Herbal Medicines and Animal Models of Gastrointestinal Diseases

Drug Discovery Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1013-1035

  Cho, C H ^a   Ko, J K S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Animal models of gastrointestinal cancer; Glycyrrhizae; Herbal medicines

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650635756     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0471728780.ch22     Document Type: Chapter

References (105)

1. Szabo, S.,Trier, J. S., Brown, A., Schnoor, J., Homan, H. D., Bradford, J. C. (1985). A quantitative method for assessing the extent of experimental gastric erosions and ulcer. J. Pharmacol. Methods, 13, 59-66.
2. Domschke, S., Domschke, W. (1984). Gastroduodenal damage due to drugs, alcohol and smoking. Clin. Gastroenterol., 13, 405-436.
3. Lichtenberger, L. M., Graziani, L. A., Dial, E. J., Butler, B. D., Hills, B. A. (1983). Role of surface active phospholipases in gastric cytoprotection. Science, 219, 1327-1329.
4. Whittle, B. J. R., Steel, G. (1985). Evaluation of rat gastric mucosa by a prostaglandin analogue using cellular enzyme marker and histological techniques. Gastroenterology, 88, 315-327.
5. Szabo, S., Cho, C. H. (1988). Animal models for studying the role of eicosanoids in peptic ulcer disease. In K. Hillier (Ed.), Eicosanoids and the Gastrointestinal Tract. MTP Press, Lancaster, UK, pp. 75-102.
6. Tsukimi,Y., Okabe, S. (1994). Validity of kissing gastric ulcers induced in rats for screening of antiulcer drugs. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 9, S60-S65.
7. Robert, A., Stout, T. C., Dale, J. E. (1970). Production by secretogogues of duodenal ulcers in the rat. Gastroenterology, 59, 95-102.
8. Cho, C. H., Pfeiffer, C. J. (1981). Gastrointestinal ulceration in the guinea pig in response to dimaprit, histamine and H1-and H2-blocking agents. Digest. Dis. Sci., 26, 306-311.
9. Szabo, S. (1978). Animal model of human disease. Duodenal ulcer disease. Animal model: Cysteamine-induced acute and chronic duodenal ulcer in the rat. Am. J. Pathol., 93, 273-276.
10. Elson, C. O., Sartor, R. B., Tennyson, G. S., Riddell, R. H. (1995). Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 109, 1344-1368.
11. Kim, H. S., Berstad, A. (1992). Experimental colitis in animal models. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 27, 529-537.
12. Sartor, R. B. (1997). How relevant to human inflammatory bowel diseases are current animal models of intestinal inflammation? Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 11(Suppl. 3), 89-97.
13. Morris,G. P., Beck, P. L., Herridge, M. S., Depew,W. T., Szewczuk, M. R.,Wallace, J. L. (1989). Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon. Gastroenterology, 96, 795-804.
14. Chin, K.W., Barrett, K. E. (1994). Mast cells are not essential to inflammation in murine model of colitis. Digest. Dis. Sci., 39, 513-525.
15. Yamada, Y., Marshall, S., Specian, R. D., Grisham, M. B. (1992). A comparative analysis of two models of colitis in rats. Gastroenterology, 102, 1524-1534.
16. Hawkins, J.V., Emmel, E. L., Feuer, J. J., Nedelman, M. A., Harvey, C. J.,Kennedy, A. R., Lichtenstein, G. R., Billings, P. C. (1997). Protease activity in a hapteninduced model of ulcerative colitis in rats. Digest. Dis. Sci., 42, 1969-1980.
17. Okayasu, I., Hatakeyama, S., Yamada, M., Ohkusa, T., Inagaki, Y., Nakaya, R. (1990). A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. Gastroenterology, 98, 694-702.
18. Copper, H. S., Murphy, S., Kido, K.,Yoshitake, H., Flanigan, A. (2000). Dysplasia and cancer in the dextran sulfate sodium mouse colitis model. Relevance to colitis-associated neoplasia in the human: A study of histopathology, B-catenin and p53 expression and the role of inflammation. Carcinogenesis, 21, 757-768.
