메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 114, Issue 10, 2009, Pages

A wind tunnel investigation of the distortion of polluted water drops in the horizontal electric fields

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENT; ELECTRIC FIELDS; SURFACE TENSION; TUNNELS; WATER POLLUTION; WIND TUNNELS;

EID: 67650462760     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011102     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0347204611 scopus 로고
    • The disintegration and electrification of charged water drops falling in an electric field
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49709540305
    • Abbas, M. A., and J. Latham (1969), The disintegration and electrification of charged water drops falling in an electric field, Q. J. R Meteorol. Soc., 95, 63-76, doi:10.1002/qj.49709540305.
    • (1969) Q. J. R Meteorol. Soc , vol.95 , pp. 63-76
    • Abbas, M.A.1    Latham, J.2
  • 2
    • 0025586896 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation at the western Arabian Gulf Coast
    • Ahmed, A. F. M., R. P. Singh, and A. H. Elmubarak (1990), Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation at the western Arabian Gulf Coast, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 24, 2927-2934.
    • (1990) Atmos. Environ., Part A , vol.24 , pp. 2927-2934
    • Ahmed, A.F.M.1    Singh, R.P.2    Elmubarak, A.H.3
  • 3
    • 0032763543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory measurements of axis ratios for large raindrops
    • doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2673:LMOARF>2.0.CO;2
    • Andsager, K., K. V. Beard, and N. E. Laird (1999), Laboratory measurements of axis ratios for large raindrops, J. Almos. Sci., 56, 2673-2683, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2673:LMOARF>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1999) J. Almos. Sci , vol.56 , pp. 2673-2683
    • Andsager, K.1    Beard, K.V.2    Laird, N.E.3
  • 4
    • 0001175212 scopus 로고
    • Distortion and disintegration of water drops in strong electric fields
    • doi: 10.1029/JZ072i024p06131
    • Ausman, E. L., and M. Brook (1967), Distortion and disintegration of water drops in strong electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 6131-6135, doi: 10.1029/JZ072i024p06131.
    • (1967) J. Geophys. Res , vol.72 , pp. 6131-6135
    • Ausman, E.L.1    Brook, M.2
  • 5
    • 0032716642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the cloud-droplet spectrum on electrical-charge transfer during individual ice-ice collisions
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49712555709
    • Avila, E. E., R. G. Pereyra, G. G. A. Varela, and G. M. Caranti (1999), The effect of the cloud-droplet spectrum on electrical-charge transfer during individual ice-ice collisions, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1669-1679, doi:10.1002/qj.49712555709.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.125 , pp. 1669-1679
    • Avila, E.E.1    Pereyra, R.G.2    Varela, G.G.A.3    Caranti, G.M.4
  • 6
    • 0016952798 scopus 로고
    • Terminal fall velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft
    • doi:10.1175/15200469(1976)033<0851:TVASOC>2.0.CO;2
    • Beard, K. V. (1976), Terminal fall velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851-864, doi:10.1175/15200469(1976)033<0851:TVASOC>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.33 , pp. 851-864
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 7
    • 0020968345 scopus 로고
    • J. Appl. Meteorol, 22
    • doi:10.1175/1520- 0450(1983) 022<, ROHIAA>2.0.CO;2. 1963 1983
    • Beard, K. V. (1983), Reorientation of hydrometeors in aircraft accelerated flow, J. Appl. Meteorol, 22, 1961-1963, doi:10.1175/1520- 0450(1983) 022< 1961 :ROHIAA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1961)
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 8
    • 0000646755 scopus 로고
    • A new model for the equilibrium shape of raindrops
    • doi: 10.1175/15200469( 1987)044<1509:ANMFTE>2.0.CO;2
    • Beard, K. V., and C. Chuang (1987), A new model for the equilibrium shape of raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1509-1524, doi: 10.1175/15200469( 1987)044<1509:ANMFTE>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.44 , pp. 1509-1524
    • Beard, K.V.1    Chuang, C.2
  • 9
    • 34547606829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel investigation of the deformation of water drops in the vertical and horizontal electric fields
    • doi:10.1029/2006JD007863
    • Bhalwankar, R. V., and A. K. Kamra (2007), A wind tunnel investigation of the deformation of water drops in the vertical and horizontal electric fields, J Geophys. Res., 112, D10215, doi:10.1029/2006JD007863.
