'All things to all people to save some': Salvation army missionary work among the Zulus of Victorian Natal

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 7-27

  Eason, Andrew M ^a  

^a Booth College   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCULTURATION; CHRISTIANITY; COLONIALISM; COLONIZATION; CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; CULTURAL HISTORY; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; SOCIAL STATUS;

AFRICA; KWAZULU-NATAL; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 67650501484     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070802685502     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. Mr Easton cited in 'Is Mission Work Among Our Natives Worth Supporting?', The Cape Times, 1 May 1890, p. 3.
2. See, for example, R. Sithole, 'The Impact of Missionary Enterprise upon Zulu Culture', PhD dissertation (Drew University, 1988), pp. 297-303.
3. S.M. Meintjes, 'Edendale 1850-1906: A Case Study of Rural Transformation and Class Formation in an African Mission in Natal', PhD dissertation (University of London, 1988), pp. 23-42
4. J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, Vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp. 1-48
5. A. Lester, Imperial Networks: Creating Identities in Nineteenth-Century South Africa and Britain (London, Routledge, 2001), pp. 78-104
6. and E. Isichei, The Religious Traditions of Africa: A History (Westport, CT, Praeger, 2004), pp. 146-60.
7. Scholars who have drawn attention to one or more of these missionaries include E. Elbourne, Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799-1853 (Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002), pp. 92-102, 152-3, 197-232
8. J. Wells, 'The Scandal of Rev. James Read and the Taming of the London Missionary Society by 1820', South African Historical Journal, 42 (May 2000), pp. 136-44
9. N. Etherington, 'The Standard of Living Question in Nineteenth-Century Missions in KwaZulu-Natal', in John de Gruchy (ed.), The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, 1799-1999 (Athens, OH, Ohio University Press 2000), pp. 156-65
10. and J. Simensen with V. Gynnild, 'Norwegian Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: Organizational Background, Social Profile, and World View', in J. Simensen (ed.), Norwegian Missions in African History Vol. 1 (Oslo, Norwegian University Press 1986), pp. 23-6.
11. Elbourne, Blood Ground, pp. 213-14.
12. J. Simensen, 'Christian Missions and Socio-Cultural Change in Zululand 1850-1906. Norwegian Strategy and African Response', in Simensen, (ed.), Norwegian Missions in African History Vol. 1, pp. 260-1
13. Etherington, 'The Standard of Living Question in Nineteenth-Century Missions in KwaZulu-Natal', in de Gruchy (ed.), The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, 1799-1999, p. 158.
14. For some indication of the hardships faced by officers, see All about The Salvation Army (London, S.W. Partridge and Co, 1882), pp. 7-8.
15. Only a few texts have alluded to the officers behind this mission, and none place their work within the larger context of Salvationist and South African missionary history. While useful for biographical and chronological information, they offer no sustained analysis of Salvationist interaction with Zulu culture. See G.S. Railton, The History of Our South African War (1901; reprint, London, Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, n.d.), pp. 29-30, 34-7, 41-4.
16. A. Wiggins, The History of The Salvation Army, Vol. 4 (New York, The Salvation Army, [1964] reprint 1979), pp. 129-32
17. and B.G. Tuck, 'The History of the Salvation Army in South Africa 1883-1933', MTh thesis (University of South Africa, 1982), pp. 72-8.
18. Tuck also wrote a popularised bookletlength history of the Salvation Army in South Africa in the early 1990s, but it refers only briefly to the Natal mission. See B. Tuck, Salvation Safari (Johannesburg, The Salvation Army, 1993), pp. 24-5. A fairly recent dissertation on clothing and religion in Victorian society makes passing reference to the Natal mission, but essentially deals with the Salvation Army's later work among the Zulus in Zululand.
19. See J.W. Mackey, 'Producing the Christian Body in Victorian Britain', PhD dissertation (Boston College, 2002), pp. 116-23.
20. St. John Ervine, God's Soldier: General William Booth, Vol. 1 (New York, Macmillan 1935), pp. 3-11, 28-42
21. R.J. Green, The Life and Ministry of William Booth: Founder of The Salvation Army (Nashville, Abingdon, 2005), pp. 6-50.
22. F. Booth-Tucker, The Life of Catherine Booth: The Mother of The Salvation Army, Vol. 1 (New York, Fleming H. Revell, 1892), pp. 1-62
23. C. Bramwell-Booth, Catherine Booth: The Story of Her Loves (London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1970), pp. 17-47
24. R.J. Green, Catherine Booth: A Biography of the Cofounder of The Salvation Army (Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Books, 1996), pp. 17-37.
