Delayed metamorphosis by larvae of benthic marine invertebrates: Does it occur? Is there a price to pay?

Ophelia

Volumn 32, Issue 1-2, 1990, Pages 63-94

  Pechenik, Jan A ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650303284     PISSN: 00785326     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1990.10422025     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Anger, K., 1983. Temperature and the larval development of Hyas araneus L. (Decapoda: Majidae): extrapolation of laboratory data to field conditions. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 69: 203-215.
2. Barker, M. F., 1977. Observations on the settlement of the brachiolaria larvae of Stichaster australis (Verrill) and Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the laboratory and on the shore. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 30: 95-108.
3. Barnes, J. R. & J. J. Gonor, 1973. The larval settling response of the lined chiton Tonictlla lineata. - Mar. Biol. 20: 259-264.
4. Bayne, B. L., 1965. Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of Mytilus edulis (L.). - Ophelia 2: 1-47.
5. Bickell, L. R. & S. C. Kempf, 1983. Larval and metamorphic morphogenesis in the nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). - Biol. Bull. 165: 119-138.
6. Birkcland, C., F. Chia & R. R. Strathmann, 1971. Development, substratum selection, delay of metamorphosis and growth in the seastar, Mediaster aequalis Stimpson. - Biol. Bull. 141: 99-108.
7. Boucher, L. M., 1986. Vestigal larval shells in the planktonic veligers of two gymnodorid nudibranchs. - J. Moll. Studies 52: 30-34.
8. Burke, R. D., 1983. The induction of metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae: stimulus and response. - Can. J. Zool. 61: 1701-1719.
9. Butman, C. A., 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. - Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25: 113-165.
10. Butman, C. A., J. R Grassle & E. J. Buskey, 1988. Horizontal swimming and gravitational sinking of Capitella sp. I (Annelida: Polychaeta) larvae: implications for settlement. - Ophelia 29: 43-57.
11. Cameron, R. A. & R. T. Hinegardner, 1974. Initiation of metamorphosis in laboratory cultured sea urchins. - Biol. Bull. 146: 335-342.
12. Cameron, R. A. & S. C. Schroeter, 1980. Sea urchin recruitment: effect of substrate selection on juvenile distribution. - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 2: 243-247.
13. Carton, Y., 1968. Étude expérimentale de l’infestation d’Amphipholis squamata della Chiaje (Ophiuride) par Cancerilla tubulata Dalyell (Copépode Cyclopoide). - Cah. Biol. Mar. 9: 269-284.
14. Chia, F. S., 1978. Perspectives: settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. - In F. S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 283-285. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York.
15. Chia, F. S. & B. J. Crawford, 1973. Some observations on gametogenesis, larval development and substratum selection of the sea pen Ptilosarcus guerneyi. - Mar. Biol. 23: 73-82.
16. Chia, F. S. & R. Koss, 1978. Development and metamorphosis of the planktotrophic larvae of Rostanga pulchra (Mollusca: Nudibranchia). - Mar. Biol. 46: 109-120.
17. Chia, F. S. & J. G. Spaulding, 1972. Development and juvenile growth of the sea anemone, Tealia crassicornis. - Biol. Bull. 114: 206-218.
18. Coon, S. L., D. B. Bonar & R. M. Weiner, 1985. Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), by L-DOPA and catecholamines. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 94: 211-221.
19. Coon, S. L., W. K. Fitt & D. B. Bonar, in press, Competency and delay of metamorphosis in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Thunberg). - Mar. Biol.
20. Crisp, D. J., 1974. Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. - In P T. Grant & A. M. Mackie (eds): Chemoreception in Marine Organisms, pp. 177-265. Academic Press, NY.
21. Crisp, D. J., 1988. Reduced discrimination of laboratory-reared cyprids of the barnacle Balanusamphitrite amphitrite Darwin, Crustacea Cirripedia, with a description of a common abnormality. - In M.-F. Thompson, R. Sarojini & R. Nagabushanam (eds): Marine Biodeterioration, pp. 409-432. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi.
22. Culliney, J. L., 1971. Laboratory rearing of the larvae of the mahogany date mussel Lithophaga bisulcata. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 21: 591-602.
