The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution

Nature

Volumn 460, Issue 7252, 2009, Pages 213-219

  Cattaneo, A ^a,b   Faber, S M ^c   Binney, J ^d   Dekel, A ^e   Kormendy, J ^f   Mushotzky, R ^g   Babul, A ^h   Best, P N ⁱ   Bruggen M ^j   Fabian, A C ^k   Frenk, C S ^l   Khalatyan, A ^m   Netzer, H ⁿ   Mahdavi, A ^o   Silk, J ^d   Steinmetz, M ^a   Wisotzki, L ^a  

^a ASTROPHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT POTSDAM   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^c University of California Santa Cruz   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^f The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

^g NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

ⁱ UK ASTRONOMY TECHNOLOGY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^j JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^l DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^m OBSERVATOIRE DE MARSEILLE   (France)

ⁿ TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^o SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTRONOMY;

AMBIENT AIR; ASTRONOMY; COSMIC RADIATION; EVOLUTION; GAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLAR ENERGY;

EID: 67650479672     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: 14764687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nature08135     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Kormendy, J. in The Nearest Active Galaxies (eds Beckman, J., Colina, L. & Netzer, H.) 197-218 (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 1993).
2. Magorrian, J. et al. The demography of massive dark objects in galaxy centers. Astron. J. 15, 2285-2305 (1998).
3. Marconi, A. & Hunt, L. The relation between black hole mass, bulge mass, and near-infrared luminosity. Astrophys. J. 589, 21-24 (2003).
4. Ferrarese, L. & Merritt, D. A fundamental relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. Astrophys. J. 539, 9-12 (2000).
5. Gebhardt, K. et al. A relationship between nuclear black hole mass and galaxy velocity dispersion. Astrophys. J. 539, 13-16 (2000).
6. Cattaneo, A. & Bernardi, M. The quasar epoch and the stellar ages of early-type galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 45-52 (2003).
7. Hopkins, P. F. Determining the properties and evolution of red galaxies from the quasar luminosity function. Astrophys. J. 163 (Suppl.), 50-79 (2006).
8. Bardeen, J. M. Kerr metric black holes. Nature 226, 64-65 (1970).
9. Krolik, J. H. Active Galactic Nuclei: From the Central Black Hole to the Galactic Environment (Princeton Univ. Press, 1999).
10. Cattaneo, A. & Best, P. N. On the jet contribution to the AGN cosmic energy budget. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 518-523 (2009).
11. White, S. D. M. & Rees, M. J. Core condensation in heavy halos - a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 183, 341-358 (1978).
12. Blumenthal, G. R., Faber, S. M., Primack, J. R. & Rees, M. J. Formation of galaxies and large-scale structure with cold dark matter. Nature 311, 517-525 (1984).
13. White, S. D. & Frenk, C. S. Galaxy formation through hierarchical clustering. Astrophys. J. 379, 52-79 (1991).
14. Rees, M. J. & Ostriker, J. P. Cooling, dynamics and fragmentation of massive gas clouds - clues to the masses and radii of galaxies and clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 179, 541-559 (1977).
15. Silk, J. On the fragmentation of cosmic gas clouds. I - The formation of galaxies and the first generation of stars. Astrophys. J. 211, 638-648 (1977).
16. Binney, J. The physics of dissipational galaxy formation. Astrophys. J. 215, 483-491 (1977).
17. Keres, D. et al. How do galaxies get their gas? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 363, 2-28 (2005).
18. Dekel, A. & Birnboim, Y. Galaxy bimodality due to cold flows and shock heating. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 39-55 (2006).
19. Fall, S. M. & Efstathiou, G. Formation and rotation of disc galaxies with haloes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 193, 189-206 (1980).
20. Steinmetz, M. Numerical simulations of galaxy formation. Astrophys. Space Sci. 269, 513-532 (1999).
21. Dekel, A. et al. Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation. Nature 457, 451-454 (2009).