19. Liu, E. S. L., Ye, Y. N., Shin, V. Y., Yuen, S. T., Leung, S. Y.,Wong, B. C. Y., Cho, C. H. (2003). Cigarette smoke exposure increase ulcerative colitis-associated colonic adenoma formation in mice. Carcinogenesis, 24, 1407-1413.
20. Guo, X.,Wang,W. P., Cho, C. H. (1999). Involvement of neutrophils and free radicals in the potentiating effects of passive cigarette smoking on inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Gastroenterology, 117, 884-892.
21. Wallace, J. L.,Keenan, C. M. (1990). An orally active inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis accelerates healing in a rat model of colitis. Am. J. Physiol., 258, G527-G537.
22. Suzuki, K., Ota, H., Sasagawa, S., Sakatani, T., Fijikura, T. (1983). Assay method for myeloperoxidase in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Anal. Biochem., 132, 345-352.
23. Jung,Y. D., Mansfield, P. F., Akagi, M.,Takeda, A., Liu,W., Bucana, C. D., Kicklin, D. J., Ellis, L. M. (2002). Effects of combination anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapies on the growth of gastric cancer in a nude mouse model. Eur. J. Cancer, 38, 1133-1140.
24. Shin,V. Y.,Wu,W. K. K., Liu, E. S. L.,Ye,Y. N., So,W. H. L., Koo, M.W. L., Liu, E. S. L., Luo, J. C., Cho,C. H. (2004). Nicotine promotes gastric tumor growth and neovascularization by activating extracellular regulated signal kinase and cycylooxygenase-2. Carcinogenesis, 25, 2487-2495.
25. Takahashi, Y., Mai, M., Nishioka, K. (2000). A-Difluoromethylornithine induces apoptosis as well as anti-angiogenesis in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in human gastric cancer model. Int. J. Cancer, 85, 243-247.
26. Yamachika,T., Nakanishi, H., Inada, K. I., Tsukamoto,T., Shimizu, N., Kobayashi, K., Fukushima, S., Tatematsu, M. (1998). N-methyl-N-nitrosourea concentrationdependent, total intake-dependent, induction of adenocarcinomas in the glandular stomach of Balb/c mice. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 89, 385-391.
27. Yano, H., Tatsuta, M., Iishi, H., Baba, M., Sakai, N., Uedo, N. (1999). Attenuation by d-limonene of sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by Nmethyl-N¢-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Int. J. Cancer, 82, 665-668.
28. Uedo,N.,Tatsuta, M., Bara, M., Hirasawa, R., Iishi, H.,Yano, H., Sakai,N., Uehara, H., Nakaizumi, A. (1999). Inhibition by rat C-erbB-2/neu antisense oligonucleotide of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N¢-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Int. J. Cancer, 83, 670-673.
29. Yamada, M., Ohkusa, T., Okayasu, I. (1992). Occurrence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma after experimental chronic ulcerative colitis in hamsters induced by dextran sulphate sodium. Gut, 33, 1521-1527.
30. Ye,Y. N., Liu, E. S. L., Shin,V. Y.,Wu,W. K. K., Cho, C. H. (2004). Contributory role of 5-lipoxygenase and its association with angiogenesis in the promotion of inflammation-associated colonic tumorigenesis by cigarette smoking. Toxicology, 203, 179-188.
31. Kado, S., Uchida, K., Funabashi, H., Iwata, S., Nagata, Y., Ando, M., Onoue, M. (2001). Intestinal microflora are necessary for development of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in T-cell receptor b chain and p53 doubleknockout mice. Cancer Res., 61, 2395-2398.
32. Rao, C. V., Cooma, I., Rodriguez, J. G. R., Simi, B., El-Bayoumy, K., Reddy, B. S. (2000). Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis development in the APCmin mouse model by 1,4 phenylene bis (methylene) selenocyanate. Carcinogenesis, 21, 617-621.
33. Bralow, S. P.,Weisburger, J. H. (1976). Experimental carcinogenesis in the digestive organs. Clin. Gastroenterol., 5, 527-542.