    • (2007) J Geophys. Res , vol.112
    • Bhalwankar, R.V.1    Kamra, A.K.2
  • 10
    • 23144443685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of water conductivity on micro-discharges from raindrops in strong electric fields
    • doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004. 11.017
    • Boussaton, M. P., S. Coquillat, S. Chauzy, and J. F. Georgis (2005), Influence of water conductivity on micro-discharges from raindrops in strong electric fields, Atmos. Res., 76, 330-345, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2004. 11.017.
    • (2005) Atmos. Res , vol.76 , pp. 330-345
    • Boussaton, M.P.1    Coquillat, S.2    Chauzy, S.3    Georgis, J.F.4
  • 11
    • 0024228513 scopus 로고
    • Axis ratios and oscillations of raindrops
    • doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469( 1988)045< 1323, ARAOOR>2.0.CO;2
    • Chandrasekar, V., W. A. Cooper, and V. N. Bringi (1988), Axis ratios and oscillations of raindrops, J. Atmos Sci., 45, 1323-1333, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469( 1988)045< 1323 : ARAOOR>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1988) J. Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 1323-1333
    • Chandrasekar, V.1    Cooper, W.A.2    Bringi, V.N.3
  • 12
    • 1942494768 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • METROMEX: A Review and Summary, Am. Meteorol. Soc, Boston, Mass
    • Changnon, S. A. (1981), Introduction, in METROMEX: A Review and Summary, Meteorol. Monogr. Ser., vol. 40, pp. 1-15, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
    • (1981) Meteorol. Monogr. Ser , vol.40 , pp. 1-15
    • Changnon, S.A.1
  • 13
    • 0028562502 scopus 로고
    • Solute effects on the evaporation of ice particles
    • doi:10.1029/ 94JD01346
    • Chen, J.-P., and P. J. Crutzen (1994), Solute effects on the evaporation of ice particles, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,847-18,859, doi:10.1029/ 94JD01346.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res , vol.99
    • Chen, J.-P.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 14
    • 0025691236 scopus 로고
    • A numerical model for the equilibrium shape of electrified raindrops
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1374:ANMFTE>2.0.CO;2
    • Chuang, C., and K. V. Beard (1990), A numerical model for the equilibrium shape of electrified raindrops, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1374-1389, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1374:ANMFTE>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.47 , pp. 1374-1389
    • Chuang, C.1    Beard, K.V.2
  • 15
    • 0026305278 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase and in cloud water at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina
    • doi:10.1029/ 91JD00931
    • Claibom, C. S., and V. P. Aneja (1991), Measurements of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase and in cloud water at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,771-18,787, doi:10.1029/ 91JD00931.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res , vol.96
    • Claibom, C.S.1    Aneja, V.P.2
  • 16
    • 0027834998 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of precipitating water drops under the influence of electrical and aerodynamical forces
    • doi:10.1029/93JD00389
    • Coquillat, S., and S. Chauzy (1993), Behavior of precipitating water drops under the influence of electrical and aerodynamical forces, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,319-10,324, doi:10.1029/93JD00389.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res , vol.98
    • Coquillat, S.1    Chauzy, S.2
  • 17
    • 0028602396 scopus 로고
    • Computed conditions of corona emission from raindrops
    • doi:10.1029/ 94JD00818
    • Coquillat, S., and S. Chauzy (1994), Computed conditions of corona emission from raindrops, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,897-16,905, doi:10.1029/ 94JD00818.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res , vol.99
    • Coquillat, S.1    Chauzy, S.2
  • 18
    • 0347091989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corona emission from raindrops in strong electric fields as a possible discharge initiation: Comparison between horizontal and vertical field configurations
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002714
    • Coquillat, S., B. Combal, and S. Chauzy (2003), Corona emission from raindrops in strong electric fields as a possible discharge initiation: Comparison between horizontal and vertical field configurations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 4205, doi:10.1029/2002JD002714.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D7 , pp. 4205
    • Coquillat, S.1    Combal, B.2    Chauzy, S.3
  • 19
    • 0034283462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface tension of atmospheric wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets in relation to their organic carbon content and chemical composition
    • doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00237-5
    • Facchini, M. C., S. Decesari, M. Mircea, S. Fuzzi, and G. Loglio (2000), Surface tension of atmospheric wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets in relation to their organic carbon content and chemical composition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4853-4857, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00237-5.
