Physiological burden associated with the use of filtering facepiece respirators (N95 masks) during pregnancy

Journal of Women's Health

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 819-826

  Roberge, Raymond Joseph ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FACE MASK; GAS MASK; LUNG FUNCTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VENTILATOR;

ADULT; AIR POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; INHALATION EXPOSURE; MASKS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES;

EID: 67650233429     PISSN: 15409996     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1072     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Hardy JM, Azarowicz EN, Mannini A, et al. The effect of Asian influenza on the outcome of pregnancy, Baltimore, 1957-1958. Am J Public Health 1961;51:1182-1188.
2. Freeman DW, Barno A. Deaths from Asian influenza associated with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1959;78:1172-1175.
3. Wong SF, Chow KM, Leung TN, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Obst Gynecol 2004;191:292-297.
4. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Bresee JS. Pandemic influenza and pregnant women. Emerging Infect Dis 2006;12:1631-1637.
5. Ratard R, Brown CM, Ferdinands J, et al. Health concerns associated with mold in water-damaged homes after hurricanes Katrina and Rita - New Orleans area, Louisiana, October 2005. MMWR 2006;55:41-44.
6. Cummings KJ, Cox-Ganser J, Figgs MA, et al. Health effects of exposure to water-damaged New Orleans homes six months after hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Am J Public Health 2008;98:869-875.
7. Occupational Health and Safety Administration. Guidance on preparing workplaces for an influenza pandemic. OSHA 3327-02N 2007. Available at www.osha.gov/Publications/ influenza-pandemic.html Accessed February 8, 2008.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What you should know about using facemasks and respirators during a flu pandemic. Available at www.cdc.gov/features/ masksrespirators/ Accessed September 23, 2008.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim public health guidance for the use of facemasks and respirators in non-occupational community settings during an influenza pandemic. Available at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/ community/ maskguidancecommunity.html Accessed September 23, 2008.
10. Laferty EA, McKay RT. Physiologic effects and measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels during qualitative respirator fit testing. J Chem Health Safety 2006;13:22-28.
11. Pappas GP, Takaro TK, Stover B, et al. Respiratory protective devices: Rates of medical clearance and causes for work restrictions. Am J Indust Med 1999;35:390-394.
12. Alberta Department of Employment, Immigration and Industry. Workplace health and safety. Medical guideline, October 1994. Medical assessment of the pregnant worker. Available at employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUB- mg029.pdf Accessed February 8, 2008.
13. Alberta Department of Employment, Immigration and Industry. Workplace health and safety. Medical guideline (revised), September 2002. Medical assessment of fitness to wear a respirator. Available at employment.alberta. ca/documents/ WHS/WHS-PUB-mg005.pdf Accessed February 8, 2008.
14. Garlin AB, Goldschmidt R. Curbside consultation. Pregnant physicians and infectious disease risk. Am Fam Phys 2007; 75:112-114. Available at www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/curbside.html Accessed February 8, 2008.
15. Mirza A, Wyatt M, Begue RE. Infection control practices and the pregnant health care worker (opinion and analysis). Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:18-22.
16. Hong Kong Consumer Council. Choice 318, April 2003. Reassuring results on hygienic standard of facial tissues and guidelines on face masks. Available at www.consumer.org. hk/website/ws-en/search.jsp?q=tissue+hygiene&Image33.x= 8& Image 33. y=11 Accessed February 8, 2008.
17. Maher M. Closing the male-female labor force gap. Population Reference Bureau. Available at www.prb.org/Articles/ 2007/ ClosingtheMaleFemaleLaborForceGap.aspx Accessed February 8, 2008.
18. Butcher DR. By the numbers: In the workforce. Industrial Market Trends. Available at news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/ 2007/09/by-the-numbers-labor- employment-productivity-production.html?t=recent Accessed February 8, 2008.
19. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Respirator usage in private sector firms, 2001. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/ respsurv/ Accessed February 8, 2008.
20. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Publication number 2001-123. Women's health and safety issues at work. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/01-123.html Accessed February 8, 2008.