34. Rao, C. V., Hirose, Y., Indranie, C., Reddy, B. S. (2001). Modulation of experimental colon tumorigenesis by types and amounts of dietary fatty acids. Cancer Res., 61, 1927-1933.
35. Symolon, H., Schmelz, E. M., Dillehay,D. L., Merrill Jr.,A. H. (2004). Dietary soy sphingolipids suppress tumorigenesis and gene expression in 1,2-dimethyldrazinetreated CG1 mice and ApcMin/+ mice1,2. J. Nutr., 134, 1157-1161.
36. Nakaji, S., Ishiguro, S., Iwane, S., Ohta, M., Sugawara, K., Sakamoto, J., Fukuda, S. (2004). The prevention of colon carcinogenesis in rats by dietary cellulose is greater than the promotive effect of dietary lard as assessed by repeated endoscopic observation. J. Nutr., 134, 935-939.
37. Narisawa, T., Magadia, N. E.,Weisburger, J. H.,Wynder, E. L. (1974). Promoting effect of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal instillation of N-methyl-N¢-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 53, 1093-1097.
38. Benitz,W. E., Lessler, D. S., Coulson, J. D., Bernfield, M. (1986). Heparin inhibits proliferation of fetal vascular smooth muscle cells in the absence of plateletderived growth factor. J. Cell. Physiol., 127, 1-7.
39. Klein-Soyer,C., Beretz, A., Cazenave, J. P.,Wittendorp-Rechenmann, E.,Vonesch, J. L., Rechenmann, R. V., Driot, F., Maffrand, J. P. (1989). Sulfated polysaccharides modulate effects of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors on repair of injured confluent human vascular endothelium. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 9, 147-153.
40. Kaeffer, B., Benard, C., Lahaye, M., Blottiere, H. M., Cherbut, C. (1999). Biological properties of ulvan, a new source of green seaweed sulfated polysaccharides on cultured normal and cancerous colonic epithelial cells. Planta Med.,65, 527-531.
41. Vischer, P., Buddecke, E. (1991). Different action of heparin and fucoidan on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and thrombospondin and fibronectin metabolism. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 56, 407-414.
42. Sudhalter, J., Folkman, J., Svah, C. M., Bergendal, K., D'Amore, P. A. (1989). Importance of size, sulfation, and anticoagulant activity in the potentiation of acidic fibroblast growth factor by heparin. J. Biol. Chem., 264, 6892-6897.
43. Logeart, D., Prigent-Richard, S., Boisson-Vidal C., Chaubet, F., Durand, P., Jozefonvicz, J., Letourneur, D. (1997). Fucans, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. II. Degradation and molecular weight effect. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 74, 385-390.
44. Chihara, G. (1992). Recent progress in immunopharmacology and therapeutic effects of polysaccharides. Devel. Biol. Stand., 77, 191-197.
45. Miao, H. Q., Ishai-Michaeli, R., Peretz,T., Vlodavsky, I. (1995). Laminarin sulfate mimics the effects of heparin on smooth muscle cell proliferation and basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor binding and mitogenic activity. J. Cell. Physiol., 164, 482-490.
46. Czop, J. K., Kay, J. (1991). Isolation and characterization of b-glucan receptors on human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Exper. Med., 173, 1511-1520.
47. Yang,Q.Y., Jong, S. C. (1989). Medicinal mushroom in China. Mushroom Sci., 12, 631-643.
48. Wasser, S. P., Weis, A. L. (1999). Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushroom:A modern perspective. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 19, 65-96.
49. Chihara, G. (1978). Antitumor and immunological properties of polysaccharides from fungal origin. Mushroom Sci., 9, 797-814.
50. Kidd, P. M. (2000). The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Alt. Med. Rev., 5, 4-27.
51. Shibata, H., Kimura-Takagi, I., Nagaoka, M., Hashimoto, S.,Aiyyama, R., Ueyama, S., Yokokura, T. (2000). Properties of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus tokida in gastric mucosal protection. Biofactors, 11, 235-245.
52. Shibata, H., Iimuro, M., Uchiya, N., Kawamori, T., Nagaoka, M., Ueyama, S., Hashimoto, S.,Yokokura,T., Sugimura,T.,Wakabay, K. (2003). Preventive effects of Cladosiphon fucidan against Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils. Helicobacter, 8, 59-65.