    • (2000) Atmos. Environ , vol.34 , pp. 4853-4857
    • Facchini, M.C.1    Decesari, S.2    Mircea, M.3    Fuzzi, S.4    Loglio, G.5
  • 21
    • 0031399597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Onset of instability in precipitating drops submitted to horizontal electric fields
    • doi: 10.1029/97JD01054
    • Georgis, J. F., S. Coquillat, and S. Chauzy (1997), Onset of instability in precipitating drops submitted to horizontal electric fields, J. Geophys. Res, 102, 16,793-16,798, doi: 10.1029/97JD01054.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res , vol.102
    • Georgis, J.F.1    Coquillat, S.2    Chauzy, S.3
  • 22
    • 0346574351 scopus 로고
    • The emission of corona from falling drops
    • Griffiths, R. F., and J. Latham (1972), The emission of corona from falling drops, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 50, 416-422.
    • (1972) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn , vol.50 , pp. 416-422
    • Griffiths, R.F.1    Latham, J.2
  • 23
    • 0016972536 scopus 로고
    • A model for lightning initiation arising from positive corona streamer development
    • doi:10.1029/JC08H021p03671
    • Griffiths, R. F., and C. T. Phelps (1976), A model for lightning initiation arising from positive corona streamer development, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3671-3676, doi:10.1029/JC08H021p03671.
    • (1976) J. Geophys. Res , vol.81 , pp. 3671-3676
    • Griffiths, R.F.1    Phelps, C.T.2
  • 24
    • 15544368045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly organics and inorganic salts
    • Henning, S., T. Rosenorn, B. D'Anna, A. A. Gola, B. Svenningsson, and M. Bilde (2005), Cloud droplet activation and surface tension of mixtures of slightly organics and inorganic salts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 575-582.
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys , vol.5 , pp. 575-582
    • Henning, S.1    Rosenorn, T.2    D'Anna, B.3    Gola, A.A.4    Svenningsson, B.5    Bilde, M.6
  • 25
    • 0001066120 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation modification by major urban areas
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054<1220:PMBMUA>2.0.CO;2
    • Huff, F. A., and S. A. Changnon Jr. (1973), Precipitation modification by major urban areas, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 54, 1220-1232, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054<1220:PMBMUA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1973) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.54 , pp. 1220-1232
    • Huff, F.A.1    Changnon Jr., S.A.2
  • 26
    • 0020918965 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice-crystal interaction
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49710946111
    • Jayaratne, E. R., C. P. R. Saunders, and J. Hallett (1983), Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice-crystal interaction, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 609-630, doi:10.1002/qj.49710946111.
    • (1983) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.109 , pp. 609-630
    • Jayaratne, E.R.1    Saunders, C.P.R.2    Hallett, J.3
  • 27
    • 0025994478 scopus 로고
    • A field study on chemistry, S (IV) oxidation rates and vertical transport during fog conditions
    • Joos, F., and U. Baltensberger (1991), A field study on chemistry, S (IV) oxidation rates and vertical transport during fog conditions, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 25, 217-230.