21. Kuehn BM. No end in sight to nursing shortage. JAMA 2007;1298:1623-1625.
22. Elchalal U, Lurie S, Goldshmit C, et al. Delivery with gas mask during missile attach [Letter]. Lancet 1991;337:242.
23. Elchalal U, Weissman A, Ezri T, et al. Does the gas mask jeopardize the fetus? Isr J Med Sci 1993;29:462-463.
24. Elchalal U, Ezri T, Soroker D, et al. Gas mask during pregnancy and labour. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:895-896.
25. Owolabi T, Kwolek S. Managing obstetrical patients during severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:35-41.
26. Midmer D. The impact of SARS on childbirth education. J Perinat Edu 2003;12:1-6.
27. Bujna E, McCaskill L. Spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In: Charney W, ed. Emerging infectious diseases and the threat in occupational health in the U.S. and Canada. London: CRC Press, 2006, pp 3-38.
28. Rappai M, Collop N, Kemp S, et al. The nose and sleepdisorder breathing: What we know and what we do not know. Chest 2003;124:2309-2323.
29. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Licata GS, et al. Vascular effects of progesterone: Role of cellular calcium regulation. Hypertension 2001;37:142-147.
30. White RE. Estrogen and vascular function. Vascular Pharm 2002;38:73-80.
31. Ellengard EK. Pregnancy rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006;26:119-135.
32. Hillman EJ. Otolaryngologic manifestations of pregnancy. Baylor College of Medicine, Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Grand Rounds. Available at www.bcm.edu/oto/grand/2295.html Accessed February 8, 2008.
33. Toppozada H, Michael L, Tippozada M, et al. The human respiratory nasal mucosa in pregnancy. An electron microscopic and histochemical study. J Laryngol Otol 1982;96: 613-626.
34. Harber P, Beck J, Luo J. Study of respirator effect on nasaloral flow partition. Am J Indust Med 1997;32:408-412.
35. Silikoff PE, Robbins RA, Gaston B, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide in allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:438-448.
36. 2. J Appl Physiol 1982;53:11281-1290.
37. Pereira A, Krieger BP. Pulmonary complications of pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 2004;25:299-310.
38. Li Y, Wong T, Chung J, et al. In vivo protective performance of N95 respirator and surgical facemask. Am J Indust Med 2006;49:1056-1065.
39. Riemer KR, Heymann MA. Regulation of uterine smooth muscle function during gestation. Pediatr Res 1998;44:615-627.
40. Barclay ML. Critical physiologic alterations in pregnancy. In: Pearlman MD, Tintinalli JE, Dyne PL, eds. Obstetric & gynecologic emergencies: Diagnosis and management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004:11-20.
41. Crapo RO. Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy (pulmonary disease in pregnancy). Clin Obstet Gynecol 1996;39:3-16.
42. Gluck JC, Gluck PA. The effect of pregnancy on the course of asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006;26:63-80.
43. Council of Canadian Academies. Report of the expert panel on influenza and personal protective respiratory equipment, 2007. Influenza transmission and the role of personal protective respiratory equipment: An assessment of the evidence. Available at www.scienceadvice.ca/influenza.html Accessed February 8, 2008.
44. Jones JC. The physiologic cost of wearing a disposable respirator. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1991;52:219-225.
45. Vojtko MR, Roberge MR, Vojtko RJ, et al. Effect on breathing resistance of a surgical mask worn over an N95 filtering facepiece respirator. J Int Soc Respir Protect 2008;25: 1-9.
46. Wise RA, Polito AJ. Respiratory physiologic changes in pregnancy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2000;20:663-672.
47. Ciliberto CF, Marx GF. Physiologic changes associated with pregnancy. Anestheisa Education website. Available at www. anaesthesiamcq.com/ EduResources/LectureNotes/Lecture-Notes.php Accessed February 8, 2008.
48. Weinberger SE. Dyspnea during pregnancy. Uptodate patient information. Available at patients.uptodate.com/topic. asp?file=maternal/10467 Accessed February 8, 2008.
49. Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Disorders of respiratory muscles. Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:10-48.
50. Wise RA, Polito AJ, Krishnan V. Respiratory physiologic changes in pregnancy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006;26:1-12.
51. Roberge RJ. Evaluation of the rationale for concurrent use of N95 filtering facepiece respirators with loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirators during aerosol-generating medical procedures. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:135-141.
52. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Glossary of respiratory protection terms. Available at www.osha.gov/SLTC/ etools/respiratory/oshafiles/ glossary.html Accessed February 12, 2008.
