Collaborated death: An exploration of the swiss model of assisted suicide for its potential to enhance oversight and demedicalize the dying process

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 318-330

  Ziegler, Stephen J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY PURDUE UNIVERSITY FORT WAYNE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650245683     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2009.00375.x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

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7. K. N. Laland and G. R. Brown Niche Construction, Human Behavior, and the Adaptive-Lag Hypothesis Evolutionary Anthropology 15, no. 3 (2006 95 104. And while such an argument could be consistent with the views of Lavi, supra note 1, at 164, Illich, supra note 3, or Zola, supra note 4, it is one I leave for another day. (Pubitemid 44085995)
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12. Oregon Department of Human Services, Tenth Annual Report on Oregon's Death With Dignity Act, Portland: DHS (2008), available at http://www.oregon. gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/year10.pdf (last visited March 6, 2009).
13. Initiative Measure 1000, General Election Results, Washington Secretary of State, available at http://vote.wa.gov/elections/wei/Results.aspx? RaceTypeCode=M&JurisdictionTypeID=-2&ElectionID=26&ViewMode=Results (last visited March 6, 2009).
14. See Ziegler and Jackson, supra note 10; Hillyard and Dombrink, supra note 2, at 99; F. G. Miller, T. E. Quill, H. Brody, J. C. Fletcher, L. O. Gostin, and D. E. Meier, "Sounding Board: Regulating Physician-Assisted Death," New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 2 (1994): 119-123, at 119; see also, J. H. Hoefler, "Diffusion and Diversity: Federalism and the Right to Die in the Fifty States," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24, no. 3 (1994):153-170.
15. Hillyard and Dombrink, supra note 2, at 99; E. J. Emanuel, "Euthanasia and Physician-assisted Suicide: A Review of Empirical Data from the United States," Archives of Internal Medicine 162, no. 2 (2002): 142-152, at 142; Meisel and Cerminara, supra note 6.
16. See Ziegler and Jackson, supra note 10.
17. F. G. Miller, H. Brody, and T. Quill Can Physician Assisted Suicide Be Regulated Effectively Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 3 (1996 225 32 D. Scoccia, "Slippery-slope Objections to Legalizing Physician-assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia," Public Affairs Quarterly 19, no. 2 (2005): 143-61; M.P. Battin, R. Rhodes and A. Silvers, eds., Physician Assisted Suicide: Expanding the Debate (New York: Rutledge, 1998); Werth and Wineberg, supra note 10; M. P. Battin, A. van der Heide, L. Ganzini, G. van der Wal, and B. D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, "Legal Physician-Assisted Dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: Evidence Concerning the Impact on Patients in 'Vulnerable' Groups," Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 10 (2007): 591-597, at 591; see also, House of Lords Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Report on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Evidence, v. 2 (London: Stationery Office, 2005).
18. C. Z. Mooney, The Public Clash of Private Values: the Politics of Morality Policy (Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1999): at 14 (quoting Tatalovich, Smith, and Bobic (1994) in support).
19. S. N. Whitney, B. W. Brown, H. Brody, K. H. Alcser, J.G. Bachman, and H. T. Greely Views of United States Physicians and Members of the American Medical Association House of Delegates on Physician-Assisted Suicide Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, no. 5 (2001 290 296, at 290. (Pubitemid 34205664)
20. D. Orentlicher The Legalization of Physician-assisted Suicide: A Very Modest Evolution Boston College Law Review 38 (1997 443 475, at 452; L. Snyder, "Bioethics, Assisted Suicide, and the 'Right to Die,'," Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (2001): 13-18.
21. Battin et al. (2007 supra note 17 E. J. Emanuel What Is the Great Benefit of Legalizing Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide Ethics 109, no. 3 (1999 629 642, at 635.
22. J. Keown, Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalisation (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002 at 172; C. Dyer, "Swiss Parliament May Try To Ban "Suicide Tourism,"' (News Roundup) BMJ 326, no. 7383 (2003): 242; M. Spooner, "Swiss Irked by Arrival of "Death Tourists'," Canadian Medical Association Journal 168, no. 5 (2003): 600.
