메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 139, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 533-546

A microsatellite study to disentangle the ambiguity of linguistic, geographic, ethnic and genetic influences on tribes of india to get a better clarity of the antiquity and peopling of South Asia

Author keywords

Austro asiatic; Dravidian; Peopling of India; Tibeto burman

Indexed keywords

MICROSATELLITE DNA;

EID: 67650526604     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21018     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 24644446337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism at 15 short tandem repeat AmpFSTR Identifiler loci in three aboriginal populations of India: An assessment in human identification
    • JFS2005151
    • Banerjee J, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK. 2005. Polymorphism at 15 short tandem repeat AmpFlSTR Identifiler loci in three aboriginal populations of India: an assessment in human identification. J Forensic Sci 50:1229-1234. (Pubitemid 41279182)
    • (2005) Journal of Forensic Sciences , vol.50 , Issue.5 , pp. 1229-1234
    • Banerjee, J.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 3
    • 33644830689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution mtDNA studies of the Indian population: Implications for palaeolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00207.x
    • Barnabas S, Shouche Y, Suresh CG. 2006. High-resolution mtDNA studies of the Indian population: implications for paleolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent. Ann Hum Genet 70:42-58. (Pubitemid 43355560)
    • (2006) Annals of Human Genetics , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-58
    • Barnabas, S.1    Shouche, Y.2    Suresh, C.G.3
  • 5
    • 34547416660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide analysis of multiple microsatellites: Language diversity has a detectable influence on DNA diversity
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20622
    • Belle EMS, Barbujani G. 2007. Worldwide analysis of multiple microsatellites: language diversity has a detectable influence on DNA diversity. Am J Phys Anthrop 133:1137-1146. (Pubitemid 47173552)
    • (2007) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.133 , Issue.4 , pp. 1137-1146
    • Belle, E.M.S.1    Barbujani, G.2
  • 6
    • 42149166785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans
    • DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20772
    • Berkman CC, Dinc H, Sekeryapan C, Togan I. 2008. Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans. Am J Phys Anthrop 136:11-18. (Pubitemid 351563980)
    • (2008) American Journal of Physical Anthropology , vol.136 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-18
    • Berkman, C.C.1    Dinc, H.2    Sekeryapan, C.3    Togan, I.4
  • 8
    • 34347207588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allele frequency distribution based on 17 STR markers in three major Dravidian linguistic populations of Andhra Pradesh, India
    • DOI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.012, PII S0379073806002726
    • Bindu GH, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK. 2007. Allele frequency distribution based on 17 STR markers in three major Dravidian linguistic populations of Andhra Pradesh, India. Forensic Sci Int 170:76-85. (Pubitemid 47007679)
    • (2007) Forensic Science International , vol.170 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-85
    • Hima Bindu, G.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 10
    • 0023163377 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution
    • Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325:31-36.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 31-36
    • Cann, R.L.1    Stoneking, M.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 12
    • 0004287633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Census of India. New Delhi: Office of Registrar General, Government of India Publication
    • Census of India. 2001. Provisional population tables, paper 1, series 1. New Delhi: Office of Registrar General, Government of India Publication.
    • (2001) Provisional Population Tables, Paper 1, Series 1
  • 13
    • 0035227293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population data for nine fluorescent based STR loci among four important tribal populations of India
    • Chattopadhyay P, Ranjan D, Kashyap VK. 2001. Population data for nine fluorescent based STR loci among four important tribal populations of India. J Forensic Sci 46:184-188.
    • (2001) J Forensic Sci , vol.46 , pp. 184-188
    • Chattopadhyay, P.1    Ranjan, D.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 15
    • 33846609593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peopling of South Asia: Investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India
    • DOI 10.1002/bies.20525
    • Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Villems R. 2007. Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India. Bioessays 29:91-100. (Pubitemid 46181807)
    • (2007) BioEssays , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-100
    • Chaubey, G.1    Metspalu, M.2    Kivisild, T.3    Villems, R.4
  • 18
    • 3242811372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The northeast Indian passageway: A barrier or corridor for human migrations?
    • Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M. 2004a. The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations? Mol Biol Evol 21:1525-1533
    • (2004) Mol Biol Evol , vol.21 , pp. 1525-1533
    • Cordaux, R.1    Weiss, G.2    Saha, N.3    Stoneking, M.4
  • 19
    • 31344433978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- And Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands
    • DOI 10.1002/ajhb.20459
    • Cox MP, Lahr MM. 2006. Y-Chromosomal diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands. Am J Hum Biol 18:35-50. (Pubitemid 43137091)
    • (2006) American Journal of Human Biology , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-50
    • Cox, M.P.1    Lahr, M.M.2
  • 21
    • 85045081488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives: The world through the eyes of two haploid genomes
    • Petragalia DM, Allchin A, editors. The Netherlands: Springer
    • Endicott P, Metspalu M, Kivisild T. 2007. Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives: The world through the eyes of two haploid genomes. In: Petragalia DM, Allchin A, editors. The evolution and history of human populations in South Asia. The Netherlands: Springer. p 229-244.