    • (1991) Atmos. Environ., Part A , vol.25 , pp. 217-230
    • Joos, F.1    Baltensberger, U.2
  • 28
    • 0024823057 scopus 로고
    • Wind tunnel studies of the shape of charged and uncharged water drops in absence or presence of an electric field
    • doi:10.1016/0169-8095(89)90003-3
    • Kamra, A. K., and D. V. Ahire (1989), Wind tunnel studies of the shape of charged and uncharged water drops in absence or presence of an electric field, Atmos. Res., 23, 117-134, doi:10.1016/0169-8095(89)90003-3.
    • (1989) Atmos. Res , vol.23 , pp. 117-134
    • Kamra, A.K.1    Ahire, D.V.2
  • 29
    • 0000231479 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous breakup of charged and uncharged water drops freely suspended in a wind tunnel
    • doi:10.1029/91JD01475
    • Kamra, A. K., R. V. Bhalwankar, and A. B. Sathe (1991), Spontaneous breakup of charged and uncharged water drops freely suspended in a wind tunnel, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,159-17,168, doi:10.1029/91JD01475.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res , vol.96
    • Kamra, A.K.1    Bhalwankar, R.V.2    Sathe, A.B.3
  • 30
    • 0027833140 scopus 로고
    • The onset of disintegration and corona in water drops falling at terminal velocity in horizontal electric fields
    • doi:10.1029/93JD00625
    • Kamra, A. K., R. V. Bhalwankar, and A. B. Sathe (1993), The onset of disintegration and corona in water drops falling at terminal velocity in horizontal electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,901-12,912, doi:10.1029/93JD00625.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res , vol.98
    • Kamra, A.K.1    Bhalwankar, R.V.2    Sathe, A.B.3
  • 32
    • 2442562341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How efficient is cloud droplet formation of organic aerosols?
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GLO 18999
    • Lohmann, U., K. Broekhuizen, R. Leaitch, N. Shantz, and J. Abbatt (2004), How efficient is cloud droplet formation of organic aerosols?, Geophys. Res. Lett, 31, L05108, doi: 10.1029/2003GLO 18999.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.31
    • Lohmann, U.1    Broekhuizen, K.2    Leaitch, R.3    Shantz, N.4    Abbatt, J.5
  • 33
    • 0032475916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires
    • doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.77
    • Lyons, W., T. Nelson, E. Williams, and J. Turner (1998), Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires, Science, 282, 77-80, doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.77.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 77-80
    • Lyons, W.1    Nelson, T.2    Williams, E.3    Turner, J.4
  • 34
    • 0000185533 scopus 로고
    • Some investigations on the deformation and breaking of water drops in strong electric fields
    • doi:10.1098/rspa. 1931.0168
    • Macky, W. A. (1931), Some investigations on the deformation and breaking of water drops in strong electric fields, Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A, 133, 565-587, doi:10.1098/rspa. 1931.0168.
    • (1931) Proc. R. Soc., Ser. A , vol.133 , pp. 565-587
    • Macky, W.A.1
  • 35
    • 0034352721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Murray, N. D., R. E. Orville, and G. R. Huffines (2000), Effect of pollution from Central American fires on cloud-to-ground lightning in May 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 2249-2252, doi:10.1029/2000GL011656.
    • Murray, N. D., R. E. Orville, and G. R. Huffines (2000), Effect of pollution from Central American fires on cloud-to-ground lightning in May 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 2249-2252, doi:10.1029/2000GL011656.
  • 36
    • 0001204863 scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloud water and in aerosol
    • Okita, T. (1968), Concentrations of sulfate and other inorganic materials in fog and cloud water and in aerosol, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 46, 120-126.