23. H. Hendin, C. Rutenfrans, and Z. Zylicz Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Lessons from the Dutch JAMA 277, no. 21 (1997 1720 1722, at 1720; D. Scoccia, "Slippery-slope Objections to Legalizing Physician-assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia," Public Affairs Quarterly 19, no. 2 (2005): 143-61; J. Zimbelman, "Changing the Present Legal Prohibitions on Assisted Suicide Is a Bad Idea," Journal of Professional Nursing 15, no. 3 (1999): 160-169; Lavi, supra note 1, at 93; Battin et al. (2007), supra note 17; P. J. van der Maas, G. van der Wal, I. Haverkate, C. L. M. Graaff, J. G. C. Kester, B. D. Onwuteaka-Philipsen, A. van der Heide, J. M. Bosma, and D. L. Willems, "Euthanasia, Physician-Assisted Suicide, and Other Medical Practices Involving the End of Life in the Netherlands, 1990-1995," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 22 (1996): 1699-1705, at 1705; K. Thynne, "Implications of Legalising Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Greater Regulatory Control?," Journal of Law and Medicine 10, no. 2 (2002): 232-238, at 236. (Pubitemid 27232749)
24. See Werth and Wineberg, supra note 10, at 10.
25. See Whitney et al., supra note 19, at 290.
26. See Orentlicher, supra note 20.
27. See Battin et al. (2007 supra note 17.
28. See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.
29. Werth and Wineberg, supra note 10, at 10; Information collected by Oregon's Health Division to fulfill their reporting requirements is generally not available for public inspection (ORS 127.865 § 3.11 (1995)).
30. Se Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10, at 296.
31. See Emanuel, supra note 15; D. E. Meier, C. Emmons, S. Wallenstein, T. Quill, S. Morrison, and C. K. Cassel, "A National Survey of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the United States," New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 17 (1998): 1193-1201; Miller et al., supra note 17, at 227.
32. S. J. Ziegler Euthanasia and the Administration of Neuro-muscular Blockers Without Ventilation: Should Physicians Fear Prosecution Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying 53, no. 4 (2006 295 310 Ziegler and Jackson, supra note 10, at 43.
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36. See, e.g., C. H. Baron, C. Bergstresser, D. W. Brock, G. F. Cole, N. S. Dorfman, J. A. Johnson, L. E. Schnipper, J. Vorenberg, and S. H. Wanzer A Model State Act to Authorize and Regulate Physician-assisted Suicide Harvard Journal on Legislation 33, no. 1 (1996 1 34 P. G. Daniels, "An Illinois Physician-Assisted Suicide Act: A Merciful End to a Terminally Ill Criminal Tradition," Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 28, no. 4 (1997): 763-837; J. Kevorkian, "A Fail-safe Model for Justifiable Medically-Assisted Suicide ('Medicide')," American Journal of Forensic Psychology 13, no. 1 (1992): 7-81; A. L. Caplan, L. Snyder, and K. Faber-Langendoen, "The Role of Guidelines in the Practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide," Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 6 (2000):476-481.
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38. See Spooner, supra note 22.
39. Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10 G. Bosshard, E. Ulrich, S. J. Ziegler, and W. Bär Assessment of Requests for Assisted Suicide by a Swiss Right-to-Die Society Death Studies 32, no. 7 (2008 646 657 S. Fischer, C. A. Huber, L. Imhof, R. M. Imhof, M. Furter, S. J. Ziegler, and G. Bosshard, "Suicide Assisted by Two Swiss Right-to-Die Organisations," Journal of Medical Ethics 34, no. 11 (2008): 810-814.
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41. Oregon Death with Dignity Act, ORS 127.800-127995 (1995); Reporting Requirements of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, OARS 333-009-0010 through 333-009-0030 (2008), available at http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARs-300/ OAR-333/333-009.html (last visited March 10, 2009); Werth and Wineberg, supra note 10; Cohen-Almagor and Hartman, supra note 11; ORS 127.885 §4.01 (1995).
42. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10; Oregon Death with Dignity Act, ORS 127.800-127.995 (1995); Werth and Wineberg, supra note 10.