25. Booth-Tucker, The Life of Catherine Booth, Vol. 1, pp. 63-87
26. Bramwell-Booth, Catherine Booth, pp. 47-71
27. Green, Catherine Booth, pp. 39-44.
28. Cited in Bramwell-Booth, Catherine Booth, p. 102.
29. C.G. Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Belknap Press, [1835], reprinted 1960), p. 207. Italics in original.
30. Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion, p. 181.
31. 'Revival Intelligence', The Wesleyan Times, 28 August 1865, p. 549
32. W. Booth, 'Evangelistic Work in the East of London', The Revival (21 September 1865), pp. 180-81
33. W. Booth, 'How We Began', in G.S. Railton, Twenty-One Years Salvation Army (London, The Salvation Army Book Depot, 1886), pp. 7-23.
34. 'East London People's Mission-Hall', The Christian World, 30 October 1868, p. 697
35. 'Mission Work in East London', The Nonconformist, 4 November 1868, p. 1077.
36. W. Booth, How to Reach the Masses with the Gospel (London, Morgan, Chase and Scott, 1870), pp. 5-7.
37. N.H. Murdoch, Origins of the Salvation Army (Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1994), pp. 43-70.
38. B. Watson, Soldier Saint: George Scott Railton (New York, The Salvation Army [1970], 1977), pp. 18-36
39. E. Douglas and M. Duff, Commissioner Railton (London, Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1920), pp. 1-46.
40. G.S. Railton, 'About Sensationalism', The Christian Mission Magazine (July 1874), pp. 177-81.
41. Watson, Soldier Saint, pp. 26-8.
42. E. Cadman, 'Whitby', The Christian Mission Magazine (December 1877), p. 318.
43. See O. Anderson, 'The Growth of Christian Militarism in mid-Victorian Britain', The English Historical Review (January 1971), pp. 46-72
44. and J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland, 1843-1945 (London, Routledge, 1994), pp. 213-36.
45. W.H. Booth, 'The Salvation Army', The Wesleyan Methodist Magazine (May 1881), pp. 352-3. While bearing the same first and last name, the author of this article was not related to the Salvation Army's founder.
46. For general background on the music hall, see P. Bailey, Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 80-150
47. and P. Summerfield, 'Patriotism and Empire: Music-Hall Entertainment, 1870-1914', in J.M. MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1986), pp. 17-48.
48. 'Local Topics of the Week', The East London Observer, 17 March 1877, p. 5
49. 'The Salvation Army', The Methodist Recorder, 4 March 1881, p. 140
50. M.A. Lewis, 'The Salvation Army', Macmillan's Magazine (September 1882), pp. 405-409.
51. S.S.B., 'The Salvation Army', The Record, 16 June 1882, p. 341.
52. C. Raleigh Chichester, 'The Salvation Army', The Month (April 1882), p. 480.
53. F. Power Cobbe, 'The Last Revival', The Contemporary Review (August 1882), pp. 185-9.
54. Similar complaints were voiced by the anonymous authors of Behind the Scenes with the Salvation Army (London, Civil Service Printing Co., 1882), p. 6
55. and Sensational Religion (Manchester, John Heywood, 1884), pp. 10-13.
56. See William Booth's remarks in 'Wesleyan Methodist Conference', The Methodist Recorder, 10 August 1880, p. 611.
57. All about The Salvation Army, p. 12.
58. C. Booth, 'Our Commission', All the World (April 1885), p. 84.
59. For an extended treatment of the Salvation Army's adaptive measures in India, see A.M. Eason, 'Christianity in a Colonial Age: Salvation Army Foreign Missions from Britain to India and South Africa, 1882-1929', (PhD dissertation, University of Calgary, 2005), pp. 131-61.
60. Watson, Soldier Saint, p. 28.
61. Ibid., pp. 83-94.
62. Douglas and Duff, Commissioner Railton, pp. 104-5
63. R. Sandall, The History of The Salvation Army Vol. 2 (1950; reprint, New York, The Salvation Army 1979), pp. 289-91.
64. 'South Africa', All the World (April 1887), p. 117
65. 'Through the Veldt in South Africa', The [British] War Cry, 23 July 1887, p. 7
66. Tuck, 'The History of the Salvation Army in South Africa 1883-1933', pp. 48-53.
67. G.S. Railton, 'First Visit to a Kaffir Chief's Kraal', The [British] War Cry, 15 October 1887, p. 1.
68. Watson, Soldier Saint, pp. 84-5
69. Douglas and Duff, Commissioner Railton, pp. 106-108.
70. Cited in 'South Africa', All the World (October 1887), pp. 323-4.
71. Henry Thurman'4s background is outlined briefly in an untitled and undated manuscript of his life, written by an unnamed younger brother. See the Henry Thurman Personality File, the Salvation Army International Heritage Centre, London.