    • (1968) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn , vol.46 , pp. 120-126
    • Okita, T.1
  • 39
    • 0022112641 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel investigation of the effect of an external, vertical electric field on the shape of electrically uncharged rain drops
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469( 1985)042<1647:AWTIOT>2.0.CO;2
    • Rasmussen, R., C. Walcek, H. R. Pruppacher, S. K. Mitra, J. Lew, V. Levizzani, P. K. Wang, and U. Barth (1985), A wind tunnel investigation of the effect of an external, vertical electric field on the shape of electrically uncharged rain drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1647-1652, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469( 1985)042<1647:AWTIOT>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.42 , pp. 1647-1652
    • Rasmussen, R.1    Walcek, C.2    Pruppacher, H.R.3    Mitra, S.K.4    Lew, J.5    Levizzani, V.6    Wang, P.K.7    Barth, U.8
  • 40
    • 0015068382 scopus 로고
    • The hydrodynamic instability of water drops falling at terminal velocity in vertical electric fields
    • doi:10.1029/JC076i015p03445
    • Richards, C. N., and G. A. Dawson (1971), The hydrodynamic instability of water drops falling at terminal velocity in vertical electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3445-3455, doi:10.1029/JC076i015p03445.
    • (1971) J. Geophys. Res , vol.76 , pp. 3445-3455
    • Richards, C.N.1    Dawson, G.A.2
  • 41
    • 84905333541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau (1989), A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Int. Ser. Nat. Philos., 113, Butterworth-Heinemann, New York.
    • Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau (1989), A Short Course in Cloud Physics, Int. Ser. Nat. Philos., vol. 113, Butterworth-Heinemann, New York.
  • 43
    • 0034629546 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution
    • doi:10.1126/science. 287, 1796 2000
    • Rosenfeld, D. (2000), Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287, 1793-1796, doi:10.1126/science. 287. 5459.1793.
    • (1793) Science , vol.287 , pp. 5459
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 44
    • 0016917325 scopus 로고
    • The behavior of large, low-surface-tension water drops falling at terminal velocity in air
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0157:TBOLLS>2.0.CO;2
    • Ryan, R. T. (1976), The behavior of large, low-surface-tension water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, J. Appl. Meteorol, 15, 157-165, doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0157:TBOLLS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1976) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.15 , pp. 157-165
    • Ryan, R.T.1
  • 45
    • 0029656236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition of rainwater in eastern France
    • doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00237-S
    • Sanusi, A., H. Wortham, M. Millet, and P. Mirabel (1996), Chemical composition of rainwater in eastern France, Atmos. Environ., 30, 59-71, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00237-S.
    • (1996) Atmos. Environ , vol.30 , pp. 59-71
    • Sanusi, A.1    Wortham, H.2    Millet, M.3    Mirabel, P.4
  • 46
    • 0016994365 scopus 로고
    • A electric charges and vertical external fields on the collision efficiency of cloud drops
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0469 (1976)033<1747:ANIOTE>2.0.CO;2
    • Schlamp, R. J., S. N. Graver, H. R. Pruppacher, and A. E. Hamielec (1976), A electric charges and vertical external fields on the collision efficiency of cloud drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1747-1755, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469 (1976)033<1747:ANIOTE>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.33 , pp. 1747-1755
    • Schlamp, R.J.1    Graver, S.N.2    Pruppacher, H.R.3    Hamielec, A.E.4
  • 47
    • 0032693773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model study of corona emission from hydrometeors
    • doi:10.1002/qj.49712555710
    • Schroeder, V., M. B. Baker, and J. Latham (1999), A model study of corona emission from hydrometeors, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 1681-1693, doi:10.1002/qj.49712555710.
    • (1999) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.125 , pp. 1681-1693
    • Schroeder, V.1    Baker, M.B.2    Latham, J.3
  • 48
    • 0141688474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do forest fires affect lightning?
    • doi:10.1256/ qj.02.175
    • Smith, J. A., M. B. Baker, and J. A. Weinman (2003), Do forest fires affect lightning?, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 2651-2670, doi:10.1256/ qj.02.175.