23. Culliney, J. L., 1974. Larval development of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). - Biol. Buil. 147: 321-332.
24. Culliney, J. L., 1975. Comparative larval development of the shipworms Bankia gouldi and Teredo navalis. - Mar. Biol. 29: 245-251.
25. Davis, A. R. & A. J. Butler, 1989. Direct observations of larval dispersal in the colonial ascidian Podoclavella moluccensis Sluiter: evidence for closed populations. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 127: 189-203.
26. Day, R. & L. McEdward, 1984. Aspects of the physiology and ecology of pelagic larvae of marine benthic invertebrates. - In K. A. Steidinger & L. M. Walker (eds): Marine Plankton Life Cycle Strategies, pp. 93-120. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Rotan, FL.
27. Day, J. H. & D. P. Wilson, 1934. On the relation of the substratum to the metamorphosis of Scolecolepis fulginosa (Claparède). - J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K. 19: 655-662.
28. Dean, D., 1965. On the reproduction and larval development of Streblospio benedicti Webster. - Biol. Bull. 127: 67-76.
29. Dean, D. & J. A. Blake, 1966. Life history of Boccardia hamata (Webster) on the east and west coasts of North America. - Biol. Bull. 130: 316-330.
30. Domanski, P. A., 1984. Giant larvae: prolonged planktonic larval phase in the asteroid Luidia sarsi. - Mar. Biol. 80: 189-195.
31. Doyle, R., 1975. Settlement of planktonic larvae: a theory of habitat selection in varying environments. - Am. Nat. 109: 113-126.
32. 2 S - A settlement cue or a toxic substance of Capitella sp. I larvae? - Biol. Bull. 174: 30-38.
33. Eagan, E. A. & D. T. Anderson, 1979. The reproduction of the entozoic nemertean Gononemertes austmlicnsis Gibson (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea: Monostylifera) - gonads, gametes, embryonic development and larval development. - Aust. J. mar. freshw. Res. 30: 661-681.
34. Emerson, S. B., 1986. Heterochrony and frogs: the relationship of a life history trait to morphological form. - Am. Nat. 127: 167-183.
35. Emlet, R. B., 1986. Larval production, dispersal, and growth in a fjord: a case study on larvae of the sand dollar Dendrastcr cxcmtricus. - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 31: 245-254.
36. Eyster, L. S. & J. A. Pechenik, 1987. Attachment of Mytilus edulis L. larvae on algal and byssal filaments is enhanced by water agitation. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 114: 99-110.
37. Fenaux, L. & M. L. Pedrotti, 1988. Metamorphosis of echinoid larvae in midwater. - Mar. Ecol. 9: 93-107.
38. Fitt, W. K., D. K. Hoffmann, M. Wolk & M. Rahat, 1987. Requirement of exogenous inducers for metamorphosis of axenic larvae and buds of Cassiopea andromcda (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). - Mar. Biol. 94: 415-422.
39. Gordon, I., 1929. Skeletal development in Arbacia, Echinorachnius and Leptasterias. - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London (B) 217: 289-334.
40. Gould, S. J. & R. C. Lewontin, 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. - Proc. R. Soc. London B 205: 581-598.
41. Grassle, J. P. & C. A. Butman, 1989. Active habitat selection by larvae of the polychaetes, Capitella spp. I and II, in a laboratory flume. - In J. S. Ryland & P. A. Tyler (eds): Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms (23rd Eur. Mar. Biol. Symposium), pp. 107-114, Olsen & Olsen, Denmark.
42. Grave, C., 1936. Metamorphosis of ascidian larvae. - Carnegie Inst. Washington 452: 209-292.
43. Gray, J. S., 1974. Animal-sediment relationships. - Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 12: 223-261.
44. Grosberg, R. K., 1981. Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates. - Nature 290: 700-702.
45. Hadfield, M. G., 1977. Chemical interactions in larval settling of a marine gastropod. - In D. J. Faulkner & W. H. Fenical (eds): Marine Natural Products Chemistry, pp. 403-413. Plenum Publ. Corp., NY.