53. Sun, X. B., Matsumoto, T., Yamada, H. (1991). Effects of a polysaccharide fraction from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L. on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 43, 699-704.
54. Yamada, H. (1995). Structure and pharmacological activity of pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Bulpleurum falcatum L. Folia Pharmacol. Jpn., 106, 229-237.
55. Sun, X. B., Matsumoto, T., Yamada, H. (1992). Anti-ulcer activity and mode of action of the polysaccharide fraction from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med., 58, 432-435.
56. Cho, C. H., Mei,Q. B., Shange, P., Lee, S. S., So,H. L., Guo, X., Li,Y. (2000). Study of the gastrointestinal protective effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis in rats. Planta Med., 66, 348-351.
57. Ye, Y. N., Koo,W. W. L., Li, Y., Matsui, H., Cho, C. H. (2001). Angelica sinensis modulates migration and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Life Sci., 68, 961-968.
58. Ye,Y. N., Liu, E. S. L., Shin,V. Y. Cho, C. H. (2001). A mechanistic study of proliferation induced by Angelica sinensis in a normal gastric epithelial cell line. Biochem. Pharmacol., 61, 1439-1448.
59. Ye,Y. N., Li,Y., So, H. L., Cho, C. H. (2001). Protective effects of polysaccharideenriched fraction from Angelica sinensis on hepatic injury. Life Sci., 69, 637-646.
60. Shang, P., Qian, A. R., Yang, T. H., Jia, M., Mei, Q. B., Cho, C. H., Zhao,W. M., Chen, Z. N. (2003). Experimental study of anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis. World J. Gastroenterol., 9, 1963-1967.
61. Jayashree, P. K., Krutin, K. B., Thomas, P. A. D. (2000). Antioxidant properties of Asparagus racemosus against damage induced by g-radiation in rat liver mitochondria. J. Ethnopharmacol., 71, 425-435.
62. Hase, K., Kadota, S., Basnet, P., Takahashi, T., Namba, T. (1996). Protective effect of celosian, an acidic polysaccharide, on chemically and immunologically induced liver injuries. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 19, 567-572.
63. Langmead, L., Feakins, R. M., Goldthorpe, S., Holt, H., Tsironi, E., De Silva, A., Jewell, D. P., Rampton, D. S. (2004). Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 19, 739-747.
64. Surh, Y-J. (1999). Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat. Res., 428, 305-327.
65. Conney, A. H., Lou, Y. R., Xie, J. G., Osawa, T., Newmark, H. L., Liu, Y., Chang,R. L., Huang, M. T. (1997). Some perspectives on dietary inhibition of carcinogenesis: Studies with curcumin and tea. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 216, 234-245.
66. Anto, R. J., George, J., Babu, K. V. D., Rajasekharan, K. N., Kuttan, R. (1996). Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of natural and synthetic curcuminoids. Mutat. Res., 370, 127-131.
67. Syr, W-R., Shen, C-C., Don, M-J., Ou, J-C., Lee, G-H., Sun, C-M. (1998). Cytotoxicity of curcuminoids and some novel compounds from Curcuma zedoaria. J. Nat. Prod., 61, 1531-1534.
68. Churchill, M., Chadburn, A., Bilinski, R. T., Bertagnolli, M. M. (2000). Inhibition of intestinal tumors by curcumin is associated with changes in the intestinal immune cell profile. J. Surg. Res., 89, 169-175.
69. Kawamori,T., Lubet, R., Steele,V. E.,Kellof,G. J., Kaskey,R. B., Rao,C.V., Reddy, B. S. (1999). Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring antiinflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res., 59, 597-601.
70. Huang, M-T., Lou, Y-R., Ma, W., Newmark, H. L., Reuhl, K. R., Conney, A. H. (1994). Inhibitory effects of dietary curcumin on forestomach, duodenum, and colon carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res., 54, 5841-5847.
71. Moragoda, L., Jaszewski, R., Majumdar, A. P. N. (2001). Curcumin induced modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric and colon cancer cells. Anticancer Res., 21, 873-878.