53. 2 test for powered and non-powered air-purifying respirators, airline respirators, and gas masks. In: Abstracts of the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Expo, Fairfax, VA, 2003:54.
54. Kao T-W, Huang K-C, Huang Y-L, et al. The physiologic impact of wearing an N95 mask during hemodialysis as a precaution against SARS in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Formosan Med Assoc 2004;103:624-628.
55. Kao T-W. The physiologic impact of N95 masks on medical staff. Available at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term= NCT00173017 Accessed February 8, 2008.
56. Mardimae A, Slessarev M, Han J, et al. Modified N95 mask delivers high inspired oxygen concentrations while effectively filtering aerosolized microparticles. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:391-399(E1, 2).
57. Daugherty EL. Health care worker protection in mass casualty respiratory failure: Infection control, decontamination, and personal protective equipment. Respir Care 2008; 53:201-214.
58. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Interim infections control guidelines for pandemic influenza in healthcare and community settings. Available at www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ ohppandemicinfect-control-gl-toc.htm Accessed February 25, 2008.
59. Oberg T, Brosseau LM. Surgical mask fit and filter performance. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:276-282.
60. Cousins L. Fetal oxygenation, assessment of well-being, and obstetric management of the pregnant patient with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:S343-349.
61. Lerman Y, Shefer A, Epstein Y. External inspiratory resistance of protective respiratory devices: Effects on physical performance and respiratory function.AmJInd Med 1983;4:733-740.
62. Potts P, Connors G, Gillis S, et al. The effect of carbon dioxide on Doppler flow velocity waveforms in the human fetus. J Dev Physiol 1992;17:119-123.
63. Connors G, Hunse C, Carmichael L, et al. The role of carbon dioxide in the generation of human fetal breathing movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:322-327.
64. Ritchie JWK, Lakhani K. Fetal breathing movements in response to maternal inhalation of 5% carbon dioxide. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;136:386-388.
65. Bryce E, Forrester L, Scharf S, Eshghpour M. What do healthcare workers think? A survey of facial protection equipment user preferences. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:241-247.
66. Nickell LA, Crighton EJ, Tracy CS, et al. Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: Survey of a large tertiary care institution. Can Med Assoc J 2004;170:793-798.
67. Radonovich L. Wearability and tolerability of personal protective equipment research study. Institute of Medicine: Meeting 2 Scientific Workshop. Committee on Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers During an Influenza Pandemic. February 22, 2007, Washington, DC. Available at www.iom.edu/?ID=39679 Accessed February 28, 2008.
68. Szeinuk J, Beckett WS, Clark N, et al. Medical evaluation for respirator use. Am J Ind Med 2000;37:142-157.
69. Tenholder MF, South-Paul JE. Dyspnea in pregnancy (clinical conference). Chest 1989;96:381-388.
70. Ritchie EC. Psychological problems associated with mission-oriented protective gear. Mil Med 2001;166 (Suppl 12):83-84.
71. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Masks and N95 respirators. Available at www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/094.pdf Accessed September 23, 2008.
72. BerryAnn R. The NIOSH total inward leakage project. Occup Health Safety 2007;75:1-3.
73. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Fit testing. Available at www.osha.gov/SLTC/ etools/respiratory/oshafiles/fittesting1.html Accessed February 22, 2008.
74. Laboratory Investigations Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory performance evaluation of N95 filtering facepiece respirators, 1996. MMWR 1998;47: 1045-1049.
75. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration. Regulations (Standards CFR 29) respiratory protection. 1910.134. Available at www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ owadisp.show-document?p-id=12716&p-table= STANDARDS Accessed May 3, 2008.
76. Roberge RJ, Zhuang Z, Stein LM. Association of body mass index with facial dimensions for defining respirator fit test panels. J Int Soc Resp Protect 2006;23:44-52.
77. Euliano TY, Caton D, van Meurs W, Good ML. Modeling obstetric cardiovascular physiology on a full-scale patient simulator. J Clin Monit 1997;13:293-297.
78. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Draft Personal protective equipment for healthcare workers (HCW) action plan. Available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/review/public/ 129/ Accessed April 14, 2008.