46. Hadfield, M. G., 1978a. Metamorphosis in marine molluscan larvae: an analysis of stimulus and response. - In F. S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 165-175. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
47. Hadfield, M. G., 1978b. Growth and metamorphosis of planktonic larvae of Ptychodera flava (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta). - In F. S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 247-254. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
48. Hadfield, M. G., 1984. Settlement requirements of molluscan larvae: new data on chemical and genetic roles. - Aquaculture 39: 283-298.
49. Hadfield, M. G. & D. Scheuer, 1985. Evidence for a soluble metamorphic inducer in Phestilla: ecological, chemical and biological data. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 37: 556-566.
50. Harms, J., 1984. Influence of water temperature on larval development of Elminius modestus and Semibalanus balanoides (Crustacea, Cirripedia). - Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 38: 123-134.
51. Harrigan, J. F. & D. L. Alkon, 1978. Larval rearing, metamorphosis, growth and reproduction of the eolid nudibranch Hermissenda crassicomis (Eschscholtz, 1831) (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). - Biol. Bull. 154: 430-439.
52. Hermans, C. O., 1978. Metamorphosis in the opheliid polychaete Armandia brevis. - In F.-S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 113-126. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
53. Hcslinga, G., 1981. Larval development, settlement and metamorphosis of the tropical gastropod Trochus niloticus. - Malacologia 20: 349-357.
54. Highsmith, R. C. & R. B. Emlct, 1986. Delayed metamorphosis: effect on growth and survival of juvenile sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida). - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 347-361.
55. Hinegardner, R. T., 1969. Growth and development of the laboratory cultured sea urchin. - Biol. Bull. 137: 465-475.
56. Jablonski, D., 1986. Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 565-587.
57. Jablonski, D. & R. A. Lutz, 1983. Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. - Biol. Rev. 58: 21-89.
58. Jaccarini, V., L. Aguis, P. J. Schembri & M. Rizzo, 1983. Sex determination and larval sexual interaction in Bonellia viridis Rolando (Echiura: Bonelliidae). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 66: 25-40.
59. Jackson, G. A. & R. R. Strathmann, 1981. Larval mortality from offshore mixing as a link between precompetent and competent periods of development. - Am. Nat. 118: 16-26.
60. Jensen, G. C., 1989. Gregarious settlement by megalopae of the porcelain crabs Petrolisthes cinctipes (Randall) and P. eriomerus Stimpson. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 131: 223-231.
61. Jensen, R. A. & D. E. Morse, 1984. Intraspecific facilitation of larval recruitment: gregarious settlement of the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 83: 107-126.
62. Jokiel, P. L., 1989. Rafting of reef corals and other organisms at Kwajalein Atoll. - Mar. Biol. 101: 483-493.
63. Kempf, S. C., 1981. Long-lived larvae of the gastropod Aplysia juliana: do they disperse and metamorphose or just slowly fade away? - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 6: 61-65.
64. Kempf, S. C. & M. G. Hadfield, 1985. Planktotrophy by lecithotrophic larvae of a nudibranch, Phestilla sibogae (Gastropoda). - Biol. Bull. 169: 119-130.
65. Keough, M. J. & B. J. Downes, 1982. Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. - Oecologia 54: 348-352.
66. Knight-Jones, E. W., 1953a. Decreased discrimination during setting after prolonged planktonic life in larvae of Spirorbis borealis (Serpulidae). - J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K. 32: 337-345.
67. Knight-Jones, E. W., 1953b. Laboratory experiments on gregariousness during settling in Balanus balanoides and other barnacles. - J. exp. Biol. 30: 584-598.
68. Kriegstein, A. R., V. Castellucci & E. R. Kandel, 1974. Metamorphosis of Aplysia californica in laboratory culture. - Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71: 3654-3658.
69. Kuris, A. M., 1980. Echinostoma liei miracidia and Biomphalaria glabrata snails: effect of egg age, habitat heterogeneity, water quality and volume on infectivity. - Int. J. Parasitol. 10: 21-25.
70. Lane, D. J. W., A. R. Beaumont & J. R. Hunter, 1985. Byssus drifting and the drifting threads of the young post-larval mussel Mytilus edulis. - Mar. Biol. 84: 301-308.