22. Toomre, A. & Toomre, J. Galactic bridges and tails. Astrophys. J. 178, 623-666 (1972).
23. Sanders, D. B. et al. Ultraluminous infrared galaxies and the origin of quasars. Astrophys. J. 325, 74-91 (1988).
24. Nardini, E. et al. Spectral decomposition of starbursts and AGNs in 5-8 micron Spitzer IRS spectra of local ULIRGs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, 130L-134L (2008).
25. Hutchings, J. B. & Campbell, B. Are QSOs activated by interactions between galaxies? Nature 303, 584-588 (1983).
26. Dunlop, J. S. et al. Quasars, their host galaxies and their central black holes. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 340, 1095-1135 (2003).
27. Bennert, N. et al. Evidence for merger remnants in early-type host galaxies of lowredshift QSOs. Astrophys. J. 677, 846-867 (2008).
28. Arav, N. et al. HST STIS observations of PG09461301: the highest quality spectrum of a BALQSO. Astrophys. J. 561, 118-130 (2001).
29. de Kool, M. et al. Keck HIRES observations of the QSO FIRST J104459.61365605: evidence for a large-scale outflow. Astrophys. J. 548, 609-623 (2001).
30. Reeves, J. N., O'Brien, P. T. & Ward, M. J. A massive X-ray outflow from the quasar PDS456. Astrophys. J. 593, 65-68 (2004).
31. Chartas, G., Brandt, W. N., Gallagher, S. C. & Proga, D. XMM-Newton and Chandra spectroscopy of the variable high-energy absorption of PG 11151080: refined outflow constraints. Astron. J. 133, 1849-1860 (2007).
32. Nesvadba, N. P. H. et al. Evidence for powerful AGN winds at high redshift: dynamics of galactic outflows in radio galaxies during the "Quasar Era". Astron. Astrophys. 491, 407-424 (2008).
33. Proga, D. in The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei (eds Ho, L. C. & Wang, J. M.) 267-276 (ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 373, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2007).
34. Silk, J. Ultraluminous starbursts from supermassive black hole-induced outflows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 1337-1342 (2005).
35. BH-σ is determined by feedback.
36. BH-σ relation. Astrophys. J. 596, 27-29 (2003).
37. Murray, N., Quataert, E. & Thompson, T. A. On the maximum luminosity of galaxies and their central black holes: feedback from momentum-driven winds. Astrophys. J. 618, 569-585 (2005).
38. 4.
39. BH-σ relation. Astrophys. J. 641, 90-102 (2006).
40. Springel, V., Di Matteo, T. & Hernquist, L. Black holes in galaxy mergers: the formation of red elliptical galaxies. Astrophys. J. 620, 79-82 (2005). Without AGN feedback, the remnants of gas-rich mergers remain blue for several gigayears.
41. Hopkins, P. F. et al. A unified, merger-driven model of the origin of starbursts, quasars, the cosmic X-ray background, supermassive black holes, and galaxy spheroids. Astrophys. J. 163 (Suppl.), 1-49 (2006).
42. Thomas, D., Maraston, C., Bender, R. & Mendes de Oliveira, C. The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment. Astrophys. J. 621, 673-694 (2005).
43. Böhringer, H. et al. A ROSAT HRI study of the interaction of the X-ray-emitting gas and radio lobes of NGC 1275. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 264, 25L-28L (1993).
44. Forman, W. et al. Reflections of active galactic nucleus outbursts in the gaseous atmosphere of M87. Astrophys. J. 635, 894-906 (2005).
45. Fabian, A. C. et al. A very deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster: shocks, ripples and conduction. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 366, 417-428 (2006). Refs 43-45 show direct images of how radio galaxies can affect the intracluster gas.
46. Rafferty, D. A., McNamara, B. R., Nulsen, P. E. J. & Wise, M. W. The feedback-regulated growth of black holes and bulges through gas accretion and starbursts in cluster central dominant galaxies. Astrophys. J. 652, 216-231 (2006). The energy that black holes inject into the lobes of radio galaxies is approximately equal to the energy that is needed to offset cooling.
47. Churazov, E., Sunyaev, R., Forman, W. & Boehringer, H. Cooling flows as a calorimeter of active galactic nucleus mechanical power. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 332, 729-734 (2002). Black holes sense the entropy of the surrounding gas and adjust their accretion rate to offset cooling.
48. Cattaneo, A. & Teyssier, R. AGN self-regulation in cooling flow clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 376, 1547-1556 (2007).