    • (2007) The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia , pp. 229-244
    • Endicott, P.1    Metspalu, M.2    Kivisild, T.3
  • 24
    • 0003152728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peopling of India
    • Balasubramanian D, Rao NA, editors. Hyderabad: Hyderabad University Press
    • Gadgil M, Joshi N, Manoharan S, Patil S, Prasad UVS. 1998. Peopling of India. In: Balasubramanian D, Rao NA, editors. The human heritage. Hyderabad: Hyderabad University Press. p 100-129.
    • (1998) The Human Heritage , pp. 100-129
    • Gadgil, M.1    Joshi, N.2    Manoharan, S.3    Patil, S.4    Prasad, U.V.S.5
  • 25
    • 0038309912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity in four tribal groups of western India: A survey of polymorphism in 15 STR loci and their application in human identification
    • DOI 10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00166-X
    • Gaikwad S, Kashyap VK. 2003. Genetic diversity in four tribal groups of western India: a survey of polymorphism in 15 STR loci and their application in human identification. Forensic Sci Int 134:225-231. (Pubitemid 36814069)
    • (2003) Forensic Science International , vol.134 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 225-231
    • Gaikwad, S.1    Kashyap, V.K.2
  • 28
    • 0037489188 scopus 로고
    • The racial affinities of the people of India
    • Simla: Government of India Press
    • Guha BS. 1935. The racial affinities of the people of India. In: Census of India, 1931. Simla: Government of India Press.
    • (1935) Census of India, 1931
    • Guha, B.S.1
  • 30
    • 0034619822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modem humans
    • DOI 10.1038/35047064
    • Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Pääbo S, Gyllensten U. 2000. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408:708-713. (Pubitemid 32015984)
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , Issue.6813 , pp. 708-713
    • Ingman, M.1    Kaessmann, H.2    Paabo, S.3    Gyllensten, U.4
  • 31
    • 0036379887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concordance study on 15 STR loci in three major populations of Himalayan State Sikkim
    • Kashyap VK, Guha S, Trivedi R. 2002. Concordance study on 15 STR loci in three major populations of Himalayan State Sikkim. J Forensic Sci 47:1163-1167.
    • (2002) J Forensic Sci , vol.47 , pp. 1163-1167
    • Kashyap, V.K.1    Guha, S.2    Trivedi, R.3
  • 34
    • 84892938625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetic perspective of Indian populations: A Y-chromosome scenario
    • Bhasin V, Bhasin MK, editors. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises
    • Krithika S, Maji S, Vasulu TS. 2008. Molecular genetic perspective of Indian populations: a Y-chromosome scenario. In: Bhasin V, Bhasin MK, editors. Anthropology today: trends, scope and applications. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. p385- 392.
    • (2008) Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications , pp. 385-392
    • Krithika, S.1    Maji, S.2    Vasulu, T.S.3
  • 35
    • 24344474444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity at 15 microsatellite loci among the Adi Pasi population of Adi tribal cluster in Arunachal Pradesh, India
    • Tokyo
    • Krithika S, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK, Vasulu TS. 2005. Genetic diversity at 15 microsatellite loci among the Adi Pasi population of Adi tribal cluster in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Leg Med (Tokyo) 7:306-310.
    • (2005) Leg Med , vol.7 , pp. 306-310
    • Krithika, S.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3    Vasulu, T.S.4
  • 36
    • 33845896550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype profile for fifteen tetranucleotide repeat loci in two Tibeto-Burman speaking tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00347.x
    • Krithika S, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK, Vasulu TS. 2007a. Genotype profile for fifteen tetranucleotide repeat loci in two Tibeto- Burman speaking tribal populations of Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Forensic Sci 52:239-241 (Pubitemid 46018460)
    • (2007) Journal of Forensic Sciences , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 239-241
    • Krithika, S.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3    Vasulu, T.S.4
  • 37
    • 34249653626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allele frequency distribution at 15 autosomal STR loci in Panggi. Komkar and Padam sub tribes of Adi, a Tibeto-Burman speaking population of Arunachal Pradesh, India
    • Tokyo
    • Krithika S, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK, Vasulu TS. 2007b. Allele frequency distribution at 15 autosomal STR loci in Panggi. Komkar and Padam sub tribes of Adi, a Tibeto-Burman speaking population of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Leg Med (Tokyo) 9:210-217.
