The foundations of freedom in later medieval philosophy: Giles of Rome and his contemporaries

Journal of the History of Philosophy

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 353-376

  Eardley, P S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 67650468939     PISSN: 00225053     EISSN: 15384586     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hph.2006.0038     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bonnie Kent, Virtues of the Will: The Transformation of Ethics in the Late Thirteenth Century [Virtues of the Will] (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1995). Kent's excellent and influential study restricts itself to the impact that late-thirteenth century discussions surrounding the will and the virtues had on subsequent thinking. However, one could also point to the theological voluntarism that grew out of the condemnations of 1277 as having a profound impact on the evolution of western ethics.
2. On the importance of theological voluntarism to the development of western ethics, see J. B. Schneewind's The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 15-37,
3. The most complete biography of Giles to date is F. del Punta, S. Donati, and C. Luna, "Egidio Romano," in Dizionario biografico degli italiani (Roma: Instituto della Encidopedia italiana, 1993), 42: 319-41.
4. A shorter English version of this entry can be found in "Giles of Rome," in The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. E. Craig (London: Routledge, 1998), 4: 74.
5. See also E. Esteban, "De tempore quo Aegidius Romanus promotus fuit ad S. Theologiae Magisterium" ["De tempore"], Analecta Augustiniana 2 (1907): 278-81.
6. For an account of the popularity Giles' so-called "mirror of princes" in the Middle Ages, see C. F. Briggs, Giles of Rome's "De regimine principum" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3.
7. and P. Mandonnet, "La carrière scolaire de Gilles de Rome," Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques 4 (1910): 480-99.
8. On the investigation against Giles, see J. M. M. H. Thijssen, Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris, 1200-1400 [Censure and Heresy] (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998).
9. On the propositio magistralis, see S. Dumont, "Time, Contradiction and Freedom of the Will in the Late Thirteenth Century" ["Time, Contradiction and Freedom of the Will"], Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 3, no. 2 (1992): 578-79;
10. L. Hödl, "Die Diskussion des Johannes de Polliaco über die Lehrentscheidung Der Pariser Theologen von 1285/86 'Non est malitia in voluntate . . .,'" Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 66 (1999): 245-97;
11. F.-X. Putallaz, Insolente liberté: controverses et condamnations au XIIIe siècle [Insolente liberté] (Fribourg: Éditions Universitaires de Fribourg, 1995), 209-24;
12. See Henry's Quodlibet [Quod.] XII, q. 26, in Henrici de Gandavo Opera Omnia, ed. J. Decorte (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987), 16: 138-57.
13. See, e.g., J. de Blic, "L'intellectualism moral chez deux aristotéliciens de la fin du XIIIe siècle," in Miscellanea moralia in honorem eximii Domini Arthur Janssen, 2 vols. (Louvain: E. Nauwelaerts, 1948), 1: 45-76;
14. and J. B. Korolec, "Free Will and Free Choice," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, eds., N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 637;
15. and O. Lottin, Psychologie et morale aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles [Psychologie et morale], 6 vols. (Louvain-Gembloux, 1942-60), 1: 314-19.
16. D. Callus, "Correctoria," in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 14 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967), 4: 350.
17. See P. S. Eardley, "Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome on the Will" ["Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome"], Review of Metaphysics 56 (2003): 835-62.
18. For secondary literature on the influence of practical reason and deliberation on human action, see T. H. Irwin, "The Scope of Deliberation: A Conflict in Aquinas," Review of Metaphysics 44 (1990): 21-42,
19. and Scott MacDonald, "Practical Reasoning and Reasons-Explanations: Aquinas's account of Reason's Role in Action," in Aquinas's Moral Theory: Essays in Honor of Norman Kretzmann, eds. S. MacDonald and E. Stump (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 133-59.
20. For a recent treatment of Aquinas's views on the foundations of freedom, see R. Pasnau, Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature: A Philosophical Study of Summa theologiae Ia 75-89 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 221-33.
21. For the dating of Thomas's works, see J.-P. Torrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas. Vol. I: The Person and His Work (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1996), 330-61.
22. Cf. Lottin, "La dale de la Question Disputée De Malo de Saint Thomas d'Aquin," Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 24 (1928): 373-88,
23. and "Liberté humaine et motion divine de S. Thomas d'Aquin à la condamnation de 1277," Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 4 (1932): 1-33.
24. See also J. Hause, "Thomas Aquinas and the Voluntarists," Medieval Philosophy and Theology 6 (1997): 167-82