49. Ruszkowski, M., Brueggen, M. & Begelman, M. Cluster heating by viscous dissipation of sound waves. Astrophys. J. 611, 158-163 (2004).
50. Binney, J. & Tabor, G. Evolving cooling flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 276, 663-678 (1995). First introduction of black hole feedback as a possible solution to the cooling flow problem.
51. Ciotti, L. & Ostriker, J. P. Radiative feedback from massive black holes in elliptical galaxies: AGN flaring and central starburst fueled by recycled gas. Astrophys. J. 665, 1038-1056 (2007). Standard reference for radiative feedback and its role in the maintenance of elliptical galaxies.
52. Peterson, J. R. & Fabian, A. C. X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters. Phys. Rep. 427, 1-39 (2006).
53. McNamara, B. R. & Nulsen, P. E. J. Heating hot atmospheres with active galactic nuclei. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45, 117-175 (2007).
54. Croton, D. et al. The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 365, 11-28 (2006).
55. Bower, R. et al. Breaking the hierarchy of galaxy formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 370, 645-655 (2006).
56. Cattaneo, A. et al. Modelling the galaxy bimodality: shutdown above a critical halo mass. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 370, 1651-1665 (2006). Refs 54-56 show that the black hole-galaxy co-evolution contains an initial rapid growth phase followed by a 'maintenance' phase, in which black holes couple to the hot gas to suppress star formation.
57. Kormendy, J., Fisher, D. B., Cornell, M. E. & Bender, R. Structure and formation of elliptical and spheroidal galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. (in the press); preprint at 〈http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1681〉 (2008).
58. Lutz, D. et al. Star formation in the hosts of high-z QSOs: evidence from Spitzer PAH detections. Astrophys. J. 684, 853-861 (2008).
59. Heckman, T. M. & Kauffmann, G. The host galaxies of AGN in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. N. Astron. Rev. 50, 677-684 (2006).
60. -+ outflows in massive poststarburst galaxies at z ∼ 0.6. Astrophys. J. 663, 77-80 (2007). Most post-starburst galaxies contain winds of presumably AGN origin.
61. Schawinski, K. et al. Observational evidence for AGN feedback in early-type galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 382, 1415-1431 (2007).
62. Quintero, A. et al. Selection and photometric properties of K+A galaxies. Astrophys. J. 602, 190-199 (2004).
63. Chen, Y. et al. Statistics of X-ray observables for the cooling-core and non-cooling core galaxy clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 466, 805-812 (2007).
64. Ponman, T. J., Bourner, P. D. J., Ebeling, H. & Boehringer, H. A. ROSAT survey of Hickson's compact galaxy groups. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 283, 690-708 (1996).
65. Edge, A. C. & Stewart, G. C. EXOSAT observations of clusters of galaxies. I - The X-ray data. II - X-ray to optical correlations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 252, 414-441 (1991).
66. Evrard, A. E. & Henry, J. P. Expectations for X-ray cluster observations by the ROSAT satellite. Astrophys. J. 383, 95-103 (1991).
67. Kaiser, N. Evolution of clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 383, 104-111 (1991).
68. Lloyd-Davies, E. J., Ponman, T. J. & Cannon, D. B. The entropy and energy of intergalactic gas in galaxy clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 315, 689-702 (2000).
69. Valageas, P. & Silk, J. The entropy history of the universe. Astron. Astrophys. 350, 725-742 (1999).
70. Oh, S. P. & Benson, A. J. Entropy injection as a global feedback mechanism. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 342, 664-672 (2003).
71. McCarthy, I. G., Babul, A., Bower, R. G. & Balogh, M. L. Towards a holistic view of the heating and cooling of the intracluster medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 386, 1309-1331 (2008).
72. Burns, J. O. The radio properties of cD galaxies in Abell clusters. I - an X-ray selected sample. Astron. J. 99, 14-30 (1990).