72. 'South Africa', The [British] War Cry, 3 September 1887, p. 7
73. 'Staff-Captain Lewis' Letter', The [British] War Cry, 15 October 1887, p. 1.
74. 'With the General at the Great Western Hall', The [British] War Cry 29 October 1887, p. 4
75. 'Our African Advance', The [British] War Cry, 19 November 1887, p. 1.
76. Railton, 'First Visit to a Kaffir Chief's Kraal', p. 1.
77. 'Our Campaign in Africa', The [British] War Cry, 5 November 1887, p. 9.
78. See also 'Africa', The [British] War Cry, 12 November 1887, p. 9.
79. Cited in 'Mrs. Booth's Last Public Address, [Part 1]', The [British] War Cry, 18 October 1890, p. 2. Catherine Booth's last sermon was preached in late June 1888, but it remained unpublished until shortly after her death from cancer in 1890.
80. 'Cape of Good Hope', The [British] War Cry, 7 January 1888, p. 10.
81. 'Zulu Jim. Major Osborne', All the World (March 1897), p. 102
82. Railton, The History of Our South African War, p. 30.
83. See J. Osborne, 'My First Corps', The [South African] War Cry, 17 November 1894, p. 2.
84. 'Autobiographical Sketches of Capt. and Mrs. Clark', The [South African] War Cry, 9 February 1895, p. 7
85. 'Vision and Response: Chapters in the Missionary Careers of Colonel and Mrs. Clark', The [South African] War Cry, 28 December 1929, p. 6
86. 'South Africa's Jubilee', The [British] War Cry, 6 September 1933, p. 10.
87. Cited in 'Zulu Jim. Major Osborne', pp. 104-5.
88. A.J.S., 'For the Ebon Native. A Personal Sketch of Ensign Marcus', The [South African] War Cry, 23 December 1893, p. 6.
89. A.J.S., 'Soul Saving and Soldier Making among the Bantu Races', The [South African] War Cry, 3 April 1926, p. 8.
90. Tuck, 'The History of the Salvation Army in South Africa 1883-1933', pp. 74-5, 79-80, 83
91. 'General News', The Times of Natal, 14 January 1888, p. 2. There may have been additional reinforcements, including a Cadet by the name of Andrews, but this is difficult to confirm since there are no surviving South African Salvationist sources from this early period.
92. See 'Africa. Zululand for Jesus', The [British] War Cry, 12 November 1887, p. 9
93. and 'The Salvation Army among the Zulus', The [British] War Cry, 8 September 1888, p. 5.
94. Good overviews of the skirmishes between the British and the Zulus during this period include J. Laband and P. Thompson, 'The Reduction of Zululand, 1878-1904', in A. Duminy and B. Guest (eds), Natal and Zululand From Earliest Times to 1910: A New History (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, University of Natal Press 1989), pp. 216-19
95. and J. Laband, The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation (London, Arms and Armour Press 1997), pp. 394-425.
96. See, for example, 'Zululand', The Natal Witness, 29 March 1888, p. 3.
97. National Archives of South Africa, Pietermaritzburg Repository (hereafter NASA PR), Volume no. I/1/105, reference 1888/240. Unpublished letter from Henry Thurman to Governor Arthur Havelock, Natal, date unknown (likely mid-March 1888).
98. For more on the civilising thrust of the typical missionary settlement, see J.L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier, Vol. 2 (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 123-7, 284-90
99. N. Etherington, Preachers, Peasants and Politics in Southeast Africa, 1835-1880 (London, Royal Historical Society, 1978), pp. 24-46, 115-44
100. and Sithole, 'The Impact of Missionary Enterprise Upon Zulu Culture', pp. 247-51.
101. NASA PR, Volume no. I/1/105, reference 1888/240. Unpublished letter from Henry Thurman to H.C. Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Natal, dated 22 March 1888.
102. NASA PR, Volume no. I/1/105, reference 1888/240. Unpublished letter from Henry Thurman to H.C. Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Natal, dated 29 March 1888.
103. Ibid.
104. NASA PR, Volume no. I/1/105, reference 1888/240. Unpublished internal minutes from H.C. Shepstone to Arthur Havelock, dated 8 April 1888.
105. Ibid.
106. NASA PR, Volume no. I/1/105, reference 1888/240. Unpublished internal minutes from Arthur Havelock to H.C. Shepstone, dated 11 April 1888.
107. 'The Salvation Army', The Natal Witness, 21 April 1888, p. 3.