43. Criminal Homicide, ORS 163.005 (2007).
44. See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.
45. Reporting Requirements of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, OARS 333-009-0010 through 333-009-0030 (2008), available at http://arcweb.sos.state. or.us/rules/OARs-300/OAR-333/333-009.html see also, http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ ph/pas/index.shtml (last visited March 10, 2009).
46. Oregon Department of Human Services, PAS Forms, available at http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/pasforms.shtml (last visited on March 10, 2009).
47. Id.
48. Oregon Department of Human Services, PAS Publications (Additional Resources), available at http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/publications.shtml (last visited March 10, 2009).
49. Task Force to Improve the Care of the Terminally Ill. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Health Care Professionals (Portland : Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregon Health Sciences University, 2007 available at http://www.ohsu.edu/ethics/guidebook.pdf (last visited March 10, 2009).
50. Id., at 85-86 (Chapter 14, Oregon Department of Human Services Reporting).
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53. Construction of Act, ORS 127.880 § 3.14 (1995).
54. Insurance or Annuity Policies, ORS 127.875 §3.13 (1995).
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61. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10.
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63. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10.
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67. Id.
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73. Griffiths, Bood, and Weyers, supra note 35, at 204-205, 236-237; see also, P. B. Reuzel, G. J. Hasselaar, K. C. P. Vissers, G. J. Wilt, J. M. M. Groenewoud, and B. J. P. Crul Inappropriateness of Using Opioids for End-stage Palliative Sedation: A Dutch Study Palliative Medicine 22, no. 5 (2008 641 646 A. van der Heide, et al., supra note 72.
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75. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10.
76. See Battin et al. (2007 supra note 17; van der Heide, et al., supra note 73.
77. S. J. Ziegler and N.P. Lovrich Pain Relief, Prescription Drugs, and Prosecution: A Four-State Survey of Chief Prosecutors, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 1 (2003 75 100 A. Alpers, "Criminal Act or Palliative Care? Prosecutions Involving the Care of the Dying," Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26, no.4 (1998): 308-31.
78. ORS 127.850 § 3.08 (1995) Werth, Benjamin, and Farrenkopf, supra note 10, at 348.
79. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10.
80. See Bosshard et al. (2008 supra note 39.
81. See Capron, supra note 2, at 17.
82. See, e.g., Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.
83. See Nuland, supra note 2, at 257-259.
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85. See supra note 3.
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87. Id.
88. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10; Fischer, et al., supra note 39, at 811.
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90. See Lavi, supra note 1, at 29; Hoefler and Kamoie, supra note 1, at 10-13, 16-17; DeSplender and DeSplender, supra note 84 K. Garchar The Loyal Patient at the End of Life: A Roycean Argument for Assisted Suicide Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 14, no. 2 (2005) 147 155, at 154.
91. See Ziegler and Bosshard, supra note 10.
92. D. Wisler and I. D. Onwudiwe Community Policing in Comparison Police Quarterly 11, no. 4 (2008 427 446.
93. T. Salem Physician-Assisted Suicide: Promoting Autonomy or Medicalizing Suicide Hastings Center 29, no. 3 (1999) 30 36, at 30.
94. Id., at 32.
95. Id., at 30.
96. T. Preston Autonomy in Physician-Assisted Suicide (Letters), Hastings Center Report 30, no. 3 (2000 4 5 T. Preston, M. Gunderson, and D. Mayo, "The Role of Autonomy in Choosing Physician Aid in Dying," in T. Quill and M. P. Battin, eds., Physician-Assisted Dying: The Case of Palliative Care and Patient Choice (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 2004).
97. See Preston, supra note 96, at 4.
98. Id., at 4-5.
99. See Preston, Gunderson, and Mayo, supra note 96, at 51.
100. See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.
101. C. Seale and J. Addington-Hall Euthanasia: The Role of Good Care Social Science & Medicine 40, no. 5 (1995 581 587.
102. See Whitney et al., supra note 19, at 290 (citing AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Code of Medical Ethics, E-2.211 Physician-Assisted Suicide).
103. See Whitney, et al., supra note 19.
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