72. Plummer, S. M., Holloway, K. A., Manson, M. M., Munks, R. J. L., Kaptein, A., Farrow, S., Howells, L. (1999). Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-kB activation via the NIK/IKK signaling complex. Oncogene, 18, 6013-6020.
73. Rao, C. V., Rivenson, A., Simi, B., Reddy, B. S. (1995). Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound. Cancer Res., 55, 259-266.
74. Baeuerle, P. A., Henkek,T. (1994). Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 141-179.
75. Reuther, J. Y., Baldwin, A. S. Jr. (1999). Apoptosis promotes a caspase-induced amino-terminal truncation of I-kappa-B-alpha that functions as a stable inhibitor of NF-kappa B. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 20664-20670.
76. Liu, J. Y., Lin, S. J., Lin, J. K. (1993). Inhibitory effects of curcumin on protein kinase C activity induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in NIH 3T3 cells. Carcinogenesis, 14, 857-861.
77. Sharma, R. A., McLelland, H. R., Hill, K. A., Ireson, C. R., Euden, S. A., Manson, M. M., Pirmohamed, M., Marnett, L. J., Gescher,A. J., Steward,W. P. (2001). Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 7, 1894-1900.
78. Nemoto,Y., Satoh, K.,Toriizuka, K., Hirai,Y.,Tobe,T., Sakagami, H., Nakashima, H., Ida, Y. (2002). Cytotoxic and radical scavenging activity of blended herbal extracts. In Vivo, 16, 327-332.
79. Wang, Z. Y., Nixon, D.W. (2001). Licorice and cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 39, 1-11.
80. Sakamoto, S., Mori, T., Sawaki, K., Kawachi, Y., Kuwa, K., Kudo, H., Suzuki, S., Sugiura, Y., Kasahara, N., Nagasawa, H. (1993). Effects of kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine "sho-saiko-to" on DNA-synthesizing enzyme activity in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinomas in rats. Planta Med., 59, 152-154.
81. Yoo, B. H., Lee, B. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, N. J., Kim, S. H., Ryu, K.W. (2001). Effects of Shikunshito-Kamiho on fecal enzymes and formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 638-642.
82. Wagner, H., Jurcic, K. (2002). Immunological studies of Revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing Echinacea purpurea and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Phytomedicine, 9, 390-397.
83. Tomoda, M., Shimizu, N., Kanari, M., Gonda, R., Arai, S., Okuda,Y. (1990). Characterization of two polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38, 1667-1671.
84. Dai, J. H., Iwatani, Y., Ishida, T., Terunuma, H., Kasai, H., Iwakula, Y., Fujiwara, H., Ito, M. (2001). Glycyrrhizin enhances interleukin-12 production in peritoneal macrophages. Immunology, 103, 235-243.
85. Chung, J. G., Chang, H. L., Lin,W. C.,Wang, H. H., Yeh, C. C., Hung, C. F., Li, Y. C. (2000). Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity and DNA-2-aminofluorene adducts by glycyrrhizic acid in human colon tumour cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38, 163-172.
86. Rafi, M. M.,Vastano, B. C., Zhu, N.,Ho, C. T., Ghai,G., Rosen, R. T., Gallo, M. A., DiPaola, R. S. (2002). Novel polyphenol molecule isolated from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) induces apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and Bcl-2 phosphorylation in tumor cell lines. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 677-684.
87. Tamir, S., Eizenberg, M., Somjen, D., Stern, N., Shelach, R., Kaye, A., Vaya, J. (2000). Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res., 60, 5704-5709.
88. Maggiolini, M., Statti, G., Vivacqua, A., Gabriele, S., Rago, V., Loizzo, M., Menichini, F., Amdo, S. (2002). Estrogenic and antiproliferative activities of isoliquiritigenin in MCF7 breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 82, 315-322.
89. Kanazawa, M., Satomi, Y., Mizutani, Y., Ukimura, O., Kawauchi, A., Sakai, T., Baba, M., Okuyama, T., Nishino, H., Miki, T. (2003). Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol., 43, 580-586.