108. 'Salvation Army Meetings', The Natal Witness, 1 July 1885, p. 3
109. 'Salvation Army', The Natal Witness, 20 July 1885, p. 3
110. The Salvation War, 1885 (London, The Salvation Army Book Depot, 1885), p. 82.
111. Watson, Soldier Saint, p. 90.
112. H. Thurman, 'The War in Africa', All the World (October 1888), p. 344.
113. J. Lambert, Betrayed Trust: Africans and the State in Colonial Natal (Scottsville, South Africa, University of Natal Press, 1995), pp. 13-14.
114. J. Osborne, 'Among the Zulus', The [British] War Cry, 19 January 1889, p. 4.
115. H. Thurman, '3,000 Miles around the African Battlefield', The [British] War Cry, 8 June 1889, p. 4.
116. See W.C. Holden, A Brief History of Methodism and of Methodist Missions in South Africa (London, The Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1887), p. 428
117. J. Tyler, Forty Years Among the Zulus (Boston, Congregational Sunday School and Publishing Society, 1891), pp. 45-6, 68-9
118. and Uplifting the Zulus: Seventy-Five Years' Mission Work in Natal and Zululand (Durban, South Africa, John Singleton and Sons, 1911), pp. 23, 41.
119. 'Native Indiligence', The Christian Express (February 1902), p. 17.
120. Lester, Imperial Networks, pp. 32-4.
121. Elbourne, Blood Ground, pp. 223-58.
122. Railton, 'First Visit to a Kaffir Chief's Kraal', p. 1.
123. Cited in 'The Salvation Army among the Zulus', p. 5.
124. 'The Salvation Army among the Zulus', p. 5.
125. 'Our Zulu War', All the World (March 1889), p. 114
126. For more on this part of the Zulu diet, see E.J. Krige, The Social System of the Zulus (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Shuter and Shooter, 1965), p. 55.
127. T. Plant, 'International Travelling Commissioner McKie's Tour Round the World', The [British] War Cry, 30 May 1891, p. 1.
128. F. Hale (ed.), Norwegian Missionaries in Natal and Zululand: Selected Correspondence 1844-1900 (Cape Town, Van Riebeeck Society, 1997), p. 29.
129. Simensen, 'Christian Missions and Socio-Cultural Change in Zululand 1850-1906', in Simensen, (ed.), Norwegian Missions in African History Vol. 1, pp. 219-20.
130. M. Dinnerstein, 'The American Zulu Mission in the Nineteenth Century: Clash over Customs', Church History (June 1976), pp. 235-46
131. Meintjes, 'Edendale 1850-1906', pp. 136-43
132. W.E. Brown, The Catholic Church in South Africa: From its Origins to the Present Day (London, Burns and Oates, 1960), pp. 244-50.
133. J.W. Colenso, 'On the Efforts of Missionaries among Savages', Journal of the Anthropological Society, 3 (1865), p. cclxxiv.
134. R. Edgecombe, 'Introduction', in R. Edgecombe (ed.), Bringing Forth Light: Five Tracts on Bishop Colenso's Zulu Mission (Pietermaritzburg, University of Natal Press, 1982), pp. xiii-xlvi
135. J. Guy, The Heretic: A Study of the Life of John William Colenso, 1814-1883 (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1983), pp. 49, 73-82
136. I.S. Maclean, '"The Twin Pillars of Heathenism": American Missionaries, Bishop Colenso and Zulu Converts in Conflict - Polygamy and Ukulobola in Nineteenth-Century Natal and Zululand, South Africa'. in J.A. Draper (ed.), The Eye of the Storm: Bishop John William Colenso and the Crisis of Biblical Inspiration (London, T & T Clark International, 2003), pp. 265-92.
137. Osborne, 'Among the Zulus', p. 4.
138. 'The Salvation Army among the Zulus', p. 5.
139. 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 2]', The [British] War Cry, 17 August 1889, p. 4. Notwithstanding the title of this article, the subject under discussion was the Salvation Army's work in Natal.
140. W. Booth, The Doctrines and Discipline of The Salvation Army, Prepared for the Training Homes (Toronto, The Salvation Army Headquarters, [1881], reprint 1885), p. 89.
141. 'To Evangelise South Africa', The Cape Argus, 7 April 1890, p. 3.
142. 'The General's Advice to the Officers Proceeding to South Africa', The [British] War Cry, 17 December 1887, p. 6.
143. For more on the dress of Salvationists in India, see Eason, 'Christianity in a Colonial Age', pp. 131-37, 145-46.
144. Cited in 'The Invasion of South Africa: General Booth's Plan of Campaign', The Cape Argus Home Edition, 14 March 1890, p. 5.