    • (2007) Leg Med , vol.9 , pp. 210-217
    • Krithika, S.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3    Vasulu, T.S.4
  • 40
    • 0037592639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of Austro-Asiatic groups in the peopling of India: An exploratory study based on the available prehistoric, linguistic and biological evidences
    • Kumar V, Reddy BM. 2003. Status of Austro-Asiatic groups in the peopling of India: an exploratory study based on the available prehistoric, linguistic and biological evidences. J Biosci 28:507-522. (Pubitemid 36750056)
    • (2003) Journal of Biosciences , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 507-522
    • Kumar, V.1    Reddy, B.M.2
  • 41
    • 3242810318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment
    • Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Briefings Bioinformatics 5:150-163.
    • (2004) Briefings Bioinformatics , vol.5 , pp. 150-163
    • Kumar, S.1    Tamura, K.2    Nei, M.3
  • 42
    • 13244271279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and relationships among the tribes of Meghalaya compared to other Indian and continental populations
    • Langstieh BT, Reddy BM, Thangaraj K, Kumar V, Singh L. 2004. Genetic diversity and relationships among the tribes of Meghalaya compared to other Indian and Continental populations. Hum Biol 76:569-590. (Pubitemid 40192846)
    • (2004) Human Biology , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 569-590
    • Langstieh, B.T.1    Reddy, B.M.2    Thangaraj, K.3    Kumar, V.4    Singh, L.5
  • 43
    • 12444296121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphism revealed by 13 tetrameric and 2 pentameric STR loci in four Mongoloid tribal population
    • DOI 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00436-X, PII S037907380200436X
    • Maity B, Nunga SC, Kashyap VK. 2003. Genetic polymorphism revealed by 13 tetrameric and 2 pentameric STR loci in four Mongoloid tribal populations. Forensic Sci Int 132:216-222. (Pubitemid 36438691)
    • (2003) Forensic Science International , vol.132 , Issue.3 , pp. 216-222
    • Maity, B.1    Nunga, S.C.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 44
    • 0032221244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People of India: Biological diversity and affinities
    • Majumder PP. 1998. People of India: biological diversity and affinities. Evol Anthropol 6:100-110.
    • (1998) Evol Anthropol , vol.6 , pp. 100-110
    • Majumder, P.P.1
  • 45
    • 0003043240 scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and affinities among Indian populations: An overview
    • Majumder PP, editor. New York: Plenum
    • Majumder PP, Mukherjee BN. 1993. Genetic diversity and affinities among Indian populations: an overview. In: Majumder PP, editor. Human population genetics. New York: Plenum. p 255-275.
    • (1993) Human Population Genetics , pp. 255-275
    • Majumder, P.P.1    Mukherjee, B.N.2
  • 46
    • 0018097990 scopus 로고
    • Morphological composition of the people of India
    • Malhotra KC. 1978. Morphological composition of the people of India. J Hum Evol 7:45-63.
    • (1978) J Hum Evol , vol.7 , pp. 45-63
    • Malhotra, K.C.1
  • 47
    • 0002227879 scopus 로고
    • Structure of Human populations in India
    • Majumder PP, editors. New York: Plenum
    • Malhotra KC, Vasulu TS. 1993. Structure of Human populations in India. In: Majumder PP, editors. Human population genetics. New York: Plenum. p 207-233.
    • (1993) Human Population Genetics , pp. 207-233
    • Malhotra, K.C.1    Vasulu, T.S.2
  • 48
    • 0006919926 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations
    • Nei M. 1973. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3321-3323.
    • (1973) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.70 , pp. 3321-3323
    • Nei, M.1
  • 50
    • 0020965531 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data
    • Nei M, Tajima F, Tateno Y. 1983. Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data. J Mol Evol 19:153-170.
    • (1983) J Mol Evol , vol.19 , pp. 153-170
    • Nei, M.1    Tajima, F.2    Tateno, Y.3
  • 51
    • 0003967384 scopus 로고
    • Pennsylvania: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
    • Ota T. 1993. Dispan: genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis. Pennsylvania: Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
    • (1993) Dispan: Genetic Distance and Phylogenetic Analysis
    • Ota, T.1
  • 52
    • 0002968202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The language heritage of India
    • Balasubramanian D, Rao NA, editors. Hyderabad: University Press
    • Pattanayak DP. 1998. The language heritage of India. In: Balasubramanian D, Rao NA, editors. The Indian human heritage. Hyderabad: University Press. p 95-99.
    • (1998) The Indian Human Heritage , pp. 95-99
    • Pattanayak, D.P.1
  • 53
    • 0038621785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of 15 biparental STR loci in human identification and genetic study of the Kannada-speaking groups of India
    • DOI 10.1097/00000433-200306000-00018
    • Rajkumar R, Kashyap VK. 2003. Evaluation of 15 biparental STR loci in human identification and genetic study of the Kannada-speaking groups of India. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 24:187-192. (Pubitemid 36666068)
    • (2003) American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-192
    • Rajkumar, R.1    Kashyap, V.K.2
  • 55
    • 67650540856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reddy B, editor. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises
    • Reddy B, editor. 2008. Trends in molecular anthropology. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises.