    • (2003) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.129 , pp. 2651-2670
    • Smith, J.A.1    Baker, M.B.2    Weinman, J.A.3
  • 49
    • 0036285754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of small urban areas in central Spain on the enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity
    • doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00204-2
    • Soriano, L. R., and F. de Pablo (2002), Effect of small urban areas in central Spain on the enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning activity, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2809-2816, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00204-2.
    • (2002) Atmos. Environ , vol.36 , pp. 2809-2816
    • Soriano, L.R.1    de Pablo, F.2
  • 50
    • 17744419923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-to-ground lightning enhancement over Southern Louisiana
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017923
    • Steiger, S. M., and R. Orville (2003), Cloud-to-ground lightning enhancement over Southern Louisiana, Geophys. Res. Lett, 30(19), 1975, doi:10.1029/2003GL017923.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.30 , Issue.19 , pp. 1975
    • Steiger, S.M.1    Orville, R.2
  • 51
    • 17044458412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steiger, S. M., R. E. Orville, and G. R. Huffines (2002), Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics over Houston, Texas: 1989-2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4117, doi:10.1029/2001JD001142.
    • Steiger, S. M., R. E. Orville, and G. R. Huffines (2002), Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics over Houston, Texas: 1989-2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4117, doi:10.1029/2001JD001142.
  • 52
    • 67650455765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel study on the shape, oscillation and internal circulation of large raindrops with sizes between 2.5 and 7.5 mm
    • doi:10.1175/2008JAS2777.1
    • Szakáll, M., K. Diehl, S. K. Mitra, and S. Borrmann (2008), A wind tunnel study on the shape, oscillation and internal circulation of large raindrops with sizes between 2.5 and 7.5 mm, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 755-765, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2777.1.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.66 , pp. 755-765
    • Szakáll, M.1    Diehl, K.2    Mitra, S.K.3    Borrmann, S.4
  • 53
    • 0037945522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tardiveau, P., and E. Marode (2003), Point-to-plane discharge dynamics in the presence of dielectric droplets, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 36, 12041211,doi:10.1088/0022-3727/36/10/309.
    • Tardiveau, P., and E. Marode (2003), Point-to-plane discharge dynamics in the presence of dielectric droplets, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 36, 12041211,doi:10.1088/0022-3727/36/10/309.
  • 54
    • 33544468496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the main stage of a discharge between an artificially charged water aerosol cloud and a grounded electrode
    • Int. Comm. on Atmos. Electr, Versailles, France
    • Temnikov, A. G., I. P. Vereshchagin, A. V. Orlov, and M. V. Sokolova (2003), Investigation of the main stage of a discharge between an artificially charged water aerosol cloud and a grounded electrode, in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, pp. 549-552, Int. Comm. on Atmos. Electr., Versailles, France.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity , pp. 549-552
    • Temnikov, A.G.1    Vereshchagin, I.P.2    Orlov, A.V.3    Sokolova, M.V.4
  • 55
    • 0030419153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A field study of raindrop oscillations: Part 1 : Observations of size spectra and evolution of oscillation causes
    • doi: 10.1175/1520-0450( 1996)035< 1671:AFSORO>2.0.CO;2
    • Tokay, A., and K. V. Beard (1996), A field study of raindrop oscillations: Part 1 : Observations of size spectra and evolution of oscillation causes, J. Appl. Meteorol, 35, 1671-1687, doi: 10.1175/1520-0450( 1996)035< 1671:AFSORO>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.35 , pp. 1671-1687
    • Tokay, A.1    Beard, K.V.2
  • 56
    • 34547961704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuckermann, R. (2007), Surface tension of aqueous solutions of watersoluble organic and inorganic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 41, 62656275, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.051.
    • Tuckermann, R. (2007), Surface tension of aqueous solutions of watersoluble organic and inorganic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 41, 62656275, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.051.