73. Best, P. N. et al. On the prevalence of radio-loud active galactic nuclei in brightest cluster galaxies: implications for AGN heating of cooling flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 379, 894-908 (2007). 70% of cluster cD galaxies are radio galaxies: note X-ray cavities are present in a similar percentage of cool core clusters (ref. 76).
74. Blandford, R. D. & Begelman, M. C. On the fate of gas accreting at a low rate on to a black hole. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 303, 1L-5L (1999).
75. Dunn, R. J. H. & Fabian, A. C. Investigating AGN heating in a sample of nearby clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 959-971 (2006).
76. Nusser, A., Silk, J. & Babul, A. Suppressing cluster cooling flows by self-regulated heating from a spatially distributed population of active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 739-746 (2006).
77. Binney, J., Bibi, F. A. & Omma, H. Bubbles as tracers of heat input to cooling flows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 377, 142-146 (2007).
78. Bondi, H. On spherically symmetrical accretion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 112, 195-204 (1952).
79. Allen, S. W. et al. The relation between accretion rate and jet power in X-ray luminous elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 372, 21-30 (2006).
80. Magliocchetti, M. & Brueggen, M. The interplay between radio galaxies and cluster environment. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 379, 260-274 (2007). The entropy of the intracluster medium is higher in clusters with extended radio sources.
81. Voit, G. M. & Donahue, M. An observationally motivated framework for AGN heating of cluster cores. Astrophys. J. 634, 955-963 (2005).
82. Mathews, W. G. & Brighenti, F. Creation of X-ray cavities in clusters with cosmic rays. Astrophys. J. 660, 1137-1145 (2006).
83. Salomé, P. et al. Cold molecular gas in the Perseus cluster core. Astron. Astrophys. 454, 437-445 (2006).
84. Mathews, W. G. & Baker, J. C. Galactic winds. Astrophys. J. 170, 241-260 (1971).
85. Helmboldt, J. F., Taylor, G. B., Walker, R. C. & Blandford, R. D. A statistical description of AGN jet evolution from the VLBA Imaging and Polarimetry Survey (VIPS). Astrophys. J. 681, 897-904 (2008).
86. Bildfell, C., Hoekstra, H., Babul, A. & Mahdavi, A. Resurrecting the red from the dead: optical properties of BCGs in X-ray luminous clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 389, 1637-1654 (2008).
87. Best, P. N. et al. The host galaxies of radio-loud active galactic nuclei: mass dependences, gas cooling and active galactic nuclei feedback. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362, 25-40 (2005).
88. Best, P. N., Kaiser, C. M., Heckman, T. M. & Kauffmann, G. AGN-controlled cooling in elliptical galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 67L-71L (2007).
89. Dekel, A. & Birnboim, Y. Gravitational quenching in massive galaxies and clusters by clumpy accretion. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 383, 119-138 (2008).
90. Khochfar, S. & Ostriker, J. P. O. Adding environmental gas physics to the semianalytic method for galaxy formation: gravitational heating. Astrophys. J. 680, 54-69 (2008).
91. Naab, T., Johansson, P. H., Ostriker, J. P. & Efstathiou, G. Formation of early-type galaxies from cosmological initial conditions. Astrophys. J. 658, 710-720 (2007).
92. Baldry, I. K. et al. Quantifying the bimodal color magnitude distribution of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 600, 681-694 (2004).
93. Faber, S. M. et al. The centers of early-type galaxies with HST. IV. Central parameter relations. Astron. J. 114, 1771-1796 (1997).
94. Naab, T., Khochfar, S. & Burkert, A. Properties of early type, dry galaxy mergers and the origin of massive elliptical galaxies. Astrophys. J. 636, 81-84 (2006).
95. Cox, T. J. et al. The kinematic structure of merger remnants. Astrophys. J. 650, 791-811 (2006).
96. Faber, S. M. et al. Galaxy luminosity functions to z ∼ 1 from DEEP2 and COMBO-17: implications for red galaxy formation. Astrophys. J. 665, 265-294 (2007).
97. Khalatyan, A. et al. Is AGN feedback necessary to form red elliptical galaxies? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 387, 13-30 (2008).
98. Donahue, M., Horner, D. J., Cavagnolo, K. W. & Voit, G. M. Entropy profiles in the cores of cooling flow clusters of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 643, 730-750 (2006).