90. Yamamoto, S., Aizu, E., Jiang, H., Nakadate, T., Kiyoto, I.,Wang, J. C., Kato, R. (1991). The potent anti-tumor-promoting agent isoliquiritigenin. Carcinogenesis, 12, 317-321.
91. Kobayashi, S., Miyamoto, T., Kimura, I., Kimura, M. (1995). Inhibitory effect of isoliquiritin, a compound in licorice root, on angiogenesis in vivo and tube formation in vitro. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 18, 1382-1386.
92. Fukai, T., Marumo, A., Kaitou, K., Kanda, T., Terada, S., Nomura, T. (2002). Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract. Life Sci., 71, 1449-1463.
93. Baba, M.,Asano, R.,Takigami, I.,Takahashi,T., Ohmura, M., Okada,Y., Sugimoto, H., Arika, T., Nishino, H., Okuyama, T. (2002). Studies on cancer chemoprevention by traditional folk medicines XXV. Inhibitory effect of isoliquiritigenin on azoxymethane-induced murine colon aberrant crypt focus formation and carcinogenesis. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 25, 247-250.
94. Tao, X., Lipsky, P. E. (2000). The Chinese anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 26, 29-50.
95. Luk, J. M., Lai,W., Tam, P., Koo, M. W. L. (2000). Suppression of cytokine production and cell adhesion molecule expression in human monocytic cell line THP-1 by Tripterygium wilfordii polysaccharide moiety. Life Sci., 67, 155-163.
96. Chen, B. J. (2001). Triptolide, a novel immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Leukem. Lymph., 42, 253-265.
97. Qiu,D., Zhao,G.,Aoki,Y., Shi, L., Uyei,A., Nazarian, S.,Ng, J. C.,Kao,P. N. (1999). Immunosuppressant PG490 (Triptolide) inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 expression at the level of purine-box/nuclear factor of activated T-cells and NF-kB transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 13443-13450.
98. Fidler, J. M., Li, K., Chung, C.,Wei, K., Ross, J. A., Gao, M., Rosen, G. D. (2003). PG490-88, a derivative of triptolide, causes tumor regression and sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2, 855-862.
99. Jiang, X. H.,Wong, B. C., Lin, M. C., Zhu, G. H., Kung, H. F., Jiang, S. H., Yang, D., Lam, S. K. (2001). Functional p53 is required for triptolide-induced apoptosis and AP-1 and nuclear factor-kB activation in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene, 20, 8009-8018.
100. Pang, D. J., Li, Z. L., Hu, C. Q., Chen, K., Chang, J. J., Lee, K. H. (1990). The cytotoxic principles of Pseudolarix kaempferi: Pseudolaric acid-A and-B and related derivatives. Planta Med., 56, 383-385.
101. Chen, G. F., Li, Z. L., Pan, D. J., Tang, C. M., He, X., Xu, G. Y., Chen, K., Lee, K. H. (1993). The isolation and structural elucidation of four novel triterpene lactones, pseudolarolides A, B, C, and D, from Pseudolarix kaempferi. J. Nat. Prod., 56, 1114-1122.
102. Jaradat, M. S., Noonan,D. J.,Wu,B.,Avery, M. A.,Feller,D. R., Jardat, M. S. (2002). Pseudolaric acid analogs as a new class of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor agonists. Planta Med., 68, 667-671.
103. DuBois, R. N., Gupta, R., Brockman, J., Reddy, B. S., Krakow, S. L., Lazar, M. A. (1998). The nuclear eicosanoid receptor,PPARg, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers. Carcinogenesis, 19, 49-53.
104. Yang,W-L., Frucht, H. (2001). Activation of the PPAR pathway induces apoptosis and COX-2 inhibition in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis, 22, 1379-1383.
105. Sato, H., Ishihara, S., Kawashima, K., Moriyama, N., Suetsugu, H., Kazumori, H., Okuyama, T., Rumi, M. A. K., Fukuda, R., Nagasue, N., Kinoshita, Y. (2000). Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)g in gastric cancer and inhibitory effects of PPARg agonists. Br. J. Cancer, 83, 1394-1400.