71. Laughlin, R., 1983. The effects of temperature and salinity on larval growth of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. - Biol. Bull. 164: 93-103.
72. Lewis, C. A., 1978. A review of substratum selection in free-living and symbiotic cirripeds. - In F.-S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 207-218. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
73. Lima, G. & J. A. Pechenik, 1985. The influence of temperature on growth rate and length of larval life of the gastropod, Crepidula plana Say. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 90: 55-71.
74. Lipcius, R. N., E. J. Olmi III & J. van Montfrans, 1990. Planktonic availability, molt stage and settlement of blue crab posdarvae. - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 58: 235-242.
75. Loosanoff, V. L., 1959. The size and shape of metamorphosing larvae of Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria grown at different temperatures. - Biol. Bull. 117: 308-318.
76. Lucas, M. I., G. Walker, D. L. Holland & D. J. Crisp, 1979. An energy budget for the free-swimming and metamorphosing larvae of Balanus balanoides (Crustacea: Cirripedia). - Mar. Biol. 55: 221-229.
77. Manahan, D. T., 1990. Adaptations by invertebrate larvae for nutrient acquisition from seawater. - Am. Zool 30: 147-160.
78. Marsden, J. R., B. E. Conlin & W. Hunte, 1990. Habitat selection in the tropical polychaete Spirobranchus giganteus. II. Larval preferences for corals. - Mar. Biol. 104: 93-99.
79. Mathews, A., 1917. The development of Alcyonium digitatum with some notes on the early colony formation. - Q. J. Microsc. Sci., N. S. 62 (245): 43-94.
80. Meadows, P. S. & J. I. Campbell, 1972. Habitat selection by aquatic invertebrates. - Adv. Mar. Biol. 10: 271-382.
81. Miller, S. E., 1988. Effect of larval duration on post-larval lifespan and fecundity of a nudibranch mollusc. - Am. Zool. 28 (4): 171A (abstract).
82. Miller, S. E. & M. G. Hadfield, 1986. Ontogeny of phototaxis and metamorphic competence in larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 97: 95-112.
83. Mitton, J. B., C. J. Berg Jr. & K. S. Orr, 1989. Population structure, larval dispersal, and gene flow in the queen conch, Strombus gigas, of the Caribbean. - Biol. Bull. 177: 356-362.
84. Morse, D. E., N. Hooker, H. Duncan & L. Jensen, 1979. Gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter, induces planktonic abalone to settle and begin metamorphosis. - Science 204: 407-410.
85. Morse, D. E., N. Hooker, A. N. C. Morse & R. A. Jensen, 1988. Control of larval metamorphosis and recruitment in sympatric agariciid corals. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 116: 193-217.
86. Morse, A. N. C. & D. E. Morse, 1984. Recruitment and metamorphosis of Haliotis larvae induced by molecules uniquely available at the surfaces of crustose red algae. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 75: 191-215.
87. Mortensen, Th., 1921. Studies on the development and larval forms of echinoderms. - G. E. C. Gad, Copenhagen, 261 pp.
88. Moyse, J., 1963. A comparison of the value of various flagellates and diatoms as food for barnacle larvae. - J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 28: 175-187.
89. Nadeau, L., J. A. Paige, V. Starczak, T. Capo, J. Lafler & J. P. Bidwell, 1989. Metamorphic competence in Aptysia californica Cooper. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 131: 171-193.
90. Nielsen, C., 1981. On morphology and reproduction of “Hippodiplosia” insculpta and Fenestrulina malusii (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). - Ophelia 20: 91-125.
91. Nyholm, K.-G., 1950. Contributions to the life-history of the ampharetid, Melinna cristata. - Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 29: 79-91.
92. Obrebski, S., 1979. Larval colonizing strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 1: 293-300.
93. Olson, R. R., 1983. Ascidian-prochloron symbiosis: the role of larval photoadaptations in midday larval release and settlement. - Biol. Bull. 165: 221-240.
94. Olson, R. R. & R. McPherson, 1987. Potential vs. realized larval dispersal: fish predation on larvae of the ascidian Lissoclinum patella (Gottschaldt). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 110: 245-256.