  • 58
    • 0029479391 scopus 로고
    • Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major midwestem urban areas
    • Westcott, N. E. (1995), Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major midwestem urban areas, J. Appl. Meteorol, 34, 1633-1642.
    • (1995) J. Appl. Meteorol , vol.34 , pp. 1633-1642
    • Westcott, N.E.1
  • 59
    • 0012544713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The electrification of severe storms
    • Williams, E. R. (2001), The electrification of severe storms, Meteorol. Monogr, 28(50), 527-561.
    • (2001) Meteorol. Monogr , vol.28 , Issue.50 , pp. 527-561
    • Williams, E.R.1
  • 60
    • 0022164057 scopus 로고
    • Electrical discharge propagation in and around space charge clouds
    • doi:10.1029/JD090iD04p06059
    • Williams, E. R., C. M. Cooke, and K. A. Wright (1985), Electrical discharge propagation in and around space charge clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6059-6070, doi:10.1029/JD090iD04p06059.
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res , vol.90 , pp. 6059-6070
    • Williams, E.R.1    Cooke, C.M.2    Wright, K.A.3
  • 61
    • 0002906793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of boundary layer aerosol in the vertical development of precipitation and electrification: Another look at the contrast between lightning over land and over ocean
    • edited by H. J. Christian, pp, NASA Marshal Space flight Cent, Guntersville, Ala
    • Williams, E. R., D. Rosenfeld, N. Madden, C. Labrada, J. Gerlach, and L. Atkinson (1999), The role of boundary layer aerosol in the vertical development of precipitation and electrification: Another look at the contrast between lightning over land and over ocean, in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, edited by H. J. Christian, pp. 754-757, NASA Marshal Space flight Cent., Guntersville, Ala.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity , pp. 754-757
    • Williams, E.R.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Madden, N.3    Labrada, C.4    Gerlach, J.5    Atkinson, L.6
  • 62
    • 0001099727 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of electric fields in thunderclouds
    • doi:10.1029/JC079i012p01761
    • Winn, W. P., G. W. Schwede, and C. B. Moore (1974), Measurements of electric fields in thunderclouds, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1761-1767, doi:10.1029/JC079i012p01761.
    • (1974) J. Geophys. Res , vol.79 , pp. 1761-1767
    • Winn, W.P.1    Schwede, G.W.2    Moore, C.B.3
  • 63
    • 0004690889 scopus 로고
    • Electric field structure in an active part of a small, isolated thundercloud
    • doi:10.1029/JC086iC02p01187
    • Winn, W. P., C. B. Moore, and C. R. Holmes (1981), Electric field structure in an active part of a small, isolated thundercloud, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1187-1193, doi:10.1029/JC086iC02p01187.
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res , vol.86 , pp. 1187-1193
    • Winn, W.P.1    Moore, C.B.2    Holmes, C.R.3
  • 64
    • 0345325051 scopus 로고
    • M.S. thesis, 117 pp, Dep. of Atmos. Sci. Univ. of III. at UrbanaChampaign, Champaign
    • Xu, X. (1995), Analyses of aircraft measurements of raindrop shape in CaPE, M.S. thesis, 117 pp., Dep. of Atmos. Sci. Univ. of III. at UrbanaChampaign, Champaign.
    • (1995) Analyses of aircraft measurements of raindrop shape in CaPE
    • Xu, X.1
  • 65
    • 0023864019 scopus 로고
    • Acid rain in southwestern China
    • doi:10.1016/ 00046981(88)90040-6
    • Zhao, D., J. Xiong, Y. Xu, and W. H. Chan (1988), Acid rain in southwestern China, Atmos. Environ., 22, 349-358, doi:10.1016/ 00046981(88)90040-6.
    • (1988) Atmos. Environ , vol.22 , pp. 349-358
    • Zhao, D.1    Xiong, J.2    Xu, Y.3    Chan, W.H.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.