25. and D. Westberg, "Did Aquinas Change His Mind About the Will?" The Thomist 58 (1994): 41-60.
26. See R. Hissette, "Albert le Grand et Thomas d'Aquin dans la censure parisienne du 7 mars 1277," in Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geislesgeschichte und ihren Quellen, ed. A. Zimmermann (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1982), 229-37
27. R. Wielockx, "Autour du procès de Thomas d'Aquin," in Thomas von Aquin. Werk und Wirkung im Licht neurerer Forschungen., ed. A. Zimmermann (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), 413-38;
28. and J. F. Wippel, "Thomas Aquinas and the Condemnation of 1277" ["Thomas Aquinas"], The Modern Schoolman 72 (1995): 233-72.
29. See C. Jellouschek, Quaestio Magistri Ioannis de Neapoli O. Pr: "Utrum licite possit doceri Parisius doctrina fratris Thomae quantum ad omnes conclusiones eins" hic primum in lucem edita, in Xenia Thomistica, 3 vols. (Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1925), 3: 73-104.
30. For William's biography, see D. A. Callus, "William de la Mare," in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 14: 928-29,
31. and J. P. Müller, "Wilhelm de la Mare, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 10 vols. (Frieburg: Herder, 1957-65), 10: 138.
32. Lottin, Psychologie et morale, 1: 291-93;
33. and Putallaz, Insolente liberté, 93-126.
34. P. Glorieux, Répertoire des maures en théologie de Paris au XIIIe siècle. 2 vols. (Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1933-34), 2: 25.
35. For John and Walter's respective biographies, see I. Brady, "John of la Rochelle (de Rupella),"in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 7: 1057-58,
36. and M.J. Grajewski, "Walter of Bruges," in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 14: 786-87.
37. J. Decorte, "Die Einfluß der Willenspsychologie des Walter von Brügge OFM auf die Willenspsychologie und Freiheitslehre des Heinrich von Gent," Franziskanische Studien 65 (1983): 215-39.
38. For a study of this medieval voluntarist metaphor, see R. Teske, "The Will as King Over the Powers of the Soul: Uses and Sources of an Image in the Thirteenth Century," Vivarium 32 (1994): 62-71.
39. John F. Wippel, "The Parisian Condemnations of 1270 and 1277," in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, eds. Jorge J. E. Gracia and T. B. Noone (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 72.
40. and J.F. Wippel, "The Condemnations of 1270 and 1277 at Paris," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7 (1997): 169-201.
41. R. Macken, "La volonté humaine, faculté plus élevée que l'intelligence selon Henri de Gand," Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale 42 (1975): 5-51;
42. and "Heinrich von Gent im Gespräch mit seinen Zeitgenossen über die menschliche Freiheit" ["Heinrich von Gent"], Franziskanische Studien 59 (1977): 129-39.
43. I take the shorthand "act-potency axiom" from J. F. Wippel's "Godfrey of Fontaines and the Act-Potency Axiom," Journal of the History of Phihsophy 11 (1973): 299-317.
44. th Anniversary of His Death (1293), ed. W. Vanhamel (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1996), 279-308.
45. For Henry's theory of the self-motion of the will, and its evolution on various points, see Macken's "Heinrich von Gent," 125-82
46. and "La liberté humaine dans la philosophie d'Henri de Gand," in Regnum Hominis et Regnum Dei, ed. C. Bérubé, 2 vols. (Rome: Socictas Internationalis Scotistica, 1978), 1: 577-84;
47. and Teske, "Henry of Ghent's Rejection," 279-308.
48. This text is in Quodlibeta magistra Henrici Goethals a Gandavo doctoris solemnis, ed. J. Badius (Paris, 1518; repr. Louvain, 1961), fol. 56516.
49. For a useful account of how Aristotle connects his understanding of political freedom to the possession of rationality, see M. Walsh, "Aristotle's Conception of Freedom," Journal of the History of Philosophy 35 (1997): 495-507.
50. Kent, Virtues of the Will, 76-79.
51. See Eardley, "Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome," 835-62.
52. See Peter Eardley, Giles of Rome on the Will (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 2001), 50-51. In contrast to Henry, Godfrey regarded Giles' distinction between activation and determination as spurious.
53. and C. Ryan, "Man's Free Will in the Works of Siger of Brabant," Mediaeval Studies 45 (1983): 155-99.
54. S. Dumont, "The Necessary Connection of Moral Virtue to Prudence According to John Duns Scotus - Revisited," Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale 55 (1988): 185-205.
55. For Scotus's views on weakness of will, see T. Hoffmann, "L'akrasia selon Duns Scot," in Duns Scot à Paris, 1302-2002, eds. O. Boulnois et al. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), 487-516.
56. Lottin, Psychologie et morale, 4: 551-57.
57. V. Bourke, History of Ethics. 2 vols. (Garden City: Double Day and Company, 1970), 1: 138;
58. A. San Cristóbal-Sebastiàn, Controversias, 259-60.
59. See F. Tönnis, "Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Spinoza," Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschlaftliche Philosophie 7 (1883): 169;
60. F. Paulsen, Einleitung in die Philosophie (Berlin, 1892);
61. and W. Wundt, Grundriss der Psychologie (Leipzig, 1896).