95. Paige, J. A., 1988. Biology, metamorphosis and postlarval development of Bursatella leachiiplei Rang (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). - Bull. Mar. Sci. 42: 65-75.
96. Pawlik, J. R., 1988. Larval setdement and metamorphosis of sabellariid polychaetes, with special reference to Phragmatopoma lapidosa, a reef-building species, and Sabellaria floridcnsis, a non-gregarious species. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 43: 41-60.
97. Pawlik, J. R. & D. J. Faulkner, 1986. Specific free fatty acids induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of the reef-building tube worm Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 102: 301-310.
98. Pechenik, J. A., 1980. Growth and energy balance during the larval lives of three prosobranch gastropods. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 44: 1-28.
99. Pechenik, J. A., 1984a. The relationship between temperature, growth rate, and duration of planktonic life for larvae of the gastropod Crepidula fomicata(L). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 74: 241-257.
100. Pechenik, J. A., 1984 b. Influence of temperature and temperature shifts on the development of chiton larvae, Mopalia muscosa. - Int. J. Invert. Reprod. Devel. 7: 3-12.
101. Pechenik, J. A., 1985. Delayed metamorphosis of marine molluscan larvae: current status and directions for future research. - Amer. Malacol. Bull., Sp. Ed. 1: 85-91.
102. Pechenik, J. A., 1986. Field evidence for delayed metamorphosis of larval gastropods: Crepidula plana (Say), Crepidula fornicata (L.), and Bittium allernatum (Say). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 97: 313-319.
103. Pechenik, J. A., 1987. Environmental influences of larval survival and development. - In A. C. Giese, J. S. Pearse & V. B. Pearse (eds): Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. 9, pp. 551-608. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Palo Alto, CA.
104. Pechenik, J. A. & T. R. Cerulli, 1989. Does delayed metamorphosis influence growth and reproduction of the marine benthic polychaete Capilella sp. I? - Am. Zool. 29 (4): 173A (abstract).
105. Pechenik, J. A. & L. S. Eyster, 1989. Influence of delayed metamorphosis on the growth and metabolism of young Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda) juveniles. - Biol. Bull. 176: 14-24.
106. Pechenik, J. A., L. S. Eyster, J. Widdows & B. L. Bayne, 1990. The influence of food concentration and temperature on growth and morphological differentiation of blue mussel larvae Mytilus edulis L. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 136: 47-64.
107. Pechenik, J. A. & W. D. Heyman, 1987. Using KC1 to determine size at competence for larvae of the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata (L.). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 112: 27-38.
108. Pechenik, J. A. & G. Lima, 1984. Relationship between growth, differentiation, and length of larval life for individually reared larvae of the marine gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. - Biol. Bull. 166: 537-549.
109. Pechenik, J. A., R. S. Scheltema & L. S. Eyster, 1984. Growth stasis and limited shell calcification in larvae of Cymatium parthenopeum during trans-Atlantic transport. - Science 224: 1097-1099.
110. Pennington, J. T. & M. G. Hadfield, 1989. Larvae of a nudibranch mollusc (Phestilla sibogae) metamorphose when exposed to common organic solvents. - Biol. Bull. 177: 350-355.
111. Pennington, J. T., S. S. Rumrill & F.-S. Chia, 1986. Stage-specific predation upon embryos and larvae of the Pacific sand dollar, Dendraster excenlricus, by 11 species of common zooplankton predators. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 234-240.
112. Perron, F. E., 1981. Larval growth and metamorphosis of Conus (Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) in Hawaii. - Pacific Sci. 35: 25-38.
113. Perron, F. E. & R. D. Turner, 1977. Development, metamorphosis, and natural history of the nudibranch Doridella obscura Verrill (Corambidae: Opisthobranchia). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 27: 171-185.
114. Rice, M. E., 1978. Morphological and behavioral changes at metamorphosis in the Sipuncula. - In F.-S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 83-102. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
115. Rice, M. E., 1988. Observations on development and metamorphosis of Siphonosoma cumanense with comparative remarks on Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula, Sipunculidae). - Bull. Mar. Sci. 42: 1-15.