145. Osborne, 'Among the Zulus', p. 4.
146. 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 1]', The [British] War Cry, 10 August 1889, p. 5
147. 'The Land of Good Hope: In the Beginning', All the World (May 1908), pp. 232-33.
148. Plant, 'International Travelling Commissioner McKie's Tour Round the World', The [British] War Cry, 30 May 1891, p. 1.
149. It is worth noting that there is no reliable visual evidence of how the missionaries may have dressed among the Zulus. John Mackey provides one pencil sketch of Jim Osborne in Western attire and bare feet, and claims that it accompanied a 10 August 1889 War Cry article on the Zulu mission, but no such illustration is included with this story or its second instalment. See Mackey, 'Producing the Christian Body in Victorian Britain', pp. 119, 128
150. 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 1]', p. 5
151. and 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 2]', p. 4.
152. H.D, 'Mission Work and Civilization', The Christian Express (October 1883), p. 149.
153. Cited in J. Johnston (ed.), Report of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, Vol. 1 (London, James Nisbet and Co, 1888), p. 182.
154. J. Whiteside, History of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of South Africa (London, Elliott Stock, 1906), pp. 196-97, 281
155. Sithole, 'The Impact of Missionary Enterprise Upon Zulu Culture', pp. 309-16.
156. See 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 1]', p. 5
157. and 'International Travelling Commissioner McKie's Tour Round the World', The [British] War Cry, 30 May 1891, p. 1.
158. Cited in 'Welcome! Farewell!' The [British] War Cry, 9 November 1889, p. 5.
159. Krige, The Social System of the Zulus, pp. 58-60
160. P. la Hausse, Brewers, Beerhalls and Boycotts: A History of Liquor in South Africa (Johannesburg, Ravan Press, 1988), pp. 7-9.
161. C. Ambler and J. Crush, 'Alcohol in Southern African Labor History', in J. Crush and C. Ambler (eds), Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa (Athens, OH, Ohio University Press 1992), pp. 5-25.
162. Cited in 'The Salvation Army among the Zulus', p. 5.
163. Thurman, '3,000 Miles around the African Battlefield', p. 4.
164. See W. Booth, Orders and Regulations for Field Officers of The Salvation Army (London, International Headquarters of The Salvation Army, 1886), p. 189.
165. C. Booth, Papers on Practical Religion (London, International Headquarters of The Salvation Army, [1879], reprint 1884), p. 34.
166. 'Vision and Response', p. 6.
167. L. Switzer, 'American Missionaries and the Making of an African Church in Colonial Natal', in de Gruchy (ed.), The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, 1799-1999, pp. 173-4
168. Sithole, 'The Impact of Missionary Enterprise Upon Zulu Culture', pp. 351-54
169. Etherington, Preachers, Peasants and Politics in Southeast Africa, 1835-1880, pp. 135-6.
170. Cited in 'Our Zulu War', p. 114.
171. 'Our Zulu War', p. 114
172. Thurman, '3,000 Miles around the African Battlefield', p. 4.
173. Cited in Thurman, '3,000 Miles around the African Battlefield', p. 4.
174. Ibid.
175. See J. Horskins, 'South Africa', All the World (February 1889), p. 93
176. and 'A Chief's Son Converted', The [British] War Cry, 5 October 1889, p. 2.
177. 'The Salvation Army', The Methodist Times, 15 August 1889, p. 786.
178. Cited in 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 2]', p. 4.
179. Comaroff and Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution, Vol. 1, p. 313.
180. Cited in 'Life in Zululand: Being an Account of Staff-Capt. Jim Osborne's Work and Travels, [Part 2]', p. 4.
181. Cited in 'Our Zulu War', p. 113.
182. 'To Evangelise South Africa', p. 3.
183. 'Zulu Jim. Major Osborne', p. 105
184. Tuck, 'The History of the Salvation Army in South Africa 1883-1933', p. 78.
185. See W. Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out (Atlanta, The Salvation Army, [1890]; reprint 1984), pp. 98-101, 151-65, 210-75.
186. 'General Booth's Visit', The Cape Times, 28 August 1891, p. 3
187. 'General Booth. Farewell Meeting', The Cape Argus, 2 September 1891, p. 10.
188. 'The Commissioner in the Editorium', The [South African] War Cry, 24 October 1891, p. 5.
189. For a more detailed examination of this Salvationist mission to Zululand, see Eason, 'Christianity in a Colonial Age', pp. 198-270
190. and J.A. Smith, Zulu Crusade (London, Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1945).