    • (2008) Trends in Molecular Anthropology
  • 58
    • 0017699105 scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity in Indian populations
    • Roychoudhury AK. 1977. Genetic diversity in Indian populations. Hum Genet 46:99-106.
    • (1977) Hum Genet , vol.46 , pp. 99-106
    • Roychoudhury, A.K.1
  • 60
    • 0037021617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation at 15 autosomal microsatellite loci in the three highly endogamous tribal populations of Orissa, India
    • DOI 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00349-3, PII S0379073802003493
    • Sahoo S, Kashyap VK. 2002. Genetic variation at 15 autosomal microsatellite loci in the three highly endogamous tribal populations of Orissa, India. Forensic Sci Int 130:189-193. (Pubitemid 35449656)
    • (2002) Forensic Science International , vol.130 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 189-193
    • Sahoo, S.1    Kashyap, V.K.2
  • 61
    • 0002486076 scopus 로고
    • Race and race movements in India
    • Chatterjee SK, editor. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture
    • Sarkar SS. 1958. Race and race movements in India. In: Chatterjee SK, editor. The cultural heritage of India. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p 17- 32.
    • (1958) The Cultural Heritage of India , pp. 17-32
    • Sarkar, S.S.1
  • 62
    • 0037190164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity at two pentanucleotide STR and thirteen tetranucleotide STR loci by multiplex PCR in four predominant population groups of central India
    • DOI 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00194-9, PII S0379073802001949
    • Sarkar N, Kashyap VK. 2002. Genetic diversity at two pentanucleotide STR and thirteen tetranucleotide STR loci by multiplex PCR in four predominant population groups of central India. Forensic Sci Int 128:196-201. (Pubitemid 34888096)
    • (2002) Forensic Science International , vol.128 , Issue.3 , pp. 196-201
    • Sarkar, N.1    Kashyap, V.K.2
  • 64
    • 33645234509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphism at 15 tetrameric short tandem repeat loci in four aboriginal tribal populations of Bengal
    • Singh A, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK. 2006. Genetic polymorphism at 15 tetrameric short tandem repeat loci in four aboriginal tribal populations of Bengal. J Forensic Sci 51:183-187.
    • (2006) J Forensic Sci , vol.51 , pp. 183-187
    • Singh, A.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 66
    • 0037225703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autosomal microsatellite profile of three socially diverse ethnic Tamil populations of India
    • Sitalaximi T, Trivedi R, Kashyap VK. 2003. Autosomal microsatellite profile of three socially diverse ethnic Tamil populations of India. J Forensic Sci 48:211-214. (Pubitemid 36084117)
    • (2003) Journal of Forensic Sciences , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 211-214
    • Sitalaximi, T.1    Trivedi, R.2    Kashyap, V.K.3
  • 67
    • 0029786076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA
    • Takezaki N, Nei M. 1996. Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite data. Genetics 144:389-399. (Pubitemid 26291946)
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.144 , Issue.1 , pp. 389-399
    • Takezaki, N.1    Nei, M.2
  • 68
    • 0037034778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of Africa again and again
    • Templeton A. 2002. Out of Africa again and again. Nature 416:45-51.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.416 , pp. 45-51
    • Templeton, A.1
  • 69
    • 33645233085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic profile of nine autosomal STR loci among Halakki and Kunabhi populations of Karnataka, India
    • Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Reddy AG, Pavate PP, Singh L. 2006. Genetic profile of nine autosomal STR loci among Halakki and Kunabhi populations of Karnataka, India. J Forensic Sci 51:190-192.
    • (2006) J Forensic Sci , vol.51 , pp. 190-192
    • Thangaraj, K.1    Chaubey, G.2    Singh, V.K.3    Reddy, A.G.4    Pavate, P.P.5    Singh, L.6
  • 71
    • 67650519147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Reprint). Delhi: Nidhi Book Enclave. ISBN. 81-902086-5-9
    • Thurston E. 2005. Ethnographic survey in South India (Reprint). Delhi: Nidhi Book Enclave. ISBN. 81-902086-5-9.
    • (2005) Ethnographic Survey in South India
    • Thurston, E.1
  • 73
    • 0037173030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci in four high altitude Himalayan desert human populations
    • DOI 10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00097-X, PII S037907380200097X
    • Trivedi R, Chattopadhyay P, Maity B, Kashyap VK. 2002. Genetic polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci in four high altitude Himalayan desert human populations. Forensic Sci Int 127:150-155. (Pubitemid 34722776)
    • (2002) Forensic Science International , vol.127 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 150-155
    • Trivedi, R.1    Chattopadhyay, P.2    Maity, B.3    Kashyap, V.K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.