116. Richmond, R. H., 1985. Reversible metamorphosis in coral planula larvae. - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 22: 181-185.
117. Richmond, R. H., 1987. Energetics, competency, and long-distance dispersal of planula larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicomis. - Mar. Biol. 93: 527-533.
118. Rittschof, D., E. S. Branscomb & J. D. Costlow, 1984. Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite Darwin. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 82: 131-146.
119. Rivest, B. R., 1983. Development and the influence of nurse egg allotment on hatching size in Searlesia dira (Reeve, 1846) (Prosobranchia: Buccinidac). - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 69: 217-241.
120. Roughgarden, J., S. Gains & H. Possingham, 1988. Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. - Science 241: 1460-1466.
121. Rubenstein, D. I., 1984. Resource acquisition and alternative mating strategies in water striders. - Am. Zool. 24: 345-353.
122. Rumrill, S. S., 1989. Substratum selectivity, post-larval growth, and survival following extended competence in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. - Am. Zool. 29 (4): 29A (abstract).
123. Rumrill, S. S., J. T. Pennington & F.-S. Chia, 1985. Differential susceptibility of marine invertebrate larvae: laboratory predation of sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz), embryos and larvae by zoeae of the red crab, Cancer pmductus Randall. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 90: 193-208.
124. Scheltema, R. S., 1961. Metamorphosis of the veliger larvae of Nassarius obsoletus (Gastropoda) in response to bottom sediment. - Biol. Bull. 120: 92-109.
125. Scheltema, R. S., 1966. Evidence for trans-Atlantic transport of gastropod larvae belonging to the genus Cymatium. - Deep-Sea Res. 13: 83-95.
126. Scheltema, R. S., 1971. Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water benthic marine gastropods. - Biol. Bull. 140: 284-322.
127. Scheltema, R. S., 1974. Biological interactions determining larval settlement of marine invertebrates. - Thalassia jugosl. 10: 263-296.
128. Scheltema, R. S., 1977. Dispersal of marine invertebrate organisms: paleobiogeographic and bios-tratigraphic implications. - In, E. G. Kauffman & J. E. Hazel (eds): Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy, pp. 73-108. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA.
129. Scheltema, R. S., 1986a. On dispersal and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates: an eclectic overview and summary of problems. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 290-322.
130. Scheltema, R. S., 1986b. Long-distance dispersal by planktonic larvae of shoal-water benthic invertebrates among central Pacific islands. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 241-256.
131. Scheltema, R. S. & I. P. Williams, 1982. Significance of temperature to larval survival and length of development in Balanus eburneus (Crustacea: Cirripedia). - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 9: 43-49.
132. Scheltema, R. S., I. P. Williams, M. A. Shaw & C. Loudon, 1981. Gregarious settlement by the larvae of Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). - Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 5: 69-74.
133. Sebens, K. P., 1983. Setdement and metamorphosis of a temperate soft-corallarva (Alcyonium siderium Verrill): induction by crustose algae. - Biol. Bull. 165: 286-304.
134. Smith-Gill, S. J. & K. A. Berven, 1979. Predicting amphibian metamorphosis. - Am. Nat. 113: 563-585.
135. Spight, T. M., 1976. Ecology of hatching size for marine snails. - Oecologia 24: 283-294.
136. Strathmann, R. R., 1974. The spread of sibling larvae of sedentary marine invertebrates. - Am. Nat. 108: 29-44.
137. Strathmann, R. R., 1978a. Length of pelagic period in echinoderms with feeding larvae from the Northeast Pacific. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 34: 23-27.
138. Strathmann, R. R., 1978b. Larval settlement in echinoderms. - In F.-S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Setdement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 235-246. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
139. Strathmann, R. R., 1985. Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 339-361.
140. Switzer-Dunlap, M., 1978. Larval biology and metamorphosis of aplysiid gastropods. - In F.-S. Chia & M. E. Rice (eds): Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. 197-206. Elsevier North-Holland, New York.
141. Switzer-Dunlap, M. & M. G. Hadfield, 1977. Observations on development, larval growth and metamorphosis of four species of Aplysiidae (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) in laboratory culture. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 29: 245-261.
