For a comprehensive account of NBC and CBS radio operations in Latin America, see E. Roderick Deihl, South of the border: the NBC and CBS radio networks and the Latin American venture, Communication Quarterly, 25 (1977), pp. 2-12
56. Lunsford P. Yandell, NBC reports, Export Trade and Shipper, 20 January 1941, p. 18
57. NBC will broadcast to 20 Latin nations, New York Times, 18 November 1940, p. 38
58. James Reston, Offers a subsidy on Latins' news, New York Times, 7 October 1941, p. 13
59. A. E. Kennelly, The URSI programs of short wave station WIXAL, Science, 30 April 1937, p. 420
60. Michael Kent Sidel, A historical analysis of American short wave broadcasting 1916-1942, PhD dissertation (Northwestern University, 1976), pp. 114-121
61. Robert William Pirsein, The Voice of America: a history of the international broadcasting activities of the United States government 1940-1962, PhD dissertation (Northwestern University, 1970), p. 22
62. Michael B. Salwen, The origins of CMQ: pre-Castro Cuba's leading radio network, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13, pp. 315-332
63. These points are described by J. J. Clarey, Jr vice-president of the Export Advertising Association. See his Radio advertising in and to South America, Export Trade and Shipper, 3 February 1941, pp. 10, 14 and 18-19
64. Federal Communications Commission, Seventh Annual Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1941 (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1941), p. 1
65. Charles A. H. Thomson, The Overseas Information Service of the United States Government (Washington, 1943)
66. Beth Alene Roberts, United States propaganda warfare in Latin America, 1938-1942, PhD dissertation (University of Southern California, 1943), pp. 457-458
67. Allan Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: the Office of War Information, 1942-1945 (New Haven, CT, 1978)
68. Allen Maxwell, Evoking Latin American collaboration in the Second World War - a study of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (1940-1946), PhD dissertation (Tufts University, Fletcher School, 1971)
69. US takes over short waves (19 October 1942), p. 30
70. President may settle short wave dispute, Broadcasting, 23 February 1942, p. 10
71. DCB gets control of wire facilities, New York Times, 8 March 1942, p. 33
72. US Congress, House, Hearings on the National War Agencies, Appropriations Bill, 1944, 78th Congress, 1st Session, April-June 1943, p. 781
73. "Citizen Roosevelt" pictured in "Cavalcade" short-waved in Spanish to Latin America, New York Times, 14 July 1943, p. 40
74. John K. Hutchens, This is America speaking -', New York Times Magazine, 10 May 1942, pp. 10 and 35
75. Lawrence C. Soley, Radio Warfare: OSS and CIA Subversive Propaganda (New York, 1989), especially see ch. 3, The early subversive stations of the United States, pp. 81-122
76. For an alternate view, see David L. Protess, Fay Lomax Cook, Jack C. Doppelt, James S. Ettema, Margaret T. Gordon, Donna R. Leff & Peter Miller, The Journalism of Outrage: investigative reporting and agenda building in America (New York, 1991)
77. Jack L. Walker, A critique of the elitist theory of democracy, American Political Science Review, 60 (1966), pp. 285-295
78. J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power, 2nd edn (New York, 1995), p. 6 (original emphasis)