142. Thompson, M. T., 1901. Metamorphosis in the hermit-crab. - Biol. Bull. 2: 350-351.
143. Thorson, G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. - Biol. Rev. 25: 1-45.
144. Thorson, G., 1964. Light as an ecological factor in the dispersal and settlement of larvae of marine bottom invertebrates. - Ophelia 1: 167-208.
145. Thorson, G., 1966. Some factors influencing the recruitment and establishment of marine benthic communities. - Neth. J. Sea Res. 3: 267-293.
146. Trapido-Rosenthal, H. G. & D. E. Morse, 1986. Availability of chemosensory receptors is down-regulated by habituation of larvae to a morphogenetic signal. - Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 7658-7662.
147. Turner, R. D. & A. C. Johnson, 1971. Biology of marine wood-boring molluscs. - In E. B. G. Jones & S. K. Eltringham (eds): Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood, pp. 259-301. Org. for Economic Cooperation and Devel., Paris.
148. Vallentin, R., 1895. Some remarks on the dispersal of marine animals by means of seaweeds. - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (Ser. 6) 16: 418-423.
149. Victor, B. C., 1986. Delayed metamorphosis with reduced larval growth in a coral reef fish Thalassoma bijascialum). - Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1208-1213.
150. Watanabe, J. M. & L. R. Cox, 1975. Spawning behavior and larval development in Mopalia lignosa and Mopalia muscosa (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in central California. - Veliger 18 (Suppl.): 18-27.
151. Watzin, M. C., 1986. Larval settlement into marine soft-sediment systems: interactions with the meiofauna. - J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 98: 65-113.
152. Weiner, R. M., M. Walch, M. P. Labare, D. B. Bonar & R. R. Colwell, 1989. Effects of biofilms of the marine bacterium Alteromonas colwelliana (LST) on set of the oysters Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) and C. virginica (Gmelin, 1791). - J. Shellf. Res. 8: 117-123.
153. Williams, G. B., 1964. The effect of extracts of Fucus serratus in promoting the settlement of larvae of Spirorbis borealis (Polychaeta). - J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 44: 397-414.
154. Wilson, D. P., 1932. On the mitraria larva of Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje. - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London (B) 221: 231-334.
155. Wilson, D. P., 1937. The influence of the substratum on the metamorphosis of Notomastus larvae. - J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 22: 227-243.
156. Wilson, D. P., 1948. The relation of the substratum to the metamorphosis of Ophelia larvae. - J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 27: 723-759.
157. Wilson, D. P., 1953. The settlement of Ophelia bicornis Savigny larvae. The 1951 experiments. - J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 31: 413-438.
158. Wilson, D. P., 1968. Some aspects of the development of eggs and larvae of Sabellaria alveolata (L.). - J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 48: 367-386.
159. Wilson, H. V., 1935. Some critical points in the metamorphosis of the halichondrine sponge larva. - J. Morphol. 58: 285-353.
160. Woollacott, R. M., J. A. Pechenik & K. M. Imbalzano, 1989. Effects of the duration of larval swimming period on early colony development in Bugula stolonifera (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). - Mar. Biol. 102: 57-63.
161. Yool, A. J., S. M. Grau, M. G. Hadfield, R. A. Jensen, D. A. Markell & D. E. Morse, 1986. Excess potassium induces larval metamorphosis in four marine invertebrate species. - Biol. Bull. 170: 255-266.
162. Young, C. M., 1986. Direct observations of field swimming behavior in larvae of the colonial ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata. - Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 279-289.
163. Young, C. M. & F. S. Chia, 1981. Laboratory evidence for delay of larval settlement in response to a dominant competitor. - Int. J. Invert. Reprod. 3: 221-226.
164. Zimmerman, K. M., 1989. Differential effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and differentiation of larvae of the marine gastropod Cnpidula plana - M.S. thesis, Tufts University, Medford, MA. 89 pp.
165. Zimmerman, K. M. & J. A. Pechenik, 1989. How does temperature affect relative rates of growth and differentiation in the marine gastropod Crepidula plana? - Am. Zool. 29